NASA无人机交通管理系统飞行验证试验概述

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2021.09.005

Abstract

Abstract:

With the rapid development of civilian unmanned aircraft system (UAS) in the fields of logistics and distribution, geographic information detection, and emergency rescue, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have jointly developed the Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management System (UTM) and carried out a large number of verification tests. According to the technical level, NASA divides the operation technologies and related flight demonstration tests into four technical level phases, of which the TCL-3 and TCL-4 are the core phases of the UTM test and also the most technically complex phases. This article summarized the third and fourth phases of the flight demonstration tests of the UTM system in the United States. Based on the key technologies, the test contents and operation scenarios, as well as the relevant flight experience were summarized. Finally, some recommendations for UTM system design in China were put forward.

Key words: UAS traffic management, flight demonstration, data exchange, sense and avoid, communication surveillance and navigation

WANG Maolin, LV Renli, GUAN Xiangmin. An overview of flight demonstration of NASA unmanned aircraft system traffic management system[J].PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2021, 40(9): 1488-1502.

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Requirements of communications and navigation contingencies

异常类型	应急要求	理由
OSM001	运营人必须具备探测无人机和运营人之间通信中断的方法	UTM系统可以使得运营人在约束条件和指令随时间变化的情况下执行任务,因此运营人必须知道是否可以与无人机进行通信
OSM002	运营人应该采取措施获取USS已知的无人机通信中断	USS从补充数据服务提供商获得所需的数据,当探测通信中断的方法已知时,应该能够为任务提供通信质量服务信息,进而减少在执行任务时发生通信中断的概率
OSM003	运营人必须确定缓解无人机通信中断的步骤	运营人必须与无人机通信以遵守约束和指令,并且适应任务中的变化,因此必须采取缓解措施以安全地解决通信中断问题
OSM004	运营人应该采取措施缓解USS已知的无人机通信中断	USS接收其他运营人和其他USS的信息,应该能够支持缓解措施,从而对其服务下的总体运行影响降至最小
OSM005	运营人必须有探测机载导航中断的方法	UTM系统是为运营人在约束条件和指令下执行任务而建立的,因此,运营人必须了解无人机是否保持必要的导航精度和完整性来保持约束和指令
OSM006	运营人应该采取措施探测到USS已知的无人机机载导航中断	USS从补充数据服务提供商获得所需的数据,应该能够在已知探测机载导航中断的方法时,为任务提供通信质量服务预测信息,从而将降低在任务中发生导航中断的概率
OSM007	运营人必须采取措施缓解无人机机载导航中断	为了遵守约束和跟踪指令,无人机必须保持导航性能的准确性和完整性,因此,必须采取缓解措施安全解决导航中断的问题
OSM008	运营人应该采取措施缓解USS已知的无人机机载导航中断	USS接收其他运营人和其他USS的信息,应该能够支持相应的缓解措施,从而将其服务范围内的整体业务影响降至最低
OSM009	运营人必须收集异常情况数据	当UTM运行遇到异常情况时,必须收集数据以总结经验教训,提高运行符合性和安全性

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特征	描述	场景编号
运行密度	在特定空域的无人机数量	1、2、3、4、5
运行速度	在指定区域内的无人机起飞和降落次数	1、4、5
运行空间类别	基于区域的运行空间或基于交通的运行空间	1、2、3、4、5
空域类别	管制/非管制空域	1、2、3
地面障碍	建筑物附近的运行	1、4
障碍物类别	动态或静态障碍物附近的运行	4、5
自动起飞/降落	无人机起飞或降落点(同地区或远程)	1、3、4、5
飞行配置	飞行任务分类,如线性检查和区域检查	1、2、3、4、5
起飞/着陆配置	UAS在地面或屋顶起飞或降落	1、4
USS协商	USS请求修改由其他USS管理的运行	1、2、3、5
运行优先级	受导航能力限制的运行(飞行中的紧急情况)或对优先任务作出响应(公共安全)	2、3、4
无人机远程ID	无人机通过/不通过USS网络,由地面/空中实体进行识别	2、3、4

