自然灾害遗址型黑色旅游地参观者动机研究——以汶川地震北川遗址公园为例

doi:10.11820/dlkxjz.2014.07.013

Abstract

Abstract:

Dark tourism is an important part of economic and social recovery and rebuilding in places where major disasters have taken place. Dark tourism has become one of the hot research topics in tourism studies at home and abroad. Published research focuses primarily on visitor motivations in war/event dark tourism destinations. This study seeks to fill the gap by developing conceptual models to illustrate visitor motivations in a natural disaster site dark tourism destination and analyze the characteristics of visitors from different sources. The catastrophic Wenchuan Earthquake of 8.0 on the Richter scale struck western Sichuan, China on 12 May 2008. The urban area of Beichuan County was one of the most severely impacted sites in the earthquake. This study employed an on-site questionnaire survey at the Beichuan Earthquake Museum on 16-21 August 2012to test the conceptual model of visitor motivations, with 294 participants of domestic visitors. Visitors from Sichuan Province were extracted as a sub-sample set to build a structural equation model. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to extract the main factors of visitor motivations. The result shows that visitor motivations to this natural disaster site dark tourism destination can be classified into five categories: Education-memorial motivation, social and family motivation, feelings-witness motivation, identification-experience motivation, and curiosity motivation. Visitor motivations in dark tourism destinations normally include mourning of the victims and facing the death, but our survey result indicates that visitor motivations in this case focuses on experiencing the feelings about natural damage, education, and understanding the disaster.In the next step, structural equation modeling was used to test the influence degree of cognitive desire and event attention on visitor motivations. The findings indicate that for all visitors, their event attention has a significant effect on education-memorial motivation, social and family motivation, feelings-witness motivation, and identification-experience motivation but has no significant effect on curiosity motivation; visitors' cognitive desire has a significant effect on education-memorial motivation, social and family motivation, feelings-witness motivation, and curiosity motivation, but has no significant effect on identification-experience motivation. The result for the visitors from Sichuan shows that visitors' event attention has no significant effect on feelings-witness motivation; visitors' cognitive desire has no significant effect on social and family motivation. Findings from this research indicate: that (1) Cognitive desire and event attention have some effects on visitor motivations in this natural disaster site dark tourism destination; (2) Visitors from Sichuan have a stronger sense of identity about the regions affected by the Wenchuan Earthquake and also have more fears about the destructive force of the natural disaster; (3) Education-memorial motivations can best embody the positive implication of dark tourism.

Key words: dark tourism, visitor motivations, Wenchuan Earthquake, cognitive desire, event attention

CLC Number:

F592.7

Xing CHEN, Jie ZHANG, Shaojing LU, Honglei ZHANG, Bingjin YAN, Sifeng NIAN. Visitor motivations in natural disaster site dark tourism destination: the case of the Beichuan Earthquake Museum[J].PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2014, 33(7): 979-989.

Figures/Tables 7

Tab.1

Measurement of motivations"

