贫困山区农户人力资本对生计策略的影响研究——以四川省凉山彝族自治州为例

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.09.002

Abstract

Abstract:

Human capital is the key factor for building farmers' livelihoods and examining farming households' livelihood strategy is important for promoting livelihood transformation and rural revitalization. Taking Liangshan Prefecture of Sichuan Province in the mountainous area of southwest China as the case study area, this study measured the impact of human capital on farming households' livelihood strategy by using the survey data from 508 farmers in 2018 and applying regression models. The results show: human capital is an important factor of farmers' livelihood choices in mountainous areas, and different types of human capital have different impacts on farmers' livelihood strategy, with clear spatial differences. Education level and health condition have positive effects on off-farm livelihood strategy, with most significant impacts in the high mountain villages, followed by the semi-mountain villages, and health condition has no significant effect on farmers' livelihood choices in the river valley villages. Off-farm skill training has a significant positive impact on off-farm livelihood strategy choices, with most significant impact in the high mountain villages, followed by the semi-mountain and river valley villages; agricultural skill training has a negative impact on off-farm livelihood strategy choices, with most significant impact in the river valley villages, followed by the semi-mountain villages, and agricultural skill training has no significant effect on farmers' livelihood choices in the high mountain villages. Young adult labor force tend to choose off-farm livelihood, and the aging problem of farming population is getting worse, with the high mountain villages being the most significant, followed by the semi-mountain villages, and the river valley villages being less obvious. Income gaps between farm and off-farm livelihood types is the fundamental reason affecting farmers' livelihood choices, and poor rural public services and lack of development opportunity are important reasons that affect farmers' livelihood choices. Finally, based on the above conclusions, this article explored the dialectical relationship between human capitals, labor off-farm employment, and rural development and its policy implications.

Key words: farming households, human capital, livelihood strategy, village types, rural revitalization, poor mountainous areas

HE Renwei,FANG Fang,LIU Yunwei. Influence of human capital on the livelihood strategy of farming households in poor mountainous areas: A case study of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan, China[J].PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2019, 38(9): 1282-1893.

Figures/Tables 6

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村落类型	主要特征	村落名称	农户样本/户	样本比例/%	非农收入比例/%	人均年纯收入/(元/人)
高山区村庄	海拔高度>2200 m,全部为彝族居民,是山区发展最落后的地带。劳动力教育文化水平和劳动技能低,生态环境脆弱,自然灾害频发,基础设施和公共服务设施落后。村庄贫困发生率约为24%。农业以传统农业和牧业为主,山区特色农业资源丰富,但开发程度低	巴久村、且木村、阿洛村、马觉村、啊吼村、则果村(喜德县6个村)	159	31.30	30.16	4301 (农为主型) 7346 (非农为主型)
二半山区村庄	海拔高度1700~2200 m,彝族与汉族杂居,社会经济在山区中处于中游水平。劳动力素质、交通、公共服务等比高山区略好,但仍远远落后于河谷区。村庄贫困发生率约为11.5%。农业以传统农业为主,适宜于种植烤烟、核桃等经济作物	田坝村、店子村、沙坝村、迫夫村、波罗村、三联村(冕宁县6个村)	174	34.25	41.50	6687 (农为主型) 13308 (非农为主型)
河谷区村庄	海拔高度<1700 m,全部为汉族居民,是山区社会经济发展的精华地带。劳动力素质、交通、公共服务、市场意识等在3个村庄类型中最佳。村庄中贫困发生率低于1%。农业资源禀赋佳,现代农业初具雏形,葡萄、洋葱、石榴等经济作物已基本实现专业化生产	凤凰村、柏枝村、新华村、安宁村、鹿马村、大德村(西昌市6个村)	175	34.45	57.26	20107 (农为主型) 19967 (非农为主型)
总体	—	—	508	100	43.38	11963

