青海官亭盆地史前灾难性地表过程及其影响研究

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.08.007

Abstract

Abstract:

This study conducted field investigations in the Guanting Basin of the north shore of the Yellow River. A Holocene complete soil profile was identified over the Erfangcun Ruins, which is situated to the east side of the Lajia Ruins and has preserved multiple records of the information of aeolian loess and palaeosol and evolution of land resources, catastrophic surface processes, and human activities during the period of the Xindian culture. Sediment samples were taken from the profile systematically on the basis of field pedo-sedimentological observation. We established the basic pedo-stratigraphic sequence by using optically-stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating and physicochemical indices. The stratigraphic sequence of the Erfangcun profile from the top to the bottom is listed as modern soil (MS)-late Holocene aeolian loess (L₀)-Middle Holocene palaeosol (S₀)-early Holocene transitional aeolian (L_t). The most significant feature of this sequence is that the deposit of flashfloods and mudflows with a thickness of 1.2-1.5 m have split the Chernozem soil into two sublayers, which was the result of the catastrophic land surface processes and the climatic and environment changes. Optically-stimulated luminescence dating results suggest that enormous flashfloods and mudflows burst out during OSL age 3940-3780 a, equivalent to¹⁴C age 3850-3600a BP. They ran over the valley and deposited in the front of the paleo-alluvial-pluvial fans of the second terrace of the Yellow River. The deposit of the flows was covered by the ashes of the Xindian culture (3600-3400 a BP). The barren land formed by the flashfloods and mudflows caused the decline of agriculture and gave birth to stockbreeding. This soil layer is in sharp contrast to the fertile and loose soil during the period of the Qijia culture (4150-3850 a BP). Overall, the results of the study revealed that prehistoric human agricultural land use pattern in the area of the Lajia and Erfangcun Ruins in the Guanting Basin was changed by the degradation of soil caused by the catastrophic floods and climate change. It may have implications for further insights into prehistoric land use and the changes of environment in the transitional area of the Tibet Plateau and the Loess Plateau.

Key words: prehistoric culture, Ustic Luvisol, land resources, natural disaster, Guanting Basin

RONG Xiaoqing, PANG Jiangli, HUANG Chunchang, ZHOU Yali, WANG Zhaoduo, ZHANG Yuzhu, GUO Yongqiang, ZHAO Hui, CHUI Yuda. Prehistoric catastrophic surface processes and their impacts in the Guanting Basin, Qinghai Province[J].PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2020, 39(8): 1319-1332.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig.1

Fig.2

Tab.1

Pedo-stratigraphic subdivision and descriptions in the Erfangcun soil profile of the Guanting Basin"

地层	深度/cm	土壤学和沉积学特征描述
现代耕作土壤(MS)	0~50	浊棕色(7.5YR6/3),粉砂质地,团粒构造,疏松多孔,多蚯蚓孔和粪团,多植物根系
全新世晚期风成黄土(L₀)	50~100	浊橙色(7.5YR6/4),粗粉砂质地,团块构造,疏松多孔,少量蚯蚓孔和粪团,受到一定程度的成壤改造
全新世中期黑垆土上段(S_0上)	100~180	浊棕色(5YR5/3),粉砂质地,团粒构造,比较疏松,多蚯蚓孔和粪团,结构面有白色可溶盐类粉霜沉淀,为发育成熟度很高的黑垆土
灰烬层(ASL)	180~210	棕灰色(5YR6/1),透镜状分布,轻盈细腻,粉砂质地,团块构造,松散易碎,灰烬成分为主,多木炭屑,含有个别破碎陶片,属于辛店文化
山洪砂土沉积层(FFD₃)	210~240	橙色(2.5YR6/6),细砂质地,断断续续的透镜状层,局部含有细小砾石,向沟坡上方尖灭,追索其物源为盆地北侧第三系红层丘陵沟壑区
山洪泥流沉积层(RC)	240~325	上部橙色(2.5YR6/6),中下部亮红棕色(2.5YR5/6),粘土质地,棱块状构造,混杂有砂团和石子,显示出粘稠状态流动的内部构造,随微地形变化而波状起伏,厚度变化在40~200 cm之间,追索其物源为盆地北侧第三系红层丘陵沟壑区
山洪砂土层(FFD₂)	325~340	橙色(2.5YR6/6),细砂质地,断断续续的透镜状层,向沟坡上方尖灭,追索其物源为盆地北侧第三系红层丘陵沟壑区
全新世中期黑垆土下段(S_0下)	340~380	灰棕色(5YR6/2),粉砂质地,团粒构造,比较疏松,下部结构面和孔隙皆有白色可溶盐沉淀,为发育成熟度很高的黑垆土,为马家窑文化—齐家文化时期的耕作土壤
全新世早期风成黄土过渡层(L_t)	380~410	过渡层(L_t),淡红灰色(2.5YR7/2),粗粉砂质地,块状构造,比较疏松,下部山洪砂土成分增多
沟道山洪砂土层(FFD₁)	410~?	淡红灰色(2.5YR7/2),细砂质地,块状构造,比较疏松,来自于北部晚第三系红层丘陵沟壑区,山洪砂土性质显著,下部未见底

Tab.1

Tab.2

Fig.3

Fig.4

Fig.5

Fig.6

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样品编号	深度/cm	U/(10^-3g·kg^-1)	Th/(10^-3g·kg^-1)	K/(g·kg^-1)	含水量/%	环境剂量率Dy/(Gy/ka)	等效剂量De/(Gy)	年代/a
EFC-01	45~50	2.49±0.10	9.54±0.29	18.7±0.6	20±3	2.72±0.09	0.51±0.13	180±50
EFC-02	95~100	2.28±0.09	9.80±0.29	18.9±0.6	18±3	2.74±0.09	1.41±0.20	500±70
EFC-03	175~180	2.28±0.09	9.98±0.30	18.2±0.6	12±3	2.90±0.08	9.74±0.85	3350±230
EFC-04	195~200	2.17±0.09	9.68±0.29	20.6±0.6	20±3	2.86±0.08	9.24±0.37	3390±160
EFC-05	210~215	1.94±0.08	8.64±0.27	16.6±0.5	12±3	2.60±0.07	9.82±0.34	3780±170
EFC-06	340~345	3.06±0.12	9.60±0.29	18.9±0.6	10±3	3.13±0.09	12.33±0.52	3940±200

Prehistoric catastrophic surface processes and their impacts in the Guanting Basin, Qinghai Province

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