人地系统适应性研究进展：概念、理论框架与方法

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2021.02.013

Abstract

Abstract:

The purpose of adaptation research is to reduce the negative effects of external environment and improve adaptation through the adjustment of the subject to the changes of the external environment, which is an important way to realize the sustainable development of human-environment systems. In view of the lack of a unified understanding and systematic review of the adaptation theories, this article summarized the progress of research on adaptation from the concepts, theoretical frameworks, and methods by examining the literature on adaptation of human-environment systems in China and internationally, and put forward a scientific paradigm of adaptation research. The findings are as follows: 1) There is no scientific consensus on the concept of adaptation in academia, which hinders the construction of a general theoretical system of adaptation research. 2) The existing analytical frameworks of adaptation are mostly based on the extension and revision of the theoretical framework in the field of global change. 3) There is no representative method in adaptation research, which mainly uses vulnerability and resilience assessment methods and index systems. Therefore, the construction of a unified concept and theoretical system of adaptation needs to be strengthened. The existing theoretical research in other countries may not be universally applicable, and an analytical framework and method of adaptation research specifically useful in China should be an important research direction in the future. Simultaneously, it is necessary to strengthen the research on integrated adaptation of human-environment systems considering both human society and the natural environment, and pay attention to the dynamic analysis of adaptation with a combination of multiple scales.

Key words: adaptation, human-environment system, adaptive capacity, analytical framework

YIN Sha, YANG Xinjun, CHEN Jia. Progress of research on adaptation of human-environment systems: Concepts, theoretical frameworks, and methods[J].PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2021, 40(2): 330-342.

Figures/Tables 9

Tab.1

Fig.1

Fig.2

Tab.2

Fig.3

Tab.4

Tab.5

Representative adaptation evaluation index system"

指标体系名称	一级指标	二级指标	文献来源
生态适应能力	不良影响、抵御能力、恢复能力	不良影响：地形起伏度、植被覆盖度、土壤质地、降水侵蚀力;抵御能力：农田、林地、草地、湿地、城乡、荒漠生态系统分级;恢复力能力：地貌、坡度、降水、土层厚度、土壤类型、土壤有机质含量、距灌渠距离	徐瑱等^[66]
城市产业生态系统适应性	易损性、敏感性、稳定性、弹性	产业系统结构熵、外贸依存度、制造业和农业增长弹性系数、产业系统发育程度指数、三废综合利用产值占GDP比重、人均GDP、单位GDP资源消耗量变化率、环境治理投资占GDP的比重、森林覆盖率等	仇方道等^[55]
农户生计适应性	缓冲能力、学习能力、自组织	人均实际耕种面积、农业转型、物质资产、年人均收入、耕地质量、人均水资源支出、资助机会、抚养比率、教育程度、技术学习与运用、组织潜力、社会网络等	Chen等^[42] Below等^[71]
区域适应能力	压力、状态、风险性、恢复性、适应性	耕地开垦率、农牧业生产量指数、国民生产总值、城市化率、湿润度指数、地形粗糙度指数、景观格局指数、NDVI、生态弹性度、洪涝风险度、干旱风险度、地震风险度、人为干扰风险度、人类适应性指数	陈凤臻等^[64]
全球变化适应能力	公平、知识、技术、基础设施、灵活性、经济能力	女性活动率、收入不平衡、识字率、就业率、研发经费支出、专利数量、电话数量、医生人数、人均国内生产总值、抚养比率、财政预算余额、世界贸易份额	Acosta等^[63]
水资源适应能力	自然能力、物质能力、人力能力、经济能力	植被和湿地面积的比例、灌溉覆盖率、饮用水覆盖率、识字率、经济活动人口、GDP指数、非农业就业	Pandey等^[15]
社会—生态系统适应性循环	潜力、连通度、恢复力	邻里信任、组织潜力、储备资金、社会支持度、沟通应对灾害、农民话语权、集体效能、灾害应对、社会秩序等	Gunderson等^[41]
气候变化适应性评价	经济、农业、社会和资源环境系统	经济发展水平与结构、经济发展效益与能力、农业发展水平、农业发展效益、社会人口与发展、社会发展水平、环境治理、生态建设、资源支持	陈太根等^[73] 崔利芳等^[74]
旅游适应性评价	政策适应性、社会适应性、生态适应性、文化适应性、心理适应性	政策知晓程度、旅游决策参与、网络通讯条件、环卫设施条件、专业技能培训、卫生环境意识、年旅游收入、参与旅游人数、旅游投入资金、民俗文化表演参与度、旅游资源自信度、旅游危机处理的意识等	吴吉林等^[75]

