诗歌中物候记录的基本特征及用于历史气候重建的处理方法

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2017.04.009

Abstract

Abstract:

Phenological records in historical documents have been proved to be of unique value for studies on past climate change. As a literary genre, poetry includes abundant phenological records that have been extracted and applied to a certain extent. However, the features of phenological records from poems and their processing methods need to be further summarized and discussed systematically. This article first introduces the contents, characteristics, and applications in indicating seasons and reflecting farming season of phenological records from poems. The phenological records in poems can be divided mainly into three categories, namely phenological information of plants, phenological information of animals, and seasonality of meteorological or hydrological events. Relatively more data are found in poems from recent dynasties and developed regions. Four key processing methods of phenological records from poems — data sieving, species identification, chronology recognition, and phenophases definition — are discussed: (1) phenological records extracted from poems need to be sieved based on the background of poems, the usage of rhetorical devices, the rule of territorial differentiation, and the disturbance of factitious factors; (2) modern and ancient names of plants and animals should be distinguished and the species of plants and animals should be identified; (3) phenological dates need to be converted into accurate dates according to phenological law and background information; and (4) phenophases ought to be defined according to the semantics of description in the poems on the basis of modern phenological observation methods. By summarizing and discussing these key issues, this article aims to provide a reference in both theory and method for the extraction and application of phenological records from poems for the reconstruction of past climate.

Key words: poetry, historical phenology, past climate change, record extraction, climate reconstruction

Yachen LIU, Xiuqi FANG, Zexing TAO, Junhu DAI. Basic features of phenological records in poetry and their usage for reconstructing past climate change[J].PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2017, 36(4): 483-490.

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References 32

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季节	物候现象	诗歌举例
春季	杨柳发芽	“垂柳万条丝,春来织别离”^a、“万条垂下绿丝绦······二月春风似剪刀”^b、“红酥手,黄滕酒,满城春色宫墙柳”^c
春季	燕始见	“新燕弄初调,杜鹃竞晨鸣”^d、“几处早莺争暖树,谁家新燕啄春泥”^e、“春色遍芳菲,闲檐双燕归”^f
夏季	蝉初鸣	“林鹊初改调,林中夏蝉鸣”^g、“微月初三夜,新蝉第一声”^h、“六月初七日,江头蝉始鸣”ⁱ
夏季	荷花盛开	“燎沉香,消溽暑······水面清圆,一一风荷举”^j、“毕竟西湖六月中·····映日荷花别样红”^k、“荷叶五寸荷花娇······相到薰风四五月”^l
秋季	菊花盛开	“春兰兮秋菊,长无绝兮终古”^m、“待到秋来九月八,我花开后百花杀”ⁿ、“故园三径吐幽丛······尽借篱落看秋风”^o
秋季	雁离去	“金河秋半虏弦开,云外惊飞四散哀”^p、“何处秋风至,萧萧送雁群”^q、“今年寒到江乡早,未及中秋见雁飞”^r
冬季	梅花盛开	“秋桂月中藏影,冬梅雪里飘香”^s、“地暖犹闻桂,冬深未见梅”^t、“一枝梅笑破严冬,残腊新春气候参”^u
冬季	初雪	“凄凄岁暮风,翁聆经日雪”^v、“岁暮阴阳催短景,天涯霜雪霁寒宵”^w、“帘外雪初飘,翠幌香凝火未消”^x

	现代名称	古代名称^*
动物	四声杜鹃(Cuculus micropterus)	鸤鸠、子规、杜宇
	黑枕黄鹂(Oriolus chinensis)	仓庚、商庚、楚雀、黄鸟
	家燕(Hirundo rustica)	玄鸟、乙鸟、鸾鸟、天女、乌衣
	草蝉(Mogannia conica)	蜩、复育、蜺、齐女
植物	莲(Nelumbo nucifera)	芙蕖、芙蓉、菡萏
	芦苇(Phragmites australis)	芦、苇、蒹葭
	杜鹃(Rhododendron simsii)	山石榴、映山红、山踯躅
	木瓜(Chaenomeles sinensis)	木李、榠楂、蛮楂

物候期	文字描述
展叶始期	“绿叶发华滋”^a、“柳丝长,桃叶小”^b等
展叶盛期	“桃之夭夭,其叶蓁蓁”^c、“接天莲叶无穷碧”^d等
芽开放期	“漏泄春光有柳条”^e、“二月初惊见草芽”^f等
开花始期	“分林蔽殿槿初红”^g、“竹外桃花两三枝”^h等
开花盛期	“上苑梅香雪里矫”ⁱ、“牡丹偏自占春风”^j等
开花末期	“桃花细逐杨花落”^k“桃花欲落柳条长”^l等
果实脱落开始期	“更逢晴日柳含烟”^m、“满街杨柳绿丝烟”ⁿ等

Basic features of phenological records in poetry and their usage for reconstructing past climate change

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