近30年来国外国家公园研究进展与启示

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2017.02.010

Abstract

Abstract:

Research on national parks has been a focus in ecological protection and tourism fields. Based on 451 English-language academic publications (1986-2016) collected from the Web of Science database, this article synthesizes the multiple aspects of research on national parks with regard to resource assessment, environmental impact, planning, and management, and identifies research methods in national park studies. Citespace III and systematic review methods are employed to compile and analyze the literature in the database. This article also critically proposes five directions for future research in China, including legislation, development models, management content and methods, community participation models and mechanism, and environmental impact monitoring and assessment of national parks. In general, characteristics of international research on national parks involve complicated objectives, diverse perspectives, and comprehensive methods. In the context of national park construction in China, developing a research system of national parks based on international experiences will contribute to enriching the research on China’s protected areas and providing guidance for Chinese national park construction.

Key words: national park, Citespace III, map of knowledge domain, literature review, enlightenment

Lianlian XIAO, Linsheng ZHONG, Rui ZHOU, Hu YU. Review of international research on national parks as an evolving knowledge domain in recent 30 years[J].PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2017, 36(2): 244-255.

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	研究方法	代表文献
定性研究方法	结构化访谈	Cihar et al, 2006; Mitchell et al, 2013; Austin et al, 2016
	田野调查	Kang et al, 2012; Karki, 2013
	话语分析	Acar et al, 2006; Puhakka et al, 2014
定量研究方法	问卷调查	Arnberger et al, 2012; Garavaglia et al, 2012; Wolf et al, 2015
	RS、GIS分析	Southworth, 2004; Munroe et al, 2007; Tomczyk, 2011
	条件价值评估法	Asafu-Adjaye et al, 2008; Getzner et al, 2015
	旅行成本法	Heberling, 2009; Benson, 2013
	多元分析法	Obua, 1997; Leung et al, 1999
	计量经济分析	Neher et al, 2013
	DEA法	Ma et al, 2009
	建模法	Suffling et al, 2002; Tomczyk, 2011

指标	子指标	资源特征
自然资源	物理特征	独特的地质和地貌特征,如峡谷、峡湾、海滨、海湾、火山口、化石遗迹等独特的水文特征,如海、湖、冰川、喷泉、沼泽、河口等
	生物特征	植物：典型生态系统的代表,如特有、珍稀、濒危植物物种;特殊的植物群落动物：珍稀、濒危动物物种栖息地;具有特殊意义的物种群落栖息地;受保护的陆地和海洋生态系统
	审美特征	优美景观或具有审美价值的自然资源具有审美吸引力或美学特征的景观格局
文化资源	历史/考古	具有历史或考古意义的区域/重大历史事件发生地
文化资源	其他文化资源	建筑与艺术：具有代表性的区域、建筑和艺术;具有国家代表性的文化遗产具有人类学、民族学和社会学意义的区域传统土地利用区/传统农业生产区;具有突出的文化景观特征
游憩资源		因独特特征而具有游憩潜力具有一般游憩潜力的区域
具有国家或跨国意义的资源		拥有具备独特/某一国际意义资源的区域拥有具有独特/某一国家意义资源的区域

影响因子	影响结果
气候/环境变化	景观格局变化、森林结构变化、旅游业发展变化、土地利用变化、生态系统功能弱化
游憩活动	道路退化、土壤侵蚀、土地利用变化
旅游建设	景观破碎化、土地利用变化、环境脆弱性增强、野生动物数量变化
农业生产	野生动物数量变化、动物栖息地变化
公共交通使用	降低交通拥堵、道路退化、土壤侵蚀
旅游经营	社区结构变化、居民收入结构变化、垃圾产生
林业活动	景观格局变化、动物栖息地变化、