结构	来源	项目	异同点
其他类型黑色旅游地参观者具有的动机类型	申健健等, 2009; Seaton, 1999, 2006; Ryan et al, 2006; Stone, 2006; Best, 2007	为了悼念遇难者、想接受道德教育/爱国主义教育、对目的地好奇、想切身感受灾难与死亡、朋友亲戚家人建议来的、跟朋友家人朋友来旅游顺便看看、想切身体会当地人民的遭遇、想要一种日常生活很难实现的体验	相同点: 不同类型的黑色地参观者动机都包括了对遇难者的悼念、面对灾害与死亡和陪同亲友等动机不同点: 自然灾害遗址型黑色旅游地参观者动机强调了感受自然破坏力、接受教育和对灾害的了解
自然灾害遗址型黑色旅游地参观者特有的动机类型	王荷, 2010; 王金伟等, 2010; 李敏等, 2011, 2012; 何景明, 2012; Strange et al, 2005; Yang et al, 2011; Song et al, 2012	对自然灾难造成影响的好奇、为了告诉下一代汶川地震的危害、自己或亲戚朋友经历了汶川地震、想亲眼看到地震遗迹、想接受自然科学/防震抗震知识教育
	专家小组会议讨论结果整理	自己有类似自然灾害的经历
	网络资料	想见证地震/自然灾害的力量、有义务和责任了解汶川地震造成的影响
事件关注度	朱俭等, 2008; 王荷, 2010; 高军等, 2011; 白凯等, 2012; 李敏等, 2012; Rojek, 1997; Kang et al, 2012	参观者对汶川地震灾后事件本身的关注程度(能够体现参观者对事件背景、影响和事件相关地区的了解程度)	事件关注度强调了“汶川地震”这一重大的灾害事件的影响力,而认知欲望则侧重参观者目的地认知的心理需求对动机的影响
认知欲望	张宏梅等, 2005; 李敏等, 2011, 2012; 王荷, 2010; Podoshen, 2013	对汶川地震北川遗址公园认知的渴望程度	事件关注度强调了“汶川地震”这一重大的灾害事件的影响力,而认知欲望则侧重参观者目的地认知的心理需求对动机的影响

Tab.1

Fig.1

Tab.2

Tab.3

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of visitor motivations in natural disaster site dark tourism destination"

参观者动机分类(A)	均值	EFA结果	CFA结果
		EFA结果	全体参观者		四川参观者
		因子载荷	因子载荷系数 (修正前)	(B) (C) 因子载荷系数 (修正后)	因子载荷系数 (修正前)	(B) (C) 因子载荷系数 (修正后)
一、教育与纪念(18.53)				(0.7812) (0.4745)		(0.7743) (0.4647)
Y1 想接受道德教育/爱国主义教育	4.02	0.846	0.78	0.78	0.79	0.80
Y2 为了告诉下一代汶川地震的危害	4.19	0.716	0.69	0.73	0.67	0.68
Y3 想切身体会当地人民的遭遇	4.16	0.633	0.60	0.61	0.54*	*
Y4 为了悼念遇难者	4.08	0.613	0.62	0.62	0.61	0.61
Y5 有义务和责任了解汶川地震造成的影响	4.15	0.605	0.58*	*	0.64	0.62
Y6 想接受自然科学/防震抗震知识教育	3.93	0.569	0.56*	*	0.55*	*
二、社交与亲情(31.00)				(0.7260) (0.4712)		(0.7295) (0.4754)
Y7 跟朋友家人朋友来旅游顺便看看	3.48	0.752	0.69	0.69	0.67	0.67
Y8 带亲人家人朋友来的	3.75	0.742	0.76	0.76	0.77	0.77
Y9 朋友亲戚家人建议来的	3.34	0.726	0.60	0.60	0.62	0.62
三、感受与见证(42.77)				(0.6963) (0.4356)		(0.6916) (0.5313)
Y10 想见证地震/自然灾害的力量	3.93	0.808	0.75	0.75	0.79	0.80
Y11 想切身感受灾难与死亡	3.49	0.728	0.60	0.60	0.64	0.65
Y12 想亲眼看到地震遗迹	4.18	0.710	0.62	0.62	0.57*	*
四、认同与求新(53.41)				(0.6900) (0.5277)		(0.6563) (0.3896)
Y13 自己有类似自然灾害的经历	3.02	0.814	0.69	0.68	0.60	0.60
Y14 自己或亲戚朋友经历了汶川地震	3.14	0.752	0.71	0.77	0.67	0.67
Y15 想要一种日常生活很难实现的体验	3.70	0.527	0.53*	*	0.60	0.60
五、好奇心(62.87)				(0.7246) (0.5725)		(0.6217) (0.4538)
Y16 对自然灾难造成影响的好奇	3.66	0.850	0.85	0.85	0.74	0.74
Y17 对北川地震遗址公园好奇	3.31	0.792	0.65	0.65	0.60	0.60

