基于个体生命历程视角的苏南城镇化路径转变与市民化进程

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2017.02.001

Abstract

Abstract:

Most studies on China's urban transformation employ macro level socioeconomic and political analysis perspectives such as marketization, globalization, and decentralization. Based on the life course of a farmer-entrepreneur in Southern Jiangsu, this study discusses China's urban transformation at a micro level and the citizenization of famers in the transformation. Analyzing urban transformation with a life course approach not only links individuals' life events to changes in grand social history, but also manifests the interaction and maps relations between the history of individuals' lives and the economic and social development. The Southern Jiangsu area has experienced urban transformation since the 1980s. In the 1980s, urbanization of Southern Jiangsu was grounded in rural industrialization and town development, which was called the "urbanization from below." On the one hand, township enterprises had absorbed a large number of rural surplus labors and as a result, a great number of towns appeared. On the other hand, township enterprises provided funding for urban construction. But since the 1990s, Southern Jiangsu has undergone a rapid urbanization stimulated by development zones that attracted foreign investment and land finance. The governments' development strategy turned to development zone construction and land finance. Heavy intervention imposed on township enterprises by local governments hampered the development of those enterprises. Meanwhile, as a consequence of decentralization, institutional changes in the land market, and globalization, the local government of Southern Jiangsu can no longer rely on township enterprises and has to capitalize on the land to pursue the maximization of profit. From the micro level perspective, the transformation influences roles, events, and opportunities in individuals' life course. The farmer-entrepreneur in this study was a factory manager in a township enterprise at first, then he ran a private corporation, and finally, because of the construction of a development zone, he became a landless farmer. Through changes of his life course, we can understand his citizenization. In the township enterprise period, he obtained non-agricultural employment on his own initiative by working in a factory. Later, because of the hukou (population registration) reform and land acquisition and resettlement, he achieved the urbanization of identity, which was mainly promoted by the local government. Non-agricultural employment became the basis of urbanization of his identity, in the sense that it guaranteed his income after resettlement. This finding provides an enlightenment to "people-centered urbanization” advocated in the new urbanization.

Key words: urbanization, citizenization of farmers, life course, life story, Southern Jiangsu

Jian FENG, Zhu YE. Urban transformation and the progress of citizenization in Southern Jiangsu based on the perspective of life course[J].PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2017, 36(2): 137-150.

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Interactions between local government’s behavior, urbanization pattern, and individual life course in Southern Jiangsu in different periods"

		乡镇企业(1980-1990年)	村企改制(1991-2000年)	土地财政(2001年至今）
地方政府行为	行为背景	1984年中央4号文件：将社队企业正式改名为乡镇企业,鼓励发展乡镇企业	1994年分税制实施,同经济发展直接相关的主要税种划分为中央与地方共享税;外部市场的日益完善和自身弊端的暴露,使得乡镇企业的发展遇到了瓶颈	1999、2001、2002、2003年,中国不断出台关于实行土地“招拍挂”的政策
	行为	推动乡镇企业,主导企业发展	退出企业,推动企业改制;转向企业管理和土地出租	推进旧城、旧村改造;兴建工业园区和新城
	具体政策	1981年提出“立足农业办工业,办好工业为农业”的口号;1988年提出“抓工业重点企业”的战略决策,并给予政策倾斜扶持;随后出台《关于扶持“五大一小”企业,促进转化的意见》,对陷入困境的企业进行帮助	1995年《关于深化企业改革的意见》：对改革的相关内容进行明确规定,形成以“大型企业集体控股上水平,中型企业多方参股增活力,小型企业拍卖转让搞民营”的改制思路;1997年,镇村企业“清假放小”工作结束,1998年中型企业改制完成,1999年对大型企业进行改制	1999年《江阴市城市规划区农民房屋拆迁暂行规定》：改变传统农居形式,将农民集中安置进公寓房;2001年江阴市实行“三集中”政策;2006年出台“三强”政策;2006年《江阴市深化户籍制度改革实施办法》：统一将户口登记为“居民户口”
城镇化	动力	乡村工业		土地财政
城镇化	空间特征	分散,以小城镇为载体		集中,工业园和安置社区为主
对个体的影响	农民生活	进厂务工,从“农业”转为“非农”,生活水平提高	就业多元,个体经营,企业务工等	户口改变拆迁“上楼”,居住形式社区化生活方式进一步提升
	生命历程	乡镇企业的厂长	外出避债;私营经济的老板	失地农民
	市民化进程	就业非农化		身份城镇化

Tab.2

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作用表现	具体例证
促进就业非农化	20世纪90年代中期,大约2/3的农村劳动力进入工厂务工
增加农民收入	1992年苏南农民的收入是1984年的3倍,从609元增加到2077元
促进小城镇发展	从1987年到1992年,江阴建制镇数量迅速增加 1987年为10镇20乡,1992年为28镇,且不再有乡
提高村公共服务设施水平	政府利用乡镇企业的盈利完善村庄公共服务设施 1991年,江阴各村都建立老年活动室,大部分村庄都通了自来水,各镇的医院、小学、汽车站都相继完善

Urban transformation and the progress of citizenization in Southern Jiangsu based on the perspective of life course

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