南海珊瑚礁高分辨率遥感地貌分类体系研究

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2018.11.003

Abstract

Abstract:

Coral reef geomorphic classification scheme plays an important role in coral reef geomorphic mapping based on remote sensing images. At present, there are various problems in the coral reef geomorphic classification schemes for remote sensing, such as inconsistent construction standards, unreasonable levels of some important geomorphic types, and incomplete geomorphic type coverage, which limit the application of geomorphic mapping for coral reef science and management. This articel advocates a systematic and hierarchical geomorphic classification scheme for reefs in the South China Sea for remote sensing, which concludes three levels and 19 classes from the sea to the lagoon or island. It is constructed based on high-resolution satellite images (WorldView-2, Quickbird) of 46 reefs (atolls, table reefs) and field survey data of 15 reefs in the Xisha Islands. Geomorphic types are derived and described according to the criteria of reef location, hydrodynamic characteristics, exposure degree and sediments. Geomorphic types are placed at the same level when they possess similar scale and importance. Cay and island are placed in the first level to show their importance. The scheme has consistent standardization, the highest hierarchical structure, and the largest number of geomorphic types. In the scheme, biotic sparse zone of the inner reef flat, biotic dense zone of the inner reef flat are named; submerged reef ridge, intertidal sand zone, and shallow reef pond are supplemented. The classification scheme facilitates the intuitive understanding and inference of the processes and importance of marine ecological interaction across different scales. This hierarchical geomorphic classification scheme with multi-scale characteristic is applicable to the coral reef geomorphic mapping from low-resolution to high-resolution satellite images, contributing to the change analysis, management, and protection of China’s coral reefs in the South China Sea.

Key words: remote sensing, high resolution, coral reef, geomorphology, classification scheme, South China Sea

Xiuling ZUO, Fenzhen SU, Huanting ZHAO, Yue FANG, Juan YANG. Development of a geomorphic classification scheme for coral reefs in the South China Sea based on high-resolution satellite images[J].PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2018, 37(11): 1463-1472.

Figures/Tables 6

Tab.1

Geomorphic classification schemes based on field survey and high-resolution remote sensing images"

地貌体系	文献	等级	指标	类型
实地调查	Goreau, 1959	2级	一级：所处礁体位置、动力环境;二级：所处礁体位置、动力环境、生境	礁后：海岸带、潟湖;礁脊：邻近潟湖带、礁坪、波浪带、贫瘠带、混合带、扶壁带;向海坡：礁前、礁前斜坡、深礁前带,共11类。
	Robert等, 1973	1级	所处礁体位置、动力环境、生境	海岸带;潟湖;礁后;礁坪;鹿角珊瑚带;贫瘠带;混合带;辐板轴孔珊瑚带;礁前斜坡带;深礁前斜坡带,共10类。
	曾昭璇, 1982	3级	所处礁体位置、动力环境	礁坡区; 礁盘区：外礁盘、堤滩、次成潟湖、沙岛区(海滩岩、沙堤带、中部洼地);潟湖区：点礁,共9类。
	赵焕庭等, 1992	2级	所处礁体位置、动力环境	向海坡：下坡、上坡;外礁坪：礁缘坡、突起带、凹凸斑带;内礁坪：礁原带、礁坑带;潟湖：潟湖坡、潟湖底、点礁,共10类。
	孙宗勋等, 1996; 赵焕庭等, 1996	2级	一级：所处礁体位置、动力环境;二级：所处礁体位置、动力环境、生境	向海坡(礁缘坡);外礁坪;礁凸起;内礁坪：珊瑚稀疏带、珊瑚丛林带、礁坑发育带;潟湖：潟湖坡、潟湖盆、点礁。礁坪上发育沙洲和灰沙岛,灰沙岛：海滩、沙堤、沙席、洼地,共14类。
高分辨率遥感影像	Mumby等, 1999	2级	一级：所处礁体位置、动力环境;二级：所处礁体位置、动力环境、生境	礁后;礁脊;潮沟：低潮沟、高潮沟;礁前;陡斜坡;点礁：浓密点礁、分散点礁;潟湖层：浅潟湖层、深潟湖层,共10类。
	Leon等, 2011	2级	一级：所处礁体位置;二级：所处礁体位置、生境	礁前;礁脊;礁坪：珊瑚带、砂为主的礁坪、海草床、植被沙洲;潟湖：砂为主的礁后、潟湖点礁、深潟湖;点礁,共10类。
	Phinn等, 2012	1级	所处礁体位置	礁坡;礁脊;外礁坪;内礁坪;浅潟湖;深潟湖;共6类。
	龚剑明等, 2014	2级	一级：所处礁体位置、动力环境、生境;二级：所处礁体位置、动力环境	水下礁脊;外礁坪;礁凸起带;附礁生物稀疏带;附礁生物丛生带;礁坑发育带;潟湖：潟湖坡、潟湖底;点礁;潮汐通道;沙洲;灰沙岛：海滩、沙堤、沙席、洼地,共15类。
	周旻曦等, 2015	2级	一级：水深条件、沉积环境;二级：生物物理作用	向海坡;礁前;礁坪：礁脊、槽沟、珊瑚生长带、礁坑发育带;潟湖：潟湖坡、潟湖盆、潟湖点礁;潮汐通道;暗沙/暗滩;灰沙岛：海滩、沙丘,共13类。
	朱海天等, 2015	2级	一级：所处礁体位置、动力环境;二级：所处礁体位置、动力环境、生境	参考赵焕庭(1996),获取外礁缘;外礁坪;礁突起带;内礁坪：生物稀疏带、生物密集带、礁坑发育带;潟湖：潟湖坡、潟湖盆、点礁;沙洲,共10类。
	Xu等, 2016	2级	一级：所处礁体位置,是否出露;二级：所处礁体位置、动力环境	环礁地貌分为潟湖：潟湖水体,潟湖点礁,点礁陆地;礁环：礁前,礁坪,浅台地,潮汐通道,礁环陆地,封闭潟湖;沉没环礁,共10类。

