城市建成环境对广州市居民幸福感的影响——基于15 min步行可达范围的分析

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.08.003

Abstract

Abstract:

As China enters the stage of "New Normal" development, promoting people's subject well-being has become an important target of the new-type urbanization. Meanwhile, improving the living environment is considered an inevitable requirement for improving the quality of urbanization. Although a substantial body of literature has focused on the linkage between the neighborhood environment and subjective well-being, only a few studies have attempted to unravel the intermediate mechanism of the relationship. Additionally, previous research mostly evaluated neighborhood built environment based on the administrative jurisdiction, rather than the real activity space of residents, ignoring the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). Using the survey data collected in 23 residential communities between June and August 2015 in Guangzhou City, China, this study explored the built environment factors that affect subjective well-being with a multilevel linear regression model, paying special attention to the impact of buffer zone redrawing on the analysis results. Mediation analysis was also adopted to reveal the mediating effect of residential satisfaction, while stratified analysis was applied to explore the impact of respondents' objective socioeconomic status heterogeneity on the relationship between built environment and subjective well-being. Several conclusions were drawn as follows: 1) Compared with the indices extracted from administrative jurisdiction and 1000 m buffer, the indices extracted from 15-minute walking distance have higher correlation with residents' subjective well-being. 2) Per capita green space area and point of interest (POI) density are positively correlated with residents' subjective well-being, while population density is negatively correlated. 3) Mediation analysis indicated that residential satisfaction fully mediates the relationship between POI density and subjective well-being. 4) The correlation between neighborhood built environment and subjective well-being is significantly different due to heterogeneity of individual socioeconomic characteristics (that is, hukou status, housing tenure, and employment status). Our findings reaffirm the significant role of the real neighborhood environment in supporting subjective well-being, provide some insights for urban planners and policymakers on how to interweave well-being promotion into urban environments. It is suggested that the needs of people with different socioeconomic characteristics should be taken into account to develop targeted 15-minute community life circle planning. Additionally, strengthening green infrastructure construction also matters.

Key words: subjective well-being, neighborhood built environment, multilevel linear regression, mediating effect, heterogeneity, Guangzhou City

LIU Ye, XIAO Tong, LIU Yuqi, QIU Yingzhi, LIU Yi, LI Zhigang. Impacts of urban built environments on residents’ subjective well-being: An analysis based on 15-minute walking distance[J].PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2020, 39(8): 1270-1282.

Figures/Tables 6

Fig.1

Fig.2

Tab.1

Descriptive statistics of the samples' correlated variables"

类别	变量	说明	均值或比率
主观幸福感	生活满意度	生活满意度量表(SWLS)	20.83 (5.39)
个体家庭属性	年龄	18~30岁	18.52%
		30~60岁	77.48%
		60岁以上	4.00%
	性别	男性	52.26%
		女性	47.74%
	受教育程度	初中及以下	31.83%
		高中、中专、职高、技校	33.48%
		大专、本科及以上	34.69%
	个人年收入	小于1万元	6.70%
		1万~5万元	54.00%
		5万~10万元	25.48%
		大于10万元	13.83%
	就业情况	从业	83.91%
		无业	16.09%
	户籍状况	广州本地户籍	59.39%
		非广州本地户籍	40.61%
	社会保障情况	购买所有社会保险	78.61%
		未购买社会保险	13.22%
	在本社区居住时长	在社区居住年限	14.97 (13.55)
	身体健康状况	健康(4~5)	84.61%
		不健康(1~3)	15.39%
	心理健康状况	GHQ-12量表,大于27分为不健康	22.63 (5.27)
	住房产权	拥有当前住房所有权	54.17%
		对当前住房没有所有权	45.83%
	婚姻家庭组织情况	已婚并居住在一起	78.17%
		已婚但分居两地	1.83%
		单身、离异和丧偶	20.00%
社区社会环境	邻里剥夺指数	初中及以下学历人口比重、低收入从业人员比重、住房自有率、人均住房面积的综合指标	-0.15 (1.86)
社区社会环境	社区凝聚力指数	社区归属感、社区互助、社区互动、社区参与、社区控制	16.48 (1.45)
社区建成环境			居委行政管辖范围	1000 m面要素缓冲区	15 min步行可达范围
	常住人口密度	地理单元内常住人口与其面积之比/(万人/km2)	6.45 (7.76)	1.16 (1.37)	1.23 (1.27)
	人均绿地面积	地理单元内所有绿地面积与其常住人口之比/(m2/人)	13.36 (21.55)	74.88 (152.50)	49.05 (119.99)
	路网密度	宅间小路及以上等级道路长度总和与地理单元面积之比/(km/km2)	19.67 (13.26)	10.17 (3.19)	18.77 (2.78)
	POI密度	宾馆、餐饮等12类设施数量总和与地理单元面积之比/(个/km²)	2416 (2404)	104 (54)	123 (52)
	公交站点密度	公交、地铁站点个数与地理单元面积之比/(个/km²)	7.21 (10.07)	7.49 (3.78)	9.73 (3.77)
	建筑密度	建筑物的基底面积总和与地理单元面积之比/%	31.24 (41.63)	35.88 (13.10)	12.31 (9.88)

