青藏高原降水季节分配的空间变化特征

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2018.11.009

Abstract

Abstract:

Hydroclimate process on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is sensitive to global climate change, and its variability and change would directly affect the evolution of regional water resources in the region. However, there is not enough knowledge of the spatial-temporal characteristics of hydroclimate process on TP so far. In this article, based on the precipitation data measured at 80 meteorological stations and the water vapor flux data over the Tibetan Plateau, the quality of 13 types of remotely sensed and reanalysis-based precipitation datasets was analyzed and compared. The IGSNRR (Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research) precipitation dataset performs the best, and it was used to identify the spatial pattern of seasonal distribution of precipitation on the plateau. The results show that the concentration degree (PCD) and concentration period (PCP) of monthly precipitation were relatively small in the southeastern, southwestern, and northwestern parts of the Tibetan Plateau; correspondingly, summer precipitation accounted for less than 50% of annual precipitation in these regions. As going toward the hinterland of the plateau, the PCD and PCP values increased gradually, the rainy season became shorter and delayed, and the ratio between rainy season precipitation and annual precipitation increased. The spatial pattern of seasonal distribution of precipitation on the plateau was clearly consistent with the direction of water vapor transport, which is mainly determined by the Westerlies and the Indian Ocean monsoon. Based on this, it is identified that precipitation process in the areas north of 35°N was mainly influenced by the Westerlies, but that south of 30°N was influenced by the Indian Ocean monsoon; in the central plateau (30°N~35°N), precipitation process was under the control of both the Westerlies and the Indian Ocean monsoon.The study results are helpful for further understanding the spatial difference in hydroclimate variability on the Tibetan Plateau.

Key words: Tibetan Plateau, precipitation, seasonal distribution, spatial variability, Westerlies, Indian Ocean monsoon

Yanxin ZHU, Yanfang SANG. Spatial variability in the seasonal distribution of precipitation on the Tibetan Plateau[J].PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2018, 37(11): 1533-1544.

Figures/Tables 9

Tab.1

Summary of 14 precipitation datasets used in this study"

数据集名称	时间分辨率	空间分辨率	时间跨度	数据集描述	备注
观测数据	月降水	站点	1979-2010	中国气象站点降水观测数据	http://data.cma.cn/
APHRODITE	日降水	0.25°×0.25°	1951-2007	利用亚洲地区雨量站观测数据生成的格点降水数据	http://www.chikyu.ac.jp/precip/products.html
CMAP	月降水	2.5°×2.5°	1979-2017	融合雨量站观测数据、卫星数据和模型输出数据生成的全球降水数据	https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/data.cmap.html
陈德亮	日降水	0.5°×0.5°	1961-2010	哥德堡大学陈德亮主持发展的中国降水格点数据	https://rcg.gvc.gu.se/data/ChinaPrecip/index.htm
赵煜飞等	日降水	0.5°×0.5°	1961-2013	利用中国气象站观测数据插值生成的格点降水数据	赵煜飞等（2015）
CRU	月降水	0.5°×0.5°	1901-2016	整合全球若干个知名数据库重建的气候要素数据	http://www.cru．uea.ac.uk/~timm/grid/CRU_TS_2_1./html
ERA-I	月降水	0.703°×0.702°	1979-2016	再分析数据	https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds627.1/
GLDAS	月降水	0.25°×0.25°	1948-2017	再分析数据	https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets/GLDAS_NOAH025_M_V2.0/summary?keywords=GLDAS
GPPCP	月降水	2.5°×2.5°	1979-2016	基于卫星数据,由雨量站观测数据校正生成的全球降水数据	https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/data.gpPCP.html
JRA-55	月降水	0.562°×0.562°	1958-2013	再分析数据	https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds628.1/
NCEP-NCAR	月降水	1.875°×1.904°	1948-2017	再分析数据	https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/data.ncep.reanalysis.derived.html
SM	日降水	0.5°×0.5°	2007-2015	基于SM2RAIN算法,利用卫星土壤墒情数据生成的全球降水数据	http://hydrology.irpi.cnr.it/download-area/sm2rain-data-sets/
TRMM34B3	月降水	0.25°×0.25°	1998-2016	融合卫星数据和全球雨量站数据生成的全球降水数据	https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets/TRMM_3B43_V7/summary?keywords=TRMM
IGSNRR	日降水	0.25°×0.25°	1952-2012	利用插值后的地面监测站降水数据驱动VIC水文模型生成的中国降水数据	Zhang et al.(2014)

Tab.1

Fig.1

Tab.2

Fig.2

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Fig.6

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	R		BIAS		RMSE
	均值	取值范围	均值/%	取值范围/%	均值	取值范围
APHRODITE	0.99	0.83~1.00	16.28	3~118	7.08	1~63
CMAP	0.96	0.38~1.00	45.39	5~406	14.15	2~96
陈德亮	0.98	0.66~1.00	15.83	3~88	6.92	0~34
赵煜飞等	0.98	0.73~1.00	37.63	4~395	13.58	3~91
CRU	0.94	-0.31~1.00	68.93	8~363	25.98	2~106
ERA-I	0.95	0.67~0.99	355.59	65~1893	150.32	11~539
GLDAS	0.94	-0.37~1.00	68.09	7~330	26.36	2~127
GPCP	0.96	0.28~1.00	70.76	7~430	23.65	4~88
JRA-55	0.93	0.51~0.99	113.90	14~809	37.98	5~108
NCEP-NCAR	0.93	0.00~1.00	168.85	20~1435	58.32	7~150
SM	0.90	-0.20~1.00	109.15	22~787	43.95	1~217
TRMM	0.96	-0.03~1.00	44.43	5~273	15.22	2~63
IGSNRR	0.99	0.87~1.00	22.58	4~159	10.19	1~60

数据集	R		BIAS/%		RMSE
数据集	PCD	PCP	PCD	PCP	PCD	PCP
APHRODITE	0.86	0.85	6.62	1.87	0.06	5.62
CMAP	0.52	0.43	11.51	3.25	0.10	8.89
陈德亮	0.70	0.82	5.79	1.81	0.09	5.68
赵煜飞等	0.83	0.81	6.00	2.10	0.07	6.85
CRU	0.46	0.34	11.63	3.30	0.11	9.86
ERA-I	0.66	0.63	20.38	4.97	0.13	10.17
GLDAS	0.43	0.31	11.98	3.32	0.12	10.22
GPPCP	0.43	0.35	15.55	3.45	0.12	9.17
JRA-55	0.57	0.50	30.40	6.99	0.18	14.73
NCEP-NCAR	0.43	0.44	15.25	5.29	0.12	12.24
SM	0.47	0.30	36.30	3.72	0.20	10.54
TRMM	0.64	0.71	10.89	2.53	0.10	7.07
IGSNRR	0.92	0.92	4.24	1.41	0.05	3.89

Spatial variability in the seasonal distribution of precipitation on the Tibetan Plateau

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