PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY ›› 2019, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (4): 520-532.doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.04.005
• Reviews • Previous Articles Next Articles
Hongxia ZHANG1,2(), Qin SU1, Yingsha ZHANG3
Received:
2018-06-27
Revised:
2018-09-04
Online:
2019-04-28
Published:
2019-04-28
Supported by:
Hongxia ZHANG, Qin SU, Yingsha ZHANG. Progress in the application of social network analysis in international tourism research[J].PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2019, 38(4): 520-532.
Tab.1
Research perspectives and methods of the published articles, 2009-2018"
研究视角 | 定量 | 定性 | 两者结合 | 具体分析方法 | 数据来源 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
整体网 | 33 | 5 | 2 | 相关性分析、聚类分析、回归分析、结构方程模型、网络计量技术、文本分析、时间指数随机图模型、GIS等 | 问卷调查(实地、在线)、深度访谈、二手数据收集(报纸新闻、普查数据、网络数据抓取) |
自我中心网 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 民族志、扎根理论、内容分析、相关性分析、回归分析 | 访谈、非参与式观察、问卷调查(实地、在线)、二手数据收集(统计数据、档案等) |
双重视角 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 网络、民族志、回归分析等 | 访谈、焦点小组采访、在线问卷调查、二手数据收集(文献数据库) |
内容 | 研究时段 | 研究特征 | |||
研究视角与研究方法新进展 | 2009年以前( | 以整体网为主,自我中心社会网为辅;以定性研究为主,定量研究显著不足;多为零散的案例研究,理论提升少 | |||
2009—2018年 | 自我中心社会网视角以及双重视角下的相关研究有所增多,探讨目的地居民关系、电子口碑关系网络等;定量分析显著增加,并逐渐成为主流,将网络指标作为变量,进而分析相关指标与旅游发展各类问题的关系;数据来源更加丰富,网络数据抓取等开始应用,研究方法多元化;理论总结与提升仍然缺失 |
Tab.2
Contents and progress of social network analysis in tourism research, 2009-2018"
研究议题 | 研究内容 | 研究进展 | |
---|---|---|---|
旅游目的地网络 | 从供给出发 | 目的地各类合作网络(Beritelli, 2011; Schaffer et al, 2012; Hwang et al, 2013; Kimbu et al, 2013; Lee et al, 2013; Ying et al, 2015; Luo et al, 2016; Kang et al, 2018) 线上网络(Luo et al, 2015; Ying et al, 2016; Raisi et al, 2018) 关系网络的演化(Ye et al, 2013; Pavlovich, 2014; Kim et al, 2018) 网络结构的影响(Denicolai et al, 2010; Erku?-?ztürk et al, 2010; Romeiro et al, 2010; Hwang et al, 2013; Ness et al, 2014; Ying et al, 2015; Luo et al, 2016; Hwang et al, 2017; Aarstad et al, 2018; Pulido-Fernández et al, 2018) 网络结构的影响因素(Strobl et al, 2013; Aubke et al, 2014; Ying et al, 2017; Kelliher et al, 2018) | 各类细分网络、线上网络、不同网络之间的相互作用以及网络演化等议题受到关注;单纯以探讨网络结构为目的的成果减少,由网络结构的描述分析转向探讨网络结构的影响,即网络的效应分析;以网络和关系为切入点进行旅游目的地发展的相关问题探讨 |
行动者的网络位置对信息扩散与分享(Ness et al, 2014)、创新意识(Zach et al, 2017)、资源获取能力和声望(Ford et al, 2012)、社区参与(Hwang et al, 2013)等的影响 | 将网络位置指标作为分析变量,分析行动者位置的影响 | ||
从需求出发 | 区域吸引物网络的结构 (Stienmetz et al, 2015; Asero et al, 2016; Liu et al, 2017; Kang et al, 2018)和演化(Lee et al, 2018) 关系网络形成的潜在机制(Liu et al, 2017) 旅游目的地形象网络结构(Tasci et al, 2018; Wang et al, 2018) | 由基于宏观旅游流转向基于微观旅游者移动角度的目的地网络研究;关注网络结构演化和旅游形象要素网 | |