Tab.3

Tab.4

Fig.2

Tab.5

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基本情况	类别	比例/%	基本情况	类别	比例/%
性别	男	54.1	受教育水平	小学及以下	2.7
性别	女	45.9		初中	14.3
年龄	18岁以下	10.2		高中或中专	27.6
	18~24岁	19.5	专科/本科		46.3
	25~39岁	48.5	硕士及以上		7.5
	40~60岁	21.5	缺失		1.7
	60岁以上	0.3	职业	公务员	7.8
平均月收入	≤1500元	33.3		企事业管理	12.2
	1501~3500元	30.3		专业/文教技术		13.6
	3501~5000元	23.1	服务销售商贸		8.8
	5001~8000元	6.8	工人		8.5
	8001~12500元	1.7	农民		6.1
	>12500元	2.4	军人		1.4
	缺失	2.4	学生		19.7
来源地	四川省	66.0	离退休	1.7
来源地	非四川省	34.0	其他职业		20.1

拟合指数	绝对拟合指数					相对拟合指数					简约拟合指数
拟合指数	CMIN/DF		RMSEA		GFI	AGFI	NFI	IFI	TLI	CFI	PRATIO	PNFI	PCFI	PGFI
理想值	2.0~5.0	≤0.08	≥0.90	≥0.90		≥0.90	>0.90	>0.90	>0.90		>0.50	>0.50	>0.50	>0.50
全体参观者(原)	3.182	0.086	0.885	0.836		0.780	0.838	0.792	0.835		0.792	0.618	0.661	0.619
四川参观者(原)	2.696	0.092	0.866	0.798		0.767	0.839	0.779	0.834		0.750	0.575	0.626	0.573
全体参观者(修)	2.646	0.075	0.907	0.860		0.827	0.885	0.843	0.882		0.750	0.620	0.662	0.600
四川参观者(修)	2.188	0.077	0.897	0.840		0.815	0.890	0.845	0.886		0.733	0.597	0.650	0.580

研究假设	全体参观者						四川参观者
研究假设	路径系数		S.E.	C.R.	P	结果	路径系数	S.E.	C.R.	P	结果
Ha:事件关注度对黑色旅游动机存在正向影响					部分成立						部分成立
Ha1:事件关注度对教育与纪念动机存在正向影响	0.36	0.058	5.797	***	成立		0.42	0.068	5.739	***	成立
Ha2:事件关注度对社交与亲情动机存在正向影响	0.32	0.063	4.310	***	成立		0.27	0.078	3.161	**	成立
Ha3:事件关注度对感受与见证动机存在正向影响	0.17	0.065	2.537	*	成立		0.08	0.081	0.910	0.363	不成立
Ha4:事件关注度对认同与求新动机存在正向影响	0.19	0.086	2.301	*	成立		0.48	0.073	3.585	***	成立
Ha5:事件关注度对好奇心动机存在正向影响	0.11	0.074	1.604	0.109	不成立		0.13	0.061	1.579	0.114	不成立
Hb:事件认知欲望对黑色旅游动机存在正向影响					部分成立						部分成立
Hb1:认知欲望对教育与纪念动机存在正向影响	0.34	0.053	5.478	***	成立		0.30	0.068	4.221	***	成立
Hb2:认知欲望对社交与亲情动机存在正向影响	0.15	0.055	2.141	*	成立		0.14	0.079	1.725	0.084	不成立
Hb3:认知欲望对感受与见证动机存在正向影响	0.40	0.061	5.776	***	成立		0.31	0.087	3.488	***	成立
Hb4:认知欲望对认同与求新动机存在正向影响	0.02	0.079	0.290	0.772	不成立		0.05	0.049	0.519	0.604	不成立
Hb5:认知欲望对好奇心动机存在正向影响	0.29	0.067	4.132	***	成立		0.20	0.074	1.979	*	成立
Hc:事件关注度和认知欲望存在相互影响	0.35			***	成立		0.32			***	成立

Visitor motivations in natural disaster site dark tourism destination: the case of the Beichuan Earthquake Museum

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