类别	描述	场景编号
无人机空间保留	限制某些特定无人机进入的空域	1、2
冲突	无人机进入有人机、障碍物或其他无人机的限定范围内	1、2、3、4、5
安全着陆	在运行空间内/外着陆、具有可运行/不可运行安全着陆能力	1、2、3、4
USS影响	一个USS中断(停止提供服务)、或者一个运行更改为另一个USS	5
意外的无人机行为	无人机发生飞行事故或飞行方式粗鲁	4
C2(命令与控制)链路中断	基于空中运行量、C2链路小范围或大范围中断	2、3、4、5
导航中断	基于空中运行量、导航小范围或大范围中断	2、3、4、5
无人机远程ID查询	通过/不通过USS识别无人机	2、3、4

试验区/无人机类型	C2系统#1	C2系统#2	备注
阿拉斯加/四旋翼	902~928 MHz之间的无线电通信	902~928 MHz之间的无线电通信	每套无线电都连接到一个独立的地面站,当C2#1失效时自动切换到C2#2
阿拉斯加/四旋翼	LTE蜂窝网络	902~928 MHz之间的无线电通信	C2#1作为主通信,当C2#1失效时自动切换到C2#2
内华达/固定翼	2200~2500 MHz之间的无线电通信	2405~1470 MHz之间的无线电通信	无人机运营人手动切换
纽约/八旋翼	5875 MHz中心频率的Wi-Fi,20 MHz带宽	LTE蜂窝网络	C2#1作为主通信,当C2#1失效时自动切换到C2#2
北达科达/直升机	中心频率为757.5 MHz的无线电通信,以90 kHz波形运行	中心频率为757.5 MHz的无线电通信,以90 kHz波形运行	2套链路都传输所有的数据,并过滤掉重复的数据,自动合并到一个单一的接收流
北达科达/固定翼	902~928 MHz之间的无线电通信	1616~1626.5 MHz范围内的卫星通信	C2#1作为主通信,当C2#1失效时自动切换到C2#2
北达科达/六旋翼	2个中心频率为915 MHz的无线电通信,分别设置为高低发射功率	2套不同移动服务运营商的LTE移动通信	自动切换到质量更高的通信链路

编号	试验内容	关键技术
SAA1	合作型无人机空—空防撞	DSRC
SAA2	合作型有人机/无人机空中防撞	ADS-B in/out
SAA3	非合作型有人机/无人机空中防撞	机载雷达
SAA4	非合作型有人机/无人机空—地防撞	地面雷达

空域结构名称	特征
A1	同向连贯的空中通道,融合交叉
A2	同向连贯的空中通道,分离交叉
A3	双向交替的空中通道,分离交叉
B1	空中管道,融合交叉,需要信号灯
B2	空中管道,融合交叉,需要交叉点时间管制
C	空中走廊,边界交叉点需要管制

An overview of flight demonstration of NASA unmanned aircraft system traffic management system

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领域	细分分类
无人机健康监控	空地通信中断无人机—无人机通信中断无人机导航性能退化无人机电池失效无人机动力失效
无人机航路	地面动态障碍空中静态障碍空中动态障碍当地危险风场
动态地理围栏设计	附近无人机提供的应急信息航路沿线的高优先级应急情况航路前方的危险风场

分组	试验概述
运行概念	超视距起飞着陆突发事件管理 UTM公共接口长时间尺度运行未经授权空域的无人机进入和退出
数据交换	无人机信息报告飞行信息管理系统故障无人机服务供应商（USS）故障无人机识别 USS-USS协议气象信息服务
感知避让	合作型无人机空—空防撞合作型有人机/无人机空中防撞非合作型有人机/无人机空中防撞空地远程识别互联
通信导航监视	冗余C2链路测试 GNSS导航失准测试射频干扰检测

分组	试验概述
运行场景	无人机点对点运行无人机巡查无人机追逐拍摄无人机跨区域运行无人机固定区域运行高优先级的应急运行
应急程序	应急航路设计应急降落点设计无人机应急处理程序
基于风险的应急技术	无人机对外通信(V2X)链路 USS空地通信链路运行空间重叠试验
低空空域分配	—
UTM系统参与方	普通民众无人机服务购买方无人机制造企业无人机服务供应商补充数据服务提供商监管部门保险