变量		单位	变量说明	最小值	最大值	平均值	标准误
生计策略	LS_Type	-	农户生计类型	0	1	0.48	0.50
	Income_Rto	%	非农收入占生产性总收入的比例	0	99.00	43.38	27.91
人力资本	education	a	劳动力(16~60岁)平均受教育年限	0.50	11.50	5.70	2.83
	health	-	劳动力平均健康状况	1	5	4.19	0.74
	training1	%	参加过非农培训的技能劳动力比例	0	100	22.89	25.57
	training2	%	参加农业技能培训的劳动力比例	0	100	15.05	27.64
	laborage	-	家庭劳动力平均年龄	25	65	41.98	8.93
	laborage²	-	家庭劳动力平均年龄的平方	625	4225	1841.73	811.80
社会资本	spending	元	亲戚、朋友人情往来支出	50	6800	1479	994
	FPC	-	参加农民专业合作社情况	0	1	0.31	0.47
金融资本	cashincome	万元	家庭年人均现金收入	0.14	6.35	1.36	1.03
自然资本	arableland	hm²	人均耕地面积	0.03	0.44	0.11	0.07
	forestland	hm²	人均林地面积	0	0.68	0.26	0.22
物质资本	fixassets	万元	家庭固定资产市场价值	1.58	33.50	7.76	5.68
村庄特征/村庄可达性	dis	km	村庄到县城的交通距离	11.80	56.60	32.67	13.66
	time_dis	h	村庄到县城的时间距离	0.32	4.01	1.23	0.88
	altitude	m	村庄平均海拔高度	1470	3102	2022.87	479.83

解释变量	被解释变量： LS_type (生计类型)
解释变量	Logit(1)	Logit(2)	Logit(3)	Logit(4)	Logit(5)	Probit(6)
education	0.364^***	-	-	-	0.287^**	0.198^**
	(0.083)	-	-	-	(0.132)	(0.087)
health	-	0.752^*	-	-	0.685^*	0.634^*
	-	(0.427)	-	-	(0.363)	(0.341)
training1	-	-	1.012^***	-	0.968^***	0.865^***
	-	-	(0.34)	-	(0.316)	(0.273)
training2	-	-	-0.305^*	-	0.446^*	0.415^*
	-	-	(0.157)	-	(0.276)	(0.228)
laborage	-	-	-	0.973^**	0.897^**	0.848^**
	-	-	-	(0.412)	(0.435)	(0.359)
laborage²	-	-	-	-0.003^*	-0.005^*	-0.004^*
	-	-	-	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.002)
spending	0.008^**	0.007^**	0.009^**	0.008^**	0.011^**	0.009^**
	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.004)
FPC	-0.825	-0.725	-0.783	-0.764	-0.664	-0.565
	(0.521)	(0.558)	(0.524)	(0.589)	(0.456)	(0.395)
cashincome	0.198^**	0.154^**	0.165^**	0.162^**	0.158^**	0.107^**
	(0.071)	(0.069)	(0.067)	(0.068)	(0.076)	(0.045)
arableland	-0.799^**	-0.837^**	-0.632^**	-0.735^**	-0.838^**	-0.468^**
	(0.331)	(0.352)	(0.264)	(0.332)	(0.399)	(0.202)
forestland	-0.048	-0.125	-0.010	-0.074	-0.138	-0.062
	(0.119)	(0.127)	(0.119)	(0.131)	(0.142)	(0.078)
fixassets	-0.105	-0.102	-0.111	-0.175	-0.238	-0.120
	(0.24)	(0.153)	(0.149)	(0.203)	(0.256)	(0.129)
dis	-0.003^*	-0.004^*	-0.003^*	-0.003^*	-0.002^*	-0.002^*
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.001)
time_dis	-0.093^*	-0.017^*	-0.075^*	-0.131^*	-0.186^*	-0.065^*
	(0.051)	(0.010)	(0.039)	(0.002)	(0.010)	-0.037)
altitude	-0.001^**	-0.001^**	-0.001^**	-0.001^**	-0.001^**	-0.001^**
	(<0.001)	(<0.001)	(<0.001)	(<0.001)	(<0.001)	(<0.001)
常数项	-12.725^***	-11.768^***	-10.889^***	-9.879^**	-11.124^***	-10.075^***
	(1.625)	(1.305)	(1.449)	(1.291)	(1.521)	(1.720)
N	508	508	508	508	508	508
Pseudo R²	0.421	0.415	0.413	0.431	0.534	0.542
chi2	132.348	136.742	154.717	146.118	131.008	172.613

