PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY ›› 2014, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (11): 1512-1525.doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2014.10.008
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Xiaojun HUANG1(), Xin HUANG2, Cailan CUI1, Xinjun YANG1
Online:
2014-11-25
Published:
2014-11-04
CLC Number:
Xiaojun HUANG, Xin HUANG, Cailan CUI, Xinjun YANG. The concept, analytical framework and assessment method of social vulnerability[J].PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2014, 33(11): 1512-1525.
Tab.1
Concept of social vulnerability"
研究视角 | 典型定义 | 文献来源 |
---|---|---|
自然灾害的 社会脆弱性 | 用于定义灾害事件中潜在的损失、应对灾害的抵抗和恢复过程中社会群体易受危害的术语; | Blaikie et al, 1994; |
某一特定地区关于灾害,暴露、备灾、预防的情况及其响应特征,它是对能够承受某些自然灾害的一系列要素能力的测度; | Weichselgartner, 2001; | |
个人或群体以及影响他们参与、处理、抵抗和从灾害的影响中恢复的特征,涉及许多因素,这些因素影响人们的生活、生计、财产和其他资本。 | Wisner et al, 2004 | |
气候变化的 社会脆弱性 | 暴露于气候变化和气候极端事件下的群体或个人受其压力影响的结果,这些压力包括群体和个人生计的破坏,以及对物质环境的被迫适应; | Adger et al, 2004; |
社会脆弱性是暴露度、敏感性和适应能力的函数。 | Wongbusarakum et al, 2011 | |
地方/区域的 社会脆弱性 | 社会群体易受自然灾害影响或损害的状态,以及从灾害中恢复的能力;是一个人口特征的函数和社会不平等的产物; | Cutter, 2006; |
社会条件与环境的相互作用导致的区域易受灾害的可能性,主要通过社会经济条件和人口特征来反映。 | Yi et al, 2014 | |
矿业城市的 社会脆弱性 | 由于社会系统对内外各种扰动的敏感性和缺乏应对不利扰动的能力而使该系统容易向不可持续方向发展的一种状态,是系统的内在本质属性,在系统遭受扰动时这种属性才表现出来; | 苏飞等, 2008; |
矿业城市在社会发展过程中受到内、外部扰动的敏感性以及缺乏应对能力而使系统内部发生变化的一种属性。 | 刘继生等, 2010 | |
土地利用变化的社会脆弱性 | 环境(土地利用)变化对社会系统产生的负面影响,与系统的敏感性成正比,与适应能力成反比。 | Huang et al, 2012 |
环境污染的社会脆弱性 | 由于人们对外部或内部压力缺乏足够的应对和响应能力而受到干扰的状态,这些压力来自于环境或社会经济因素。 | Bich, 2014 |
Tab.2
Perspectives and frameworks of social vulnerability research"
研究视角 | 典型框架 | 核心思想 | 优点 | 不足 |
---|---|---|---|---|
政治经济学视角 | PAR模型、可持续生计框架 | 将脆弱性的发生条件、风险分布、持续过程与政治、经济关系和社会变化联系在一起,试图采用政治经济学方法解释政治、经济、文化、制度等结构和过程对脆弱性的影响。 | 引导关注政治经济关系中的组织、制度和文化环境,有利于塑造社会系统应对脆弱性的能力。 | 过于强调脆弱性的社会过程,忽视了外部扰动、压力和风险的作用。 |