旅游学术研究网络 | 合著网的结构(Racherla et al, 2010; Ye et al, 2013)及演化(Nunkoo et al, 2013; Fan et al, 2017; K?seoglu et al, 2018) 共引、共被引网络(Benckendorff et al, 2013; García-Lillo et al, 2016; García-Lillo et al, 2018) 研究主题的网络特征(Nunkoo et al, 2013)及演化(Ying et al, 2011) | 研究更加细致和深入,开始关注旅游分支领域的合作研究和知识结构、具体的研究内容和研究主题等议题;开展横向跨学科对比研究和纵向演化研究;社会网络的分析软件和技术应用较为深入 | |
旅游相关人群的关系网络 | 居民(Hwang et al, 2013; Hwang et al, 2017)、旅游从业移民(Janta et al, 2012)的社会关系网络 游客的线上网络(Luo et al, 2015) 主客双方的线上网络(Chung, 2017) | 涉及旅游业务双方相关人群的关系网络和线上网络;研究方法多样化,如民族志、扎根理论、回归分析等的应用;成果还较为零散和有限 |
[1] | 黎耀奇, 谢礼珊. 2013. 社会网络分析在组织管理研究中的应用与展望[J]. 管理学报, 10(1): 146-154. |
[Li Y Q, Xie L S.2013. Social network analysis in organizational management research: Current status and future directions. Chinese Journal of Management, 10(1): 146-154. ] | |
[2] | 林聚任. 2009. 社会网络分析: 理论、方法与应用 [M]. 北京: 北京师范大学出版社. |
[Lin J R.2009. Social networks analysis: Theory, method and application. Beijing, China: Beijing Normal University Press. ] | |
[3] | 刘冰. 2015. 旅游学科研究中的社会网络思想及其研究范式[J]. 中山大学学报(社会科学版), 55(2): 205-210. |
[Liu B.2015. The thought and paradigm of social network in the tourism research. Journal of Sun Yat-sen University (Social Science Edition), 55(2): 205-210. ] | |
[4] | 刘法建, 张捷, 章锦河, 等. 2016. 旅游地研究中的“联系”和网络: 基于社会网络理论的旅游地研究述评[J]. 旅游科学, 30(2): 1-14, 78. |
[Liu F J, Zhang J, Zhang J H, et al.2016. Relationships and networks in tourism destination research: A review of tourism research under the perspective of social network theory at home and abroad. Tourism Science, 30(2): 1-14, 78. ] | |
[5] | 刘佳, 李莹莹. 2016. 国内外基于社会网络理论的旅游研究综述与启示[J]. 资源开发与市场, 32(9): 1134-1138, 1147. |
[Liu J, Li Y Y.2016. Review of tourism research based on social network theory and its enlightenment in both domestic and foreign. Resource Development and Market, 32(9): 1134-1138, 1147. ] | |
[6] | 罗家德. 2005. 社会网络分析讲义 [M]. 北京: 社会科学文献出版社. |
[Luo J D.2005. Social network analysis. Beijing, China: China Social Science Academic Press. ] | |
[7] | 王素洁, 胡瑞娟, 程卫红. 2009. 国外社会网络范式下的旅游研究述评[J]. 旅游学刊, 24(7): 90-95. |
[Wang S J, Hu R J, Cheng W H.2009. A literature review on overseas tourism research under the perspective of social network. Tourism Tribune, 24(7): 90-95. ] | |
[8] | 徐振宇. 2013. 社会网络分析在经济学领域的应用进展[J]. 经济学动态, (10): 61-72. |
[Xu Z Y.The research progress of social network analysis in the field of economics. Economic Perspectives, (10): 61-72. ] | |
[9] |
赵政原, 刘志高. 2019. 演化经济地理学视角下旅游目的地研究述评及启示[J]. 地理科学进展, 38(1): 101-110.
doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.01.009 |
[Zhao Z Y, Liu Z G.2019. Review of tourist destination research in the perspective of evolutionary economic geography. Progress in Geography, 38(1): 101-110. ]
doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.01.009 |
|
[10] |
邹晴晴, 王勇, 李广斌. 2016. 基于SNA的新型集中社区公共空间网络结构优化[J]. 地理科学进展, 35(7): 829-838.
doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2016.07.004 |
[Zou Q Q, Wang Y, Li G B.2016. Network structure optimization of public space in new concentrated communities based on SNA[J]. Progress in Geography, 35(7): 829-838. ]
doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2016.07.004 |
|
[11] | Aarstad J, Ness H, Haugland S A, et al.2018. Imitation strategies and interfirm networks in the tourism industry: A structure-agency approach[J]. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 9: 166-174. |
[12] |
Albrecht J N.2013. Networking for sustainable tourism: Towards a research agenda[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(5): 639-657.
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2012.721788 |
[13] | Allen R H.1980. Network analysis: A new tool for resource managers[C]// LaPage W F. Proceedings 1980 national outdoor recreation trends symposium. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station: 89-97. |
[14] |
Asero V, Gozzo S, Tomaselli V.2016. Building tourism networks through tourist mobility[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 55(6): 751-763.
doi: 10.1177/0047287515569777 |
[15] |
Aubke F, Wöber K, Scott N, et al.2014. Knowledge sharing in revenue management teams: Antecedents and consequences of group cohesion[J]. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 41: 149-157.
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.05.010 |
[16] |
Baggio R, Scott N, Cooper C.2010. Network science: A review focused on tourism[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(3): 802-827.
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2010.02.008 |
[17] |
Ben-David J.1964. Scientific growth: A sociological view[J]. Minerva, 2(4): 455-476.
doi: 10.1007/BF01097538 |
[18] |
Benckendorff P, Zehrer A.2013. A network analysis of tourism research[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 43: 121-149.
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2013.04.005 |
[19] |
Beritelli P.2011. Cooperation among prominent actors in a tourist destination[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(2): 607-629.
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2010.11.015 |
[20] | Burt R S.1992. Structural holes: The social structure of competition [M]. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. |
[21] |
Casanueva C, Gallego Á, García-Sánchez M-R.2016. Social network analysis in tourism[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 19(12): 1190-1209.
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2014.990422 |
[22] |
Chung J Y.2017. Online friendships in a hospitality exchange network: A sharing economy perspective[J]. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(12): 3177-3190.
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-08-2016-0475 |
[23] |
Denicolai S, Cioccarelli G, Zucchella A.2010. Resource-based local development and networked core-competencies for tourism excellence[J]. Tourism Management, 31(2): 260-266.
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2009.03.002 |
[24] |
Dredge D.2006. Policy networks and the local organisation of tourism[J]. Tourism Management, 27(2): 269-280.
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2004.10.003 |
[25] |
Erkuş-Öztürk H, Eraydın A.2010. Environmental governance for sustainable tourism development: Collaborative networks and organisation building in the Antalya tourism region[J]. Tourism Management, 31(1): 113-124.
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2009.01.002 |
[26] | Fan W, Li G, Law R.2017. Temporal analysis of tourism research collaboration network[J]. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 41(6): 643-672. |
[27] |
Ford R C, Wang Y C, Vestal A.2012. Power asymmetries in tourism distribution networks[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2): 755-779.
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2011.10.001 |
[28] |
Gafter L M, Tchetchik A.2017. The role of social ties and communication technologies in visiting friends tourism-AGMM simultaneous equations approach[J]. Tourism Management, 61: 343-353.
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2017.02.024 |
[29] |
García-Lillo F, Claver-Cortés E, Úbeda-García M, et al.2018. Mapping the "intellectual structure" of research on human resources in the "tourism and hospitality management scientific domain": Reviewing the field and shedding light on future directions[J]. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(3): 1741-1768.
