中国低碳城市评价与空间格局分析

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2016.02.007

Abstract

Abstract:

：Cities are the most concentrated area of production and consumption activities of the human race, which brings about great amounts of energy consumption and carbon emissions. Therefore, low-carbon city is widely discussed by scholars around the world. In this study, 22 indicators in five areas, including low-carbon development, low-carbon economy, low-carbon environment, city size, and energy consumption, were used to establish an evaluation system for low-carbon city. Remote sensing images of the DMSP-OLS Nighttime Light sets and PM2.5 concentration inversion image were innovatively included in these indicators. Using factor analysis, cluster analysis, and spatial correlation analysis, 284 cities in China were classified as low-carbon cities, comparatively low-carbon cities, comparatively high-carbon cities, and high-carbon cities in 2006 and 2010. The result shows that the low-carbon status of these cities generally improved in 2010 as compared to 2006. According to the driving forces of city development, these cities were divided into four types: environment-oriented, people-oriented, urbanization-dominated, and industry-dominated. Spatially, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area, the Yangtze River Delta region, Shandong Province, and the Pearl River Delta region had the aggregated effect of low-carbon city development. Chongqing, Chengdu, and Wuhan were distinguished from the periphery cities that had lower level of low-carbon development and belonged to the hotspot cities of advanced low-carbon development in Southwest China. Low-carbon development of cities is affected by the administrative level and industrial transformation of cities, among other factors.

Key words: low-carbon city, factor analysis, cluster analysis, GIS spatial analysis, DMSP-OLS nighttime light, PM2.5 concentration

Jiansheng WU, Na XU, Xiwen ZHANG. Evaluation of low-carbon city and spatial pattern analysis in China[J].PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2016, 35(2): 204-213.

Figures/Tables 14

Tab.1

Tab. 3

Tab. 2

Fig.1

Fig.2

Fig.3

Fig.4

Fig.5

Fig.6

Fig.7

Fig.8

Fig.9

Fig.10

Fig.11

References 31

[1]	陈静, 程东祥, 诸大建. 2012. 基于灰理想关联分析的中国城市低碳竞争力评价[J]. 资源科学, 34(9): 1726-1733.
	[Chen J, Cheng D X, Zhu D J.2012. Evaluation of urban low-carbon competitiveness in china using grey relational analysis[J]. Resources Science, 34(9): 1726-1733.]
[2]	丛建辉, 刘学敏, 朱婧, 等. 2013. 中小城市工业碳排放: 核算方法与影响因素: 以河南省济源市为例[J]. 资源科学, 35(11): 2158-2165.
	[Cong J H, Liu X M, Zhu J, et al.2013. Accounting method and factors affecting industrial CO2 emissions of small and medium-sized cities: Jiyuan city in Henan[J]. Resources Science, 35(11): 2158-2165.]
[3]	府亚军, 黄海南. 2005. 基于因子分析模型的上市公司经营业绩评价[J]. 统计与决策, (24): 167-168.
	[Fu Y J, Huang H N.2005. Jiyu yinzifenxi moxing de shangshigongsi jingying yeji pingjia[J]. Statistics & Decision, (24): 167-168.]
[4]	付允, 刘怡君, 汪云林. 2010. 低碳城市的评价方法与支撑体系研究[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 20(8): 44-47. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2010.08.008
	[Fu Y, Liu Y J, Wang Y L.2010. Evaluation method and supporting system of low carbon cities[J]. China Population Resources & Environment, 20(8): 44-47.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2010.08.008
[5]	耿金花, 高齐圣, 张嗣瀛. 2007. 基于层次分析法和因子分析的社区满意度评价体系[J]. 系统管理学报, 16(6): 673-677. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-2542.2007.06.016
	[Geng J H, Gao Q S, Zhang S Y.2007. Community satisfaction evaluation system's research based on AHP and factor analysis[J]. Journal of Systems & Management, 16(6): 673-677.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-2542.2007.06.016
[6]	顾朝林, 谭纵波, 刘宛, 等. 2009. 气候变化、碳排放与低碳城市规划研究进展[J]. 城市规划学刊, (3): 38-45.
	[Gu C L, Tan Z B, Liu W, et al.2009. A study on climate change, carbon emissions and low-carbon city planning[J]. Urban Planning Forum, (3): 38-45.]
[7]	刘竹, 耿涌, 薛冰, 等. 2011. 基于“脱钩”模式的低碳城市评价[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 21(4): 19-24. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2011.04.003
	[Liu Z, Geng Y, Xue B, et al.2011. Low-carbon city's quantitative assessment indicator framework based on decoupling model[J]. China Population Resources & Environment, 21(4): 19-24.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2011.04.003
[8]	路超君, 秦耀辰, 罗宏, 等. 2012. 中国低碳城市发展影响因素分析[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 22(6): 57-62. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2012.06.010
	[Lu C J, Qin Y C, Luo H, et al.2012. Analysis of influencing factors of low-carbon city development in China[J]. China Population Resources & Environment, 22(6): 57-62.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2012.06.010
[9]	路超君, 秦耀辰, 张金萍. 2014. 低碳城市发展阶段划分与特征分析[J]. 城市发展研究, 21(8): 12-16. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-3862.2014.08.003
	[Lu C J, Qin Y C, Zhang J P.2014. Analysis on stages and characteristics of low-carbon city[J]