社会—生态视角 | HOP模型、人—环境耦合系统分析框架 | 强调从环境与社会耦合的角度进行脆弱性分析,将涉及自然环境的暴露度和社会系统的敏感性、应对与恢复力整合到不同尺度上,注重社会脆弱性的尺度变化特征。 | 明确了脆弱性过程中自然环境与社会条件的相互作用关系,较好地解释了脆弱性发生的内因机制。 | 在特定尺度的分析中,难以有效区分环境脆弱性和社会脆弱性对整体脆弱性影响程度的差异。 |
综合视角 | BBC框架、MOVE框架 | 社会脆弱性是脆弱性的维度之一,强调对脆弱性的发生对象、核心要素、发生过程以及降低脆弱性的措施等进行综合分析;认为社会脆弱性是动态的,核心是反馈—回路系统。 | 突出了社会的反馈与适应,所强调的预防、风险管理与干预工具有利于降低脆弱性,提高社会适应能力。 | 对脆弱性各维度之间的关系及社会脆弱性的发生机理解释不够充分。 |
Tab.3
Evaluation methods of social vulnerability"
评价方法 | 基本原理 | 优点和不足 |
---|---|---|
综合指数法 | 对选取的指标数据进行标准化处理,并利用主成分分析、综合加权求和、熵权系数、层次分析等方法确定指标权重,进而综合评价社会脆弱性程度。 | 计算过程相对简单,且容易操作;但在指标选取与权重确定过程中存在一定的主观性,且忽视了社会脆弱性构成要素之间的关系。 |
函数模型法 | 根据对社会脆弱性的不同理解,构建相应的社会脆弱性函数模型,一般多由暴露度、敏感性、应对或适应能力、恢复力等所构成。 | 较好地明确了社会脆弱性的组成要素及其相互作用关系;由于对社会脆弱性构成要素的理解不同,导致该模型表现形式差异较大。 |
BP人工神经网络模型法 | 划分指标数据区间和评价标准,构建BP神经网络输入输出层和网络拓扑结构,将数据导入训练好的网络模型,得出社会脆弱性评价结果。 | 具有较强的非线性映射功能,能够很好地反映社会脆弱性特征、程度及其影响因素;网络结构的选择尚无统一的理论指导,大多靠经验选定。 |
决策树分析法 | 根据数据资料生成决策树分类器,通过参数调整与运算,确定理想的决策树,并利用决策树分类器对社会脆弱性进行评价分类。 | 有利于明确社会脆弱性评价指标之间的关系;各单元的社会脆弱性评价结果被划分为高、中、低几个类别,不够精确。 |
面向对象分析法 | 利用高分辨率遥感影像和GIS数据从物质空间中提取能够反映社会脆弱性的替代性变量,进而实现社会脆弱性评价。 | 提供了一组新的社会脆弱性评价的数据源,有利于完善社会脆弱性评价指标体系;代理变量的界定尚未完全实现,仍需结合统计和社会调查数据。 |
空间多准则评估法 | 将GIS和多准则评估相结合,通过输入空间和非空间条件,并经过问题树分析、标准化、确定权重和地图化等过程,最后形成输出结果。 | 空间条件的输入有利于识别脆弱性区域,提供有效的空间管理对策;但输入标准的选择主要取决于研究者的认知和偏好,存在一定的主观性。 |
图层叠置法 | 根据社会脆弱性的构成要素分别制图,并将其进行空间叠置,典型的如区域生物物理脆弱性和社会脆弱性的图层叠置,形成地方整体脆弱性。 | 实现了社会脆弱性评价结果的地图可视化和直观表达;但评价结果难以反映不同要素对整体社会脆弱性的影响程度。 |
Tab. 4
Calculation formulae of social vulnerability indices"
指数名称 | 扰动类型 | 计算公式 | 公式说明 | 文献来源 |
---|---|---|---|---|
沿海社区社会脆弱性指数 | 自然灾害(飓风) | | CCSVI(t)为t年时刻的沿海社区脆弱性指数,H(t)为t年的风险因子,SFj(t)为t年的主要社会因子,Qj为社会因子权重;Xjk(t)为无量纲的社会因子,wjk为社会因子权重,n为社会因子数量,m为每个因子指标数量。 | Bjarnadottir et al, 2011 |
社会脆弱性指数 | 自然灾害(洪水) | | ISOV为灾害时刻的家庭脆弱性指数; | 葛怡等, 2006 |
城市社会 脆弱性 | 气候变化(极端高温) | | V为脆弱性,E为暴露度,S敏感性,LoR为恢复力缺失。E可通过两种方法计算,E1中I为城市人口,T为地表温度的标准化均值;E2中Ln为不同土地利用类型,Cn为系数。El为65岁以上人口比重;U为未就业人口比重;Cf为城市森林覆盖率。 | Depietri et al, 2013 |