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-04-2017-0187 |
[30] |
García-Lillo F, Úbeda-García M, Marco-Lajara B.2016. The intellectual structure of research in hospitality management: A literature review using bibliometric methods of the journal International Journal of Hospitality Management[J]. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 52: 121-130.
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.10.007 |
[31] |
Granovetter M S.1973. The strength of weak ties[J]. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6): 1360-1380.
doi: 10.1086/225469 |
[32] |
Granovetter M S.1983. The strength of weak ties: A network theory revisited[J]. Sociological Theory, 1: 201-233.
doi: 10.2307/202051 |
[33] |
Haythornthwaite C.1996. Social network analysis: An approach and technique for the study of information exchange[J]. Library & Information Science Research, 18(4): 323-342.
doi: 10.1016/S0740-8188(96)90003-1 |
[34] |
Hung K, Xiao H G, Yang X T.2013. Why immigrants travel to their home places: Social capital and acculturation perspective[J]. Tourism Management, 36: 304-313.
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.12.010 |
[35] |
Hwang D, Chi S-H, Byeongcheol L.2013. Collective action that influences tourism: Social structural approach to community involvement[J]. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 40(4): 497-515.
doi: 10.1177/1096348013503999 |
[36] |
Hwang D, Stewart W P.2017. Social capital and collective action in rural tourism[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 56(1): 81-93.
doi: 10.1177/0047287515625128 |
[37] |
Jack S, Dodd S D, Anderson A R.2008. Change and the development of entrepreneurial networks over time: A processual perspective[J]. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 20(2): 125-159.
doi: 10.1080/08985620701645027 |
[38] |
Janta H, Lugosi P, Brown L, et al.2012. Migrant networks, language learning and tourism employment[J]. Tourism Management, 33(2): 431-439.
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2011.05.004 |
[39] | Jeong S.2008. Assessing social capital and community involvement: Social network analysis for the sustainable Amish community tourism development [D]. Urbana-Champaign, IL: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. |
[40] |
Kang S, Lee G, Kim J, et al.2018. Identifying the spatial structure of the tourist attraction system in South Korea using GIS and network analysis: An application of anchor-point theory[J]. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 9: 358-370.
doi: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2018.04.001 |
[41] |
Kelliher F, Reinl L, Johnson T G, et al.2018. The role of trust in building rural tourism micro firm network engagement: A multi-case study[J]. Tourism Management, 68: 1-12.
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2018.02.014 |
[42] |
Kim M J, Lee C-K, Bonn M.2016. The effect of social capital and altruism on seniors' revisit intention to social network sites for tourism-related purposes[J]. Tourism Management, 53: 96-107.
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.007 |
[43] |
Kim Y-R, Scott N.2018. Network dynamics of tourism development in South Korea[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(11): 1239-1259.
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2017.1318837 |
[44] |
Kimbu A N, Ngoasong M Z.2013. Centralised decentralisation of tourism development: A network perspective[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 40: 235-259.
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2012.09.005 |
[45] |
Koka B R, Madhavan R, Prescott J E.2006. The evolution of interfirm networks: Environmental effects on patterns of network change[J]. Academy of Management Review, 31(3): 721-737.
doi: 10.2307/20159238 |
[46] | Köseoglu M A, Okumus F, Putra E D, et al.2018. Authorship trends, collaboration patterns, and co-authorship networks in lodging studies (1990-2016)[J]. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 27(5): 561-582. |
[47] |
Lee S-H, Choi J-Y, Yoo S-H, et al.2013. Evaluating spatial centrality for integrated tourism management in rural areas using GIS and network analysis[J]. Tourism Management, 34: 14-24.
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.03.005 |
[48] | Lee Y, Kim I.2018. Change and stability in shopping tourist destination networks: The case of Seoul in Korea[J]. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 9: 267-278. |
[49] | Lin N.2001. Social capital: A theory of social structure and action [M]. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. |
[50] |
Liu B, Huang S S, Fu H.2017. An application of network analysis on tourist attractions: The case of Xinjiang, China[J]. Tourism Management, 58: 132-141.
