地图与制图术：国际批判制图学/GIS研究进展

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2022.06.012

Abstract

Abstract:

Maps are the basic language of geography and an indispensable tool for spatial analysis. But maps have long been seen as an objective, neutral scientific product. Inspired by critical geography, critical cartography/GIS emerged with the goal of elucidating the nature of discourse, power relations, and even the physical environment embedded in cartographic practice and challenging the untested but taken for granted assumptions in cartographic representation. After nearly 40 years of debates, this field of research has been gradually defined, and a blueprint of "hybrid geographies" has gradually emerged. Through the combination of various geographical methodologies, critical cartography/GIS has generally formed two research directions. The deconstruction approaches mainly start from the identity of cartographers and the production process of map knowledge, and analyze the inseparable relationship between "cartographicality" and national governance as well as the inherent mechanism of power. The construction approaches mainly explore the new production and representation of maps by means of collaborative mapping and counter-mapping. The research of critical cartography/GIS in China has just started, so it is necessary to continue to draw on the achievements of critical geography to carry out the deconstruction research of different types of maps in different historical periods, strengthen the convergence of construction path and deconstruction path, and actively participate in the social applications of research results.

Key words: critical cartography, GIS, power, knowledge production, collaborative mapping, counter-mapping

WANG Tao, LIU Yungang. Mapping and “cartographicality”: Progress review of critical cartography and critical GIS[J].PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2022, 41(6): 1097-1108.

Figures/Tables 3

Tab.1

Fig.1

Tab.2

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阶段划分	论战核心内容
1983—1993年	第一轮论战,GIS被批判学者贴上“非智力”和假定客观的“实证主义”标签,其研究基础是事实数据而非具有价值的信息;GIS学者对其进行了强有力的回应,认为对方对“科学”缺乏深入理解代表性文献：[16,22-23]
1993—1998年	第二轮论战,GIS过度依赖的笛卡儿式几何空间仍被反复强调,此外批评者认为其代表了霸权主义,也使社会面临沦为监视社会的危险;与此同时,争论双方开始共同举办会议以弥合分歧代表性文献：[24-25]
1998—2001年	论战的第三阶段,争论双方均意识到GIS并不必然是实证主义的,它同样可以用于弹性的非决定论分析。双方的争论逐步让位于如何共同“重构”一个更具有社会责任感的GIS 代表性文献：[26-28]

权力表现	科学制图学/GIS	批判制图学/GIS
权力表现	科学制图学/GIS	激进制图学/GIS(解构)	质性制图学/GIS(建构)
地图的外在权力：谁拥有制作、传播与解释地图的权利?	“自上而下”倡导制图技术专业化致力于建立制图学/GIS学科知识体系	将“治理术”概念拓展到“制图术”,揭示专业化的制图知识背后无处不在的国家空间治理逻辑	“自下而上”倡导制图实践的业余化公众参与致力于各类网络地理服务与新空间媒体的开发与开放
地图的内在权力：地图表达、声张或掩盖了谁的空间权利?	认为地图是对空间的客观表征,空间信息可以通过“科学化”的语言得以完整表达推崇数据的定量化	认为任何制图过程都是对客观现实的选择性表达揭示地图强化了哪些主体的权力的同时压制了哪些群体的权力	重视艺术/非科学制图强化定性GIS (qualitative GIS)、反制图(counter-mappings)等非定量手段

Mapping and “cartographicality”: Progress review of critical cartography and critical GIS

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