邮轮旅游的负效应与责任性研究综述

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2017.05.005

Abstract

Abstract:

In recent years, the cruise industry has become one of the most dynamic, rapidly developing and profitable segments in the global tourism and hospitality industry, with millions of passengers each year. China has become one of the most attractive emerging markets in the Asia-Pacific region. Cruise tourism has significant economic impacts on port cities and relevant tourism regions, outputting remarkable employment opportunities and total revenue. However, the development of the cruising sector also brings negative economic, environmental, and social and cultural impacts on cruise destinations and local communities. With the fast development of the Chinese cruise industry, influences of cruise tourism will become far-reaching. It is critical for the Chinese cruise industry to better understand impacts of cruise tourism, particularly the negative side. However, this issue is neglected by the Chinese academic community. Using a sustainable and responsible tourism lens, the purpose of the current article is to systematically examine the negative impacts of cruise tourism by comprehensively reviewing international studies in relation to externalities of cruise tourism. Accordingly, a model or framework of responsible cruise tourism, consisting of governments, non-profit organizations, local communities, cruise passengers, and the cruise industry, is proposed. This article is an attempt to stimulate more attentions from Chinese researchers to the sustainability and responsibility of cruise tourism.

Key words: cruise tourism, cruise industry, negative impacts, sustainability, responsibility

Xiaodong SUN, Yating HOU. Research on negative impacts and responsibility of cruise tourism[J].PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2017, 36(5): 569-584.

Figures/Tables 5

Fig.1

Tab.1

Tab.2

Tab.3

Definition of responsible tourism-related terms"

文献	概念	含义
Klein (2011)	负责任旅游	■ 最小化负面的经济、环境与社会影响。 ■ 为当地居民创造更大的经济利益,提高社区居民的福祉,改善工作条件,并允许其进入该行业。 ■ 让当地居民参与到影响其生活或生存机会的决策中来。 ■ 对自然和文化遗产保护以及维护世界多样性做出积极贡献。 ■ 通过与当地居民建立更有意义的联系和更深入地了解当地文化、社会和环境问题,为旅游者提供更愉悦的体验。 ■ 满足残障游客的旅游需求。 ■ 保持文化敏感性,建立游客和接待方之间的尊重,塑造地方自豪感和自信心。
Middleton (1998)	可持续旅游	■ 可持续旅游是指实现一种由不同类型、不同数量的游客以及不同的企业活动构成的特定组合,在可预见的将来继续存在,而不会破坏所依赖的环境质量。 ■ 可持续旅游强调游客体验、接待地生活质量和环境保护。
Weeden (2002)	伦理旅游	■ 伦理旅游超越可持续旅游的3个原则,认识到旅游者和旅游服务提供商必须为自己的行为和态度承担一定的道德责任。 ■ 并强调不同利益群体在旅游决策过程中的公平性。
Fennell (2001)	生态旅游	■ 生态旅游是指带着一定的研究目的,进入相对未受干扰或未被污染的自然区域,欣赏和享受当地的自然景观和野生动植物,探索当地的文化表现形式。 ■ 生态旅游强调环境保护、有意义的社区参与以及有利可图并可持续。
Goodwin等(2003)	扶贫旅游	■ 扶贫旅游不是特定的旅游产品,而是确保接待地贫困居民能以公平和可持续的方式获得经济利益的一种旅游开发和管理的方法。 ■ 扶贫旅游更强调“旅游扶贫”的理论,强调通过就业、小微企业发展、基础设施建设以及决策参与等方式提高贫困人口的生活条件。

Tab.3

Fig.2

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研究文献	案例地	邮轮旅游的负效应研究
研究文献	案例地	经济有限性	环境破坏	社会文化冲击
Avellaneda等(2011)	哥伦比亚地区		√
Baker等(2013)	加勒比海地区			√
Beukering等(2015)	百慕大		√
Brida等(2010b)	哥斯达黎加	√
Brida等(2011)	卡塔赫纳(哥伦比亚)			√
Brida等(2014)	西西里岛和撒丁岛			√
Butt(2007)	英国南安普顿		√
Cari?等(2014)	亚得里亚海		√
Cari?等(2016)	杜布罗夫尼克		√
Chatzinikolaou等(2015)	希腊比雷埃夫斯港		√
Dawson等(2016)	加拿大北极区	√	√	√
Del Chiappa等(2013)	意大利西西里岛			√
Eijgelaar等(2010)	南极地区		√
Gibson等(2007)	英格兰西南部			√
Howitt等(2010)	新西兰地区		√
Hritz等(2008)	美国基韦斯特			√
Johnson(2006)	加勒比海地区		√
Jones(2007)	百慕大		√
Jordan等(2015)	牙买加法尔茅斯			√
Kaldy(2011)	阿拉斯加		√
Klein(2009)	中美洲伯利兹	√
Klein(2011)	中美洲伯利兹	√
Larsen等(2013)	挪威西部	√
Lester等(2004)	加勒比海地区	√	√	√
Lester等(2016)	百慕大	√	√
Loehr等(2006)	阿拉斯加		√
Macpherson(2008)	太平洋地区	√	√
Maragkogianni等(2015)	希腊地区		√
Marsh(2012)	美国查尔斯顿			√
Maru?i?等(2008)	克罗地亚			√
Poplawski等(2011)	加拿大维多利亚港		√
Schembari等(2014)	地中海西部		√
Stewart等(2011)	加拿大北极地区			√
Thurau等(2015)	巴拿马运河		√
van Beukering等(2015)	百慕大	√

污染源	说明
黑水	生活污水。通常每位乘客每天产生10加仑黑水。
灰水	包括水槽、淋浴废水等。通常每位乘客每天产生90加仑灰水。
垃圾和固体废物	每名邮轮乘客每天可以生产3.5 kg固体废物。
危险废物	包括干洗材料、印刷废物(Print Shop Waste)、化学清洁和电池等。一艘邮轮每天可产生此类有毒废物(Toxic Waste)15加仑
油性舱底水	收集于船体的燃油、机油和废水等污染物。一艘邮轮每天可产生7000加仑此类有毒废物。
压载水	压载水用于保证船舶稳性,但排出的压载水可能引入非本地物种。
尾气排放	邮轮可排放相当于12000辆汽车产生的废气,而且在港口社区地带更为严重。

Research on negative impacts and responsibility of cruise tourism

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