国家公园发展模式	特征
美国荒野模式	IUCN第II类保护地首要目标是保护和提供游憩机会国有土地所有权主要包括大片的原始荒野地宏观的组织机构内的独立国家公园管理主体,如国家公园管理局
欧洲模式	IUCN第II类保护地首要目标是保护土地公有制和土地私有制并存居住地景观和非居住地景观的混合
澳大利亚模式	IUCN第II类保护地国家公园定义比IUCN更严格,其设定的目的主要是保护各州政府对其辖区内的国家公园行使保护职责,并提供财政和人力支持自然保护局是自然保护机关,对外代表国家签订相关协议,对内协调各州、地区之间的自然保护合作
英国模式	IUCN第V类保护地包括2个目标：保护自然景观以及提升游憩机会;国家公园还负有提升社会经济福利的职责;当目标之间发生冲突时,将依据桑福德原则进行调整土地私有制居住地景观为主国家公园管理机构是法定的规划机构

规划方法	规划框架/步骤	适用条件	优缺点
传统规划	①愿景;②规划指导原则;③战略目标;④行动优先顺序;⑤规划实施;⑥监测与评估	高可控度,低不确定性	优点：框架明确;适用范围广缺点：缺乏弹性
适应性管理规划	①确立明确的目标;②制定管理规划;③制定监测计划;④实施管理与监测计划;⑤数据分析、交流结果;⑥使用结果进行适应性管理和学习	高可控度,高不确定性	优点：适用于解决短期/长期灾难性后果的行动;弹性较好缺点：缺乏长期的监测资源;政治和制度设计难以跟上管理实践的发展;适应性管理难以控制具体结果
情景规划	①背景分析;②设定未来情景(定性、定量);③为不同情景提供管理选择;④评估管理效果	低可控度,高不确定性	优点：有助于决策者在不确定环境下制定有针对性决策;有助于完善应对不确定性的监测项目设计;增强管理行动的应变能力缺点：要素的复杂性使情景的设计难度较大

Review of international research on national parks as an evolving knowledge domain in recent 30 years

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关键词	出现频率	中心性	年份	关键词	出现频率	中心性	年份
conservation	113	0.49	1992	aynamics	22	0.00	1990
national parks	88	0.99	1992	community	21	0.00	2012
management	76	0.20	1995	patterns	20	0.00	2009
protected areas	55	0.13	2008	wildlife	19	0.20	2009
biodiversity	42	1.14	2009	perceptions	19	0.00	2012
tourism	40	0.98	2008	Africa	18	0.07	2012
recreation	31	0.13	2009	disturbance	14	0.00	2014
impacts	27	1.08	2010	nature-based tourism	14	0.99	1990
ecotourism	25	0.00	2010	ecosystem	13	0.00	1990
vegetation	24	0.00	2009	climate-change	13	0.00	2014
attitudes	24	1.06	2011	diversity	13	0.07	2009

区域	管理经验
丹麦	聘请专家成立咨询小组
乌干达	收益共享、协同资源管理协议(CRMAs)
南威尔士	公私合作模式(PPP)
斐济	社区参与生态旅游发展;民主治理
南非	土地改革;制定旅游发展政策、水供应政策、大象管理制度
美国	支持基础生态研究、可接受改变极限(LAC)、游客体验与资源保护(VERP);长期环境监测;制定国家公园温室气体排放清单;适应性管理
荷兰	门户社区管理
墨西哥	严格的公园生态系统监测;加强利益相关者之间的交流;环境宣传和教育;公园组织结构调整、优化资金来源;债务—自然资源转换
日本	公园管理采用自下而上的决策方法;建立覆盖政府边界和涉及当地社区的公园管理系统
加拿大	分区管理

评价指标	指标涵义及内容
可持续性指标	国家公园管理能促进环境保护、社区发展、游客负责任行为等;子指标包括利益相关者满意度、生态系统完整度、社区发展、设施有效性等
收益性指标	评估国家公园经济效益;子指标包括国家公园活动创造的收入、成本支出、成本效益比
吸引力指标	国家公园管理与运行带来的市场吸引力;子指标包括公园产品组合度、公园网站排名度等

	人类中心主义	生态中心主义
态度	将自然视为可开发的资源;经济发展是人类发展所必须;人类能战胜自然;国家公园旅游开发价值大于保护价值	承认自然的内在价值;人类与自然具有同等价值;人类是自然的一部分;环境保护优先于国家公园开发
行为	较少从事环境保护类活动;较多接受国家公园提供的服务	尽可能不破坏公园原始环境;较少接受国家公园提供的服务;较多体验国家公园自然、荒野和当地文化

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