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2016.10.009 |
[51] |
Liu C-H S.2018. Examining social capital, organizational learning and knowledge transfer in cultural and creative industries of practice[J]. Tourism Management, 64: 258-270.
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2017.09.001 |
[52] |
Liu J Y, Qu H L, Huang D Y, et al.2014. The role of social capital in encouraging residents' pro-environmental behaviors in community-based ecotourism[J]. Tourism Management, 41: 190-201.
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2013.08.016 |
[53] |
Luo Q J, Zhong D X.2015. Using social network analysis to explain communication characteristics of travel-related electronic word-of-mouth on social networking sites[J]. Tourism Management, 46: 274-282.
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.07.007 |
[54] |
Luo Q J, Zhong D X.2016. Knowledge diffusion at business events: A case study[J]. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 55: 132-141.
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.03.007 |
[55] |
Marsden P V.1987. Core discussion networks of Americans[J]. American Sociological Review, 52(1): 122-131.
doi: 10.2307/2095397 |
[56] |
McGehee N G, Knollenberg W, Komorowski A.2015. The central role of leadership in rural tourism development: A theoretical framework and case studies[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(8-9): 1277-1297.
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1019514 |
[57] |
McGehee N G, Lee S, O'Bannon T L, et al.2010. Tourism-related social capital and its relationship with other forms of capital: An exploratory study[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 49(4): 486-500.
doi: 10.1177/0047287509349271 |
[58] |
Morrison A, Lynch P, Johns N.2004. International tourism networks[J]. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 16(3): 197-202.
doi: 10.1108/09596110410531195 |
[59] | Murphy P E.2013. Tourism: A community approach (RLE Tourism)[M]. New York: Routledge. |
[60] |
Ness H, Aarstad J, Haugland S A, et al.2014. Destination development: The role of interdestination bridge ties[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 53(2): 183-195.
doi: 10.1177/0047287513491332 |
[61] |
Nunkoo R, Gursoy D, Ramkissoon H.2013. Developments in Hospitality Marketing and Management: Social network analysis and research themes[J]. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 22(3): 269-288.
doi: 10.1080/19368623.2013.753814 |
[62] | Ofem B, Floyd T M F, Borgatti S P. 2013. Social networks and organizations [M]// Caulkins D D, Jordan A T. A companion to organizational anthropology. Chichester, UK: Blackwell Publishing Limited: 159-160. |
[63] |
Park D-B, Lee K-W, Choi H-S, et al.2012. Factors influencing social capital in rural tourism communities in South Korea[J]. Tourism Management, 33(6): 1511-1520.
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.02.005 |
[64] | Parmigiani A, Rivera-Santos M.2011. Clearing a path through the forest: A meta-review of interorganizational relationships[J]. Journal of Management, 37(4): 1108-1136. |
[65] |
Pavlovich K.2003. The evolution and transformation of a tourism destination network: The Waitomo Caves, New Zealand[J]. Tourism Management, 24(2): 203-216.
doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00056-0 |
[66] |
Pavlovich K.2014. A rhizomic approach to tourism destination evolution and transformation[J]. Tourism Management, 41: 1-8.
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2013.08.004 |
[67] |
Pulido-Fernández J I, Merinero-Rodríguez R.2018. Destinations' relational dynamic and tourism development[J]. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 7: 140-152.
doi: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.09.008 |
[68] |
Racherla P, Hu C.2010. A social network perspective of tourism research collaborations[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(4): 1012-1034.
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2010.03.008 |
[69] |
Raisi H, Baggio R, Barratt-Pugh L, et al.2018. Hyperlink network analysis of a tourism destination[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 57(5): 671-686.
doi: 10.1177/0047287517708256 |
[70] |
Romeiro P, Costa C.2010. The potential of management networks in the innovation and competitiveness of rural tourism: A case study on the Valle del Jerte (Spain)[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 13(1): 75-91.
doi: 10.1080/13683500902730452 |
[71] |
Saxena G.2005. Relationships, networks and the learning regions: Case evidence from the Peak District National Park[J]. Tourism Management, 26(2): 277-289.
