中小流域设计暴雨雨型研究进展

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.07.014

Abstract

Abstract:

Designing hyetographs is the basis of deducing design flood for small and medium-sized watersheds lacking flow data. It has a significant impact on construction standards of water conservancy facilities and municipal engineering design. Therefore, a large number of studies on design hyetograph has been carried out in China and internationally. In recent years, due to the impact of climate and environmental changes, great floods occur frequently. Mountain floods and waterlogging in urban areas pose a threat to the property and personal safety of mountain people and urban residents, and have caused many disasters. Therefore, higher requirements are put forward for the design of hyetographs. This article systematically summarized the principles and methods for selecting typical hyetographs and the classification of hyetographs, and reviewed the methods of deducing hyetographs in China and abroad, including the Chicago Hyetographs, the Huff Hyetographs, the Triangle Rainfall Hyetographs, and the Pilgrim & Cordery (P&C) Hyetographs—our short-duration design hyetographs in total, as well as the long-duration Soil Conservation Service (SCS) Hyetographs and the same-frequency method. Finally, the problems in designing hyetographs in small and medium-sized watersheds and the prospects for future research are put forward.

Key words: design hyetograph, temporal distribution, deducing short-duration and long-duration hyetographs, medium and small-sized watersheds

YAN Zhengxiao, XIA Jun, SONG Jinxi, ZHAO Lingling, PANG Guowei. Research progress on design hyetographs in small and medium-scale basins[J].PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2020, 39(7): 1224-1235.

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设计雨型名称	来源	原理或计算方法	优缺点	适用性
芝加哥雨型模型	Keifer等^[65]于1957年提出	通过暴雨强度公式与雨峰系数推求雨型	只需通过降雨资料计算出综合雨峰系数r,在资料较少的地区也可以通过表2^[66]估算r值,对暴雨资料依赖度较低;雨峰部分与历时无关,因此物理意义不明显,雨峰只可设计单峰雨型,且过于尖瘦	更适用于推求设计国内汇流面积相对小的城镇地区;3 h左右的设计降雨历时最为准确
Huff雨型模型	Huff^[67]于1967年提出	由降水过程中峰值位置决定类型,通过无量纲累积曲线法设计雨型	处理方法简单,接近实际;对暴雨数据依赖性较强,若历时选取不当,会造成较大误差	适用大多数流域,但如果流域面积过大,须重点考虑空间分布;若降雨数据不足,极短历时雨型结果不准确
三角形雨型模型	Yen等^[44]于1980年提出	通过研究地区暴雨过程平均无因次一阶矩与三角形无因次一阶矩的相等条件设计雨型	推导方法简单;适用区域有限制,可能会与实际暴雨过程有偏差	主要应用于中小水库的暴雨设计
Pilgrim & Cordery雨型模型	Pilgrim等^[68]于1975年提出	通过统计数据在最大可能雨峰位置设计雨峰,其余时段按雨量比例平均值设计雨型	需统计与所求雨型相同历时的样本,所以统计样本相对较少;推导较为复杂,对降雨资料依赖性较强	更适用于推求设计汇流面积中等的流域;重现期相对较小、降雨历时相对较短的设计雨型

国家,地区	r	国家,地区	r
美国,芝加哥	0.375	中国,北京	0.355
苏联,远东地区	0.350	中国,上海	0.367
苏联,乌克兰地区	0.200	中国,合肥	0.414
日本,九州地区	0.500	中国,大部分地区	0.3~0.4

设计雨型名称	已有的应用
芝加哥雨型模型	《室外排水设计规范》^[76]和《城市暴雨强度公式编制和设计暴雨雨型确定技术导则》^[77]中提出短历时降雨雨型确定推荐采用芝加哥雨型;邓培德^[78]以芝加哥雨型概念导出三参数雨型,提出同频率控制的模式雨型;谢东等^[79]运用芝加哥雨型法对柳州市短历时雨型进行了推求计算;Alfieri等^[13]发现芝加哥雨型倾向于高估雨峰,但将结果乘一个恒定的比例系数则雨型会更加可靠
Huff雨型模型	Yin等^[80]采用Huff雨型对中国东部和中部共18个气象站30~40 a数据得出中部和东部的Huff曲线;美国环境保护署^[81]开发的暴雨管理模型SWMM将Huff雨型加入到程序中的降雨时程分布模块中;Azli等^[82]通过13个站点5800次降雨事件的时降雨量数据得到Huff雨型,与之前使用的设计雨型有较大不同
三角形雨型模型	雨洪调蓄池容积计算中岑国平等^[59]建议使用三角形雨型模型;Asquith等^[83]通过美国得克萨斯州降雨大数据库对州内0~12 h和12~72 h建立了三角形雨型的无量纲累积曲线
Pilgrim & Cordery雨型模型	Gong等^[9]利用Pilgrim & Cordery雨型在北京一校区建立SWMM模型,认为Pilgrim & Cordery雨峰在设计为前1/4最严重情况下,所得到的洪峰和污染物值是最大的;Wang等^[32]运用Pilgrim & Cordery模型在上海杨浦区将暴雨分为单峰暴雨和双峰暴雨,结果更加合理;Li等^[69]在对低影响开发中选择雨型作为输入模块,经过设计雨型的对比认为Pilgrim & Cordery雨型最适合雨水系统优化的研究

设计雨型名称	原理或计算方法	主要适用范围及特点
SCS雨型模型法	通过统计美国境内降雨资料,利用数理统计方法建立不同重现期的暴雨雨型	在美国境内应用十分广泛。由于有较强的经验性,所以需要使用者熟悉雨型后,选取气候等条件相似的地区,再应用到国内。主要应用于长时间降雨历时和中小流域,尤其是城市流域内。重现期跨度较大,两年一遇到百年一遇的重现期模型都可在手册中直接查到
同频率分析法	同频率缩放典型雨型或综合雨型,根据所需历时不同,设计雨量推算设计暴雨过程	主要应用于国内中小流域,但也可应用于较大流域尺度。重现期在百年一遇以内都相对较为适用,对暴雨资料依赖性较强,更适用于长历时设计雨型;但若降雨事件数据不好,则结果容易改变其典型形状

Research progress on design hyetographs in small and medium-scale basins

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