社区脆弱性 | 气候变化 (综合压力) | | CVI为社区脆弱性,Exp、Sen、 | Rajiv et al, 2012 |
社会系统 脆弱性 | 资源衰退 | | SoVIi为地区i的社会脆弱性指数,S表示系统对扰动的敏感程度,R表示社会系统的应对能力。 | 苏飞等, 2008 |
社区脆弱性 | 土地利用 变化 | | VI为脆弱性指数,SI为敏感性指数,AI为适应能力指数;EI为暴露度指数,i为土地利用类型的排序,Ci为排在第i位的土地利用类型的面积比重;xij为第i研究区域敏感性指标j的标准化值,yij为第i研究区域适应能力指标j的标准化值。 | Huang et al, 2012 |
Tab.5
Evaluation index system of social vulnerability"
名称 | 文献来源 | 一级指标 | 二级指标 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
个数 | 名称 | 个数 | 名称 | |||
地震危险的社会脆弱性指标 | Birkmann et al, 2013 | 4 | 危险 | 1 | 影响城市的2000次以上随机地震情景的光谱位移。 | |
暴露度 | 2 | 暴露的建筑物、暴露的人口数量。 | ||||
敏感性 | 6 | 预计人口的损失(死亡、受伤、无家可归、失业)、低收入社区面积、死亡率、犯罪率、社会不平等、人口密度。 | ||||
恢复力 | 6 | 医院床位、医疗人力资源、公共空间、救援人力资源、发展水平、应急规划。 | ||||
气候变化的生计脆弱性指标 | Hahn et al, 2009 | 3 | 暴露度 | 4 | 自然灾难和气候变量(过去6年洪水、干旱和飓风事件发生的次数,未收到灾害警告家庭比重,灾害中受伤或死亡家庭比重,月内日平均最高温、最低温以及降水量的标准差)。 | |
敏感性 | 14 | 健康(医疗设施可达性,有慢性疾病患者家庭比重,因疾病而无法工作或学习成员的家庭比重,疟疾暴露和预防指数)。 食品(接受地方政府援助家庭比重、依靠自家土地获取食物家庭比重、谷物多样性指数、每个月需寻找食物的家庭数量、缺少存粮家庭比重、缺少种子家庭比重); 水(报告水冲突家庭比重、利用自然水资源家庭比重、缺少持续供水家庭比重、平均每户家庭存水量)。 | ||||
适应能力 | 10 | 社会—人口特征(儿童和老年人口比重、女性主导家庭比重、孤儿家庭比重、文盲家庭比重); 生计策略(工作在不同社区家庭比重、农业为收入来源家庭比重、农业生计多样性指数); 社会网络(平均收支比、平均借贷比、未寻求地方政府援助家庭比重)。 | ||||
矿业城市的社会就业脆弱性指标 | 李鹤等, 2009 | 2 | 敏感性 | 8 | 负债总额、开发周期、采掘和制造业就业比重、国有和集体在岗职工比重、失业人口比重、二产产值比重、三次产业产值比重变化的绝对值之和、总从业人员与劳动适龄人口之比。 | |
应对能力 | 8 | 就业人口增长率与GDP 增长率之比、经济增长速率、三产就业比重、个体和私营从业人员数、对外交通客运量、GDP总量与总人口比重、初中以上学历职工比重、教育支出占地方财政支出比重。 | ||||
城市社会系统脆弱性指标 | 刘继生等, 2010 | 2 | 敏感性 | 7 | 矿区人口比重、农业人口数、百万吨煤死亡率、城乡二元结构指数、城镇失业人数、人口自然增长率、市区人口密度。 | |
恢复力 | 15 | 城镇居民人均收入、城镇居民恩格尔系数、农民纯收入、非农业人口比重、客运量、货运量、邮电业务总量、人均用电量、人均日用水量、人均道路面积、医院床位数、人均居住面积、财政教育支出、社会保障支出、公共图书册数。 | ||||
环境危险的社会脆弱性指标 | Cutter, 2003 | 8 | 个人财富、年龄、职业、建筑密度、单一部门经济依赖性、住房和租赁、种族(美国黑人种族、西班牙裔、美国本地人、亚裔)、基础设施。 | |||
自然灾害的社会脆弱性指标 | Siagian et al, 2014 | 7 | 年龄、性别、收入、教育、家庭结构、基础设施、人口增长。 |
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