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2003.11.013 |
[72] |
Schaffer V, Lawley M.2012. An analysis of the networks evolving from an artificial reef development[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 15(5): 497-503.
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2011.638704 |
[73] | Scott N, Baggio R, Cooper C.2008. Network analysis and tourism: From theory to practice[M]. New York: Channel View Publications. |
[74] |
Shih H-Y.2006. Network characteristics of drive tourism destinations: An application of network analysis in tourism[J]. Tourism Management, 27(5): 1029-1039.
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2005.08.002 |
[75] |
Sørensen F.2007. The geographies of social networks and innovation in tourism[J]. Tourism Geographies, 9(1): 22-48.
doi: 10.1080/14616680601092857 |
[76] |
Stienmetz J L, Fesenmaier D R.2015. Estimating value in Baltimore, Maryland: An attractions network analysis[J]. Tourism Management, 50: 238-252.
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2015.01.031 |
[77] |
Strobl A, Peters M.2013. Entrepreneurial reputation in destination networks[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 40: 59-82.
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2012.08.005 |
[78] |
Tasci A D A, Khalilzadeh J, Pizam A, et al.2018. Network analysis of the sensory capital of a destination brand[J]. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 9: 112-125.
doi: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2017.11.007 |
[79] |
Van del Poel M G.1993. Delineating personal support network[J]. Social Networks, 15(1): 49-70.
doi: 10.1016/0378-8733(93)90021-C |
[80] |
Wang Y, Li X, Lai K.2018. A meeting of the minds: Exploring the core-periphery structure and retrieval paths of destination image using social network analysis[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 57(5): 612-626.
doi: 10.1177/0047287517706262 |
[81] | Wasserman S, Faust K.1994. Social network analysis: Methods and applications [M]. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. |
[82] |
Williams N L, Inversini A, Ferdinand N, et al.2017. Destination eWOM: A macro and meso network approach?[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 64: 87-101.
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2017.02.007 |
[83] |
Wu B H, Xiao H G, Dong X L, et al.2012. Tourism knowledge domains: A keyword analysis[J]. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 17(4): 355-380.
doi: 10.1080/10941665.2011.628330 |
[84] |
Ye Q, Li T, Law R.2013. A coauthorship network analysis of tourism and hospitality research collaboration[J]. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 37(1): 51-76.
doi: 10.1177/1096348011425500 |
[85] |
Ying T Y, Jiang J J, Zhou Y G.2015. Networks, citizenship behaviours and destination effectiveness: A comparative study of two Chinese rural tourism destinations[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(8-9): 1318-1340.
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1031672 |
[86] | Ying T Y, Norman W C.2017. Personality effects on the social network structure of boundary-spanning personnel in the tourism industry[J]. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 41(5): 515-538. |
[87] |
Ying T Y, Norman W C, Zhou Y G.2016. Online networking in the tourism industry: A webometrics and hyperlink network analysis[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 55(1): 16-33.
doi: 10.1177/0047287514532371 |
[88] |
Ying T Y, Xiao H G.2011. Knowledge Linkage: A social network analysis of tourism dissertation subjects[J]. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 36(4): 450-477.
doi: 10.1177/1096348011400745 |
[89] |
Zach F J, Hill T L.2017. Network, knowledge and relationship impacts on innovation in tourism destinations[J]. Tourism Management, 62: 196-207.
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2017.04.001 |
[90] |
Zhao W B, Ritchie J R B, Echtner C M.2011. Social capital and tourism entrepreneurship[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4): 1570-1593.
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2011.02.006 |
[91] |
Zhou L X, Chan E, Song H Y.2017. Social capital and entrepreneurial mobility in early-stage tourism development: A case from rural China[J]. Tourism Management, 63: 338-350.
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2017.06.027 |
|