Tab.1

Tab.2

Multilevel linear regression results of residents' subjective well-being"

变量	模型1(居委行政管辖范围)		模型2(1000 m面要素缓冲区)		模型3(15 min步行可达范围)
变量	系数	标准误	系数	标准误	系数	标准误
社区建成环境
常住人口密度	-0.035	0.040	-0.423	0.395	-0.739^**	0.371
人均绿地面积	0.028	0.019	0.003	0.002	0.005^**	0.002
路网密度	0.005	0.035	0.036	0.099	-0.064	0.088
设施POI点密度	0.010	0.020	0.638	1.344	1.951^*	1.178
公交站点密度	-0.026	0.039	-0.042	0.128	0.096	0.087
建筑密度	0.035	0.039	0.038	0.030	-0.027	0.032
社区社会环境
邻里剥夺指数	-0.614^**	0.240	-0.428^*	0.237	-0.487^**	0.243
社区凝聚力指数	0.071	0.252	0.098	0.305	-0.095	0.272
个体家庭属性
年龄	0.023^*	0.012	0.022^*	0.012	0.021^*	0.012
性别(参照组：男)
女	0.271	0.259	0.257	0.261	0.254	0.262
婚姻家庭组织情况(参照组：已婚并居住在一起)
单身、离异和丧偶	0.087	0.438	0.067	0.436	0.045	0.436
已婚但分居两地	-0.250	1.183	-0.191	1.165	-0.181	1.185
受教育程度(参照组：初中及以下)
高中、中专、职高、技校	-0.473	0.322	-0.483	0.314	-0.457	0.318
大专、本科及以上	1.148^**	0.509	1.110^**	0.505	1.103^**	0.518
个人年收入	0.167^*	0.099	0.160	0.102	0.161	0.101
住房产权(参照组：没有住房产权)
业主	1.489^***	0.453	1.515^***	0.488	1.482^***	0.486
就业情况(参照组：有工作)
无业	1.014	0.702	0.995	0.699	0.965	0.691
社会保障 (参照组：购买所有社会保险)
未购买任何社会保险	0.433	0.506	0.411	0.513	0.405	0.522
户籍(参照组：非广州户籍)
广州本地户籍	-0.254	0.400	-0.185	0.401	-0.195	0.401
自评身体健康(参照组：不健康)
健康	1.559^***	0.486	1.622^***	0.443	1.630^***	0.442
心理问题	-0.089^**	0.039	-0.088^**	0.040	-0.088^**	0.039
在社区的居住时间	0.002	0.019	0.006	0.018	0.011	0.019
常数	15.152^***	4.657	14.007^**	5.499	18.628^***	5.227
组内方差	23.890^***	1.969	23.890^***	1.960	23.892^***	1.953
组间方差	0.774	0.341	0.707	0.428	0.610	0.375
社区数目	23		23		23
样本量	1150		1150		1150
对数似然值	-3467.400		-3466.767		-3465.866

Tab.2

Tab.3

Tab.4

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变量	系数
变量	模型6a (广州本地户籍)	模型6b (非广州本地户籍)	模型7a (业主)	模型7b (租客)	模型8a (从业)	模型8b (无业)
社区建成环境(基于15 min步行可达范围)
常住人口密度	-0.766^*(0.457)	-0.611 (0.647)	-1.179^** (0.510)	-0.286 (0.521)	-0.837^** (0.380)	0.438 (0.626)
人均绿地面积	0.004^**(0.002)	0.007^** (0.003)	0.004^** (0.002)	0.008^** (0.004)	0.003^* (0.002)	0.014^*** (0.003)
路网密度	-0.139 (0.088)	0.171 (0.179)	-0.171^* (0.100)	0.184 (0.139)	-0.048 (0.075)	-0.109 (0.132)
POI点密度	1.492 (1.246)	2.463 (1.950)	2.343^*(1.247)	2.310 (1.731)	1.863 (1.2520)	1.878 (1.647)
公交站点密度	0.165^* (0.098)	0.046 (0.138)	0.204^* (0.123)	-0.116 (0.116)	0.078 (0.080)	0.287^* (0.167)
建筑密度	-0.023 (0.037)	-0.070 (0.049)	-0.047 (0.039)	-0.030 (0.028)	-0.016 (0.027)	-0.103 (0.075)
常数	19.633^*** (7.365)	14.981^* (7.765)	26.926^*** (7.645)	4.749 (4.522)	11.870^* (6.418)	25.395^** (11.796)
组内方差	25.010^*** (1.498)	21.032^*** (2.804)	23.293^*** (1.581)	23.918^*** (2.880)	23.089^*** (2.117)	23.787^*** (2.243)
组间方差	0.348 (0.388)	0.903 (0.890)	0.587 (0.417)	1.87E-22 (1.75E-20)	0.363 (0.311)	1.74E-21 (1.39E-19)
社区数量	23	23	23	23	23	23
样本量	683	467	623	527	965	185
对数似然值	-2072.410	-1380.379	-1870.417	-1584.300	-2889.712	-555.647

Impacts of urban built environments on residents’ subjective well-being: An analysis based on 15-minute walking distance

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