Tab.5

Fig.4

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领域	典型定义
生物学和进化生态学	① 适应性是指允许有机个体在它们生存的环境中生存和繁殖的遗传特征^[31];② 适应性广义上指的是遗传或行为特征的发展,这些特征表现为有机体或系统为了生存和繁殖应对环境变化的风险^[10]
人类学	适应性是一个区域社会根据自然环境进行自身行为的调整^[21]
文化生态学	① 适应性是组织、群体在处理与文化相关的环境问题时所采取的方法,是通过文化实践产生的应对环境变化选择的结果^[25];② 文化适应性定义为响应物理环境变化及内在刺激(人口统计学、经济学和组织学)变化的一种过程^[32]
灾害学	适应性是对风险认知、调整和灾害管理^[33]
自然资源管理	① 适应性管理是用管理实验结果来检验计划管理的过程,其中将决策的实施作为检验计划中的预测与假设的标准^[34];② 适应性是通过从管理结果中学习并获取信息,以降低管理的不确定性,从而推动政策和实践做出相应调整的过程^[35]
全球变化	① 为了应对实际发生的或预期的气候刺激及其影响(减缓、危害或利用有利的机会),在自然或人类系统进行的调整^[29];② 将适应性定义为应对观察到的或预期的气候刺激和气候影响,为了减缓不利影响的变化或利用新的机会,生态、社会和经济系统采取的一种调整^[12];③ 适应性是指一个系统(家庭、社区、群体、部门、区域、国家)中的一个过程、行动或结果,以便系统更好地应对、管理或适应某些不断变化的条件、压力、危险、风险或机会^[10,11]

结构	维度	具体内容
外部风险	—	环境变化、气候变化、自然灾害风险、资源匮乏……
适应过程	生计适应策略	主体结构：农户自反应、政府政策、社会援助……
	生计适应能力	3大要素：缓冲能力、学习能力、自组织
	生计适应结果	生计产出：生计水平/生计稳定性;生计感知：满意度/农户认知
适应程度	—	生计艰难：重新适应选择;生计可持续：保持适应策略

目标层	准则层	指标层
适应能力	多样化	问题框架&解决;多种参与者,水平&部门;多样性;裁员
	公平治理	合法性、公平、响应能力、责任制
	资源	权力、人力、金融
	领导	合作、企业、有远见
	自主变化空间	连续获取信息;按计划行事;随机应变能力
	学习能力	信任、单环学习、双环学习、讨论疑问、制度记忆

评价方法	举例	应用领域	评价
社会调查法	问卷调查法、量表分析、参与式行动研究(Participatory Action Research, PAR)	社会学、资源管理分析	常用于对研究案例地开展问卷、访谈等形式的一手资料收集,主要通过资料整理和数据统计描述分析直接反映研究对象的适应性(能力)要素及状况,难以做到适应性评估的量化表达
概念模型法	适应性循环模型、区域适应能力评价模型	社会—生态系统领域	实现了适应性理论框架到适应性评价的可操作化,但适应性量化评估仍需结合相关数据和数理模型
情景分析法	IPCC情景模拟、情景驱动的空间适应能力模型	气候变化、全球变化、自然灾害等	是适应性演化(要素变化)评估和趋势预测常用方法,有利于改进适应性管理和实践对策,情景设置和数据模拟科学性是有效评价分析的前提
综合指数法	生态适应能力指数、城市产业适应能力指数、农户适应性指数、干旱适应能力指数	从微观个体到宏观全球尺度的多科学领域	适应性量化评估操作简单,但忽视了系统要素构成之间的关系,且指标权重的确定由于方法不同存在随机差异
函数模型法	主体建模法、数据包络分析法	自然生态评价领域	明确了适应性评估要素及其相互作用关系;但由于对研究对象适应性要素理解不同以及系统复杂化,会造成模型函数表达方式存在较大差异,其普适性下降
GIS、RS 空间技术法	空间多准则评估法、图层叠加法	城市发展、农学、土地、生态环境领域	实现了适应性评估空间可视化和直观表达,但评价结果难以反映要素内在联系及影响

Progress of research on adaptation of human-environment systems: Concepts, theoretical frameworks, and methods

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