Tab.1

Fig.1

Tab.2

Tab.3

Tab.4

Geomorphic classification scheme for coral reefs in the South China Sea based on high-resolution satellite images"

1级			2级			3级		说明	形态	动力特征	出露程度	沉积类型
代码	地貌		代码	地貌		代码	地貌-生物	说明	形态	动力特征
1	水下礁脊							大环礁不出露礁坪					低潮不出露	繁生珊瑚和钙藻等造礁生物以及贝类
2	礁前斜坡(向海坡)		2.1	礁前斜坡下坡				大于700~900 m, 坡度稍缓	切割起伏型
			2.2	礁前斜坡上坡				700~900 m以内, 较陡	平直型
3	礁坪		3.1	外礁坪				槽沟发育带		高波能带		低潮几乎全部干出	覆盖大量生物碎屑物,珊瑚生长较差
			3.2	礁凸起带				海藻脊,无活珊瑚					低潮完全干出	珊瑚藻,生物碎屑多为砾石
			3.3 内礁坪			3.3.1	生物稀疏带	稀疏的珊瑚、附礁生物					低波能带	薄层海水	积水洼地底部堆积松散的厚约1 cm的生物砂屑
						3.3.2	潮间带浅滩		无珊瑚等生物, 砂砾混合堆积物	丘状或条带状	低潮出露	白色的生物质砂砾混合堆积
						3.3.3	生物丛生带		抗浪性差的珊瑚和附礁生物茂盛		低潮不出露	粗砂、细砂等生物碎屑
		3.3.4			礁坑发育带		深而大的礁坑, 坑壁繁生珊瑚	起伏最大	低潮不出露	几厘米的白色生物砂、含生物砾块
4	潟湖	4.1			潟湖坡			水深较浅		低潮不出露	生物碎屑物以粗砂为主
		4.2			潟湖底						低潮不出露	生物碎屑物主要是中细砂、粉砂质砂
		4.3			点礁				潟湖底或潟湖坡上	峰丘型	低潮不出露
		4.3			点礁			礁坪型	潟湖底或潟湖坡上		低潮出露
		4.4			潮汐通道				即口门,流急	直通式	高波能带		一般无碎屑沉积物
					潮汐通道			门槛式	即口门,流急		高波能带		一般无碎屑沉积物
5	浅水礁塘							礁坪上常积水的低洼地			低潮不出露	生物质的砂砾为主
6	沙洲					没有或很少植物	不稳定		高潮出露	松散的珊瑚砂砾、贝壳碎屑和其他生物碎屑
7	灰沙岛	7.1		海滩		不长植物			潮间带	中砂为主,各类高潮线粗砂和砾含量较高。分选中等-差
		7.2		沙堤			植被繁茂,有高脊	环状		高潮出露	粗中砂、砾石含量极少,分选中等
		7.3		沙席			植被优良,低地				粗中砂、砾石含量极少,分选中等
		7.4		洼地			涉水而过,无大的树木				中砂、细砂为主

Tab.4

Fig.2

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	环礁	台礁
西沙群岛		永兴岛、中建岛、琛航岛、甘泉岛
东沙群岛		东沙岛
中沙群岛	黄岩岛
南沙群岛	奈罗礁(越占)、渚碧礁、铁峙礁、双黄沙洲(菲占)、南薰礁、舶兰礁(越占)、赤瓜礁、鬼喊礁(越占)、东门礁、西门礁、安乐礁、牛轭礁、华阳礁、东礁(越占)、西礁(越占)、中礁(越占)、仁爱礁(菲占)、司令礁(菲占)、永暑礁、美济礁、弹丸礁(马占)、毕生礁(越占)、柏礁(越占)、光星仔礁(马占)、簸箕礁(马占)、半月礁	北子岛(菲占)、南子岛(越占)、中业岛(菲占)、南钥岛(菲占)、太平岛、鸿庥岛(越占)、敦谦沙洲(越占)、染青沙洲(越占)、景宏岛(越占)、西月岛(菲占)、费信岛(菲占)、马欢岛(菲占)、南威岛(越占)、安波沙洲(越占)

传感器	获取时间	波段	分辨率(星下点)
传感器	获取时间	波段	全色/m	多光谱/m
Quickbird	2001.10	全色+4多光谱波段	0.61	2.44
WorldView-2	2009.10	全色+8多光谱波段	0.50	1.80

Development of a geomorphic classification scheme for coral reefs in the South China Sea based on high-resolution satellite images

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