解释变量	被解释变量： LS_type (生计类型)
	高山区村庄		二半山区村庄		河谷区村庄
	Logit(1)	Probit(2)	Logit(3)	Probit(4)	Logit(5)	Probit(6)
education	0.423^***	0.378^***	0.295^**	0.234^**	0.237^*	0.165^*
	(0.136)	(0.121)	(0.143)	(0.107)	(0.132)	(0.097)
health	0.965^**	0.874^**	0.725^*	0.654^*	0.563	0.494
	(0.459)	(0.431)	(0.414)	(0.361)	(0.515)	(0.457)
training1	1.328^***	1.205^***	0.978^***	0.875^***	0.768^***	0.665^***
	(0.316)	(0.273)	(0.316)	(0.273)	(0.276)	(0.223)
training2	-0.256	-0.227	-0.454^*	-0.437^*	-0.576^**	-0.549^**
	(0.272)	(0.243)	(0.246)	(0.238)	(0.267)	(0.258)
laborage	1.084^***	0.961^***	0.927^**	0.873^**	0.759^*	0.718^*
	(0.345)	(0.339)	(0.415)	(0.398)	(0.435)	(0.379)
laborage²	-0.008^**	-0.007^**	-0.006^**	-0.005^**	-0.005^*	-0.004^*
	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.002)
FPC	-0.543	-0.472	-0.679	-0.587	-0.728^**	-0.634^**
	(0.836)	(0.787)	(0.462)	(0.434)	(0.336)	(0.317)
常数项、其他控制变量	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
N	159	159	174	174	175	175
Pseudo R²	0.445	0.459	0.274	0.265	0.646	0.637
chi2	64.21	78.523	23.59	30.693	28.569	33.353

解释变量	被解释变量： Income_Rto(非农收入比例)
解释变量	总样本(1)	高山区村庄(2)	二半山区村庄(3)	河谷区村庄(4)
education	0.023^**	0.061^***	0.019^**	0.017^*
	(0.011)	(0.018)	(0.008)	(0.009)
health	0.074^*	0.134^**	0.084^*	0.046
	(0.040)	(0.066)	(0.049)	(0.082)
training1	0.243^***	0.287^***	0.253^***	0.198^***
	(0.057)	(0.065)	(0.078)	(0.064)
training2	0.132^*	0.092	0.128^*	0.181^***
	(0.073)	(0.108)	(0.071)	(0.032)
laborage	0.044^**	0.020^***	0.029^***	0.103^*
	(0.028)	(0.006)	(0.010)	(0.057)
laborage²	-0.002^**	-0.003^***	-0.002^**	-0.002^*
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
spending	0.064^**	0.052^**	0.034^**	0.081^*
	(0.029)	(0.024)	(0.014)	(0.044)
FPC	-0.055	-0.007	0.038	-0.072^***
	(0.057)	(0.038)	(0.031)	(-0.033)
cashincome	0.003^*	0.004^*	0.006^**	0.003
	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.018)
forestland	0.007	0.016	0.009	0.004
	(0.008)	(0.013)	(0.012)	(0.067)
arableland	-0.047^**	-0.038^**	-0.052^**	-0.058^**
	(0.022)	(0.015)	(0.024)	(0.028)
fixassets	-0.025	-0.048	-0.037	-0.009
	(-0.026)	(-0.078)	(-0.40)	(-0.031)
dis	-0.0005^*	-0.002^*	-0.003^*	-0.058^*
	(0.003)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.032)
time_dis	-0.011^*	0.014^*	0.086^*	0.246^*
	(0.006)	(0.008)	(0.052)	(0.015)
altitude	-0.001^**	-0.001^**	-0.001^**	0.001^**
	(<0.001)	(<0.001)	(<0.001)	(<0.001)
常数项	-0.816^***	-0.352^*	-0.694^*	-1.967^***
	(0.216)	(0.183)	(0.402)	(0.614)
N	496	147	174	175
R²	0.633	0.746	0.752	0.768
F	49.356	68.582	44.790	46.437

Influence of human capital on the livelihood strategy of farming households in poor mountainous areas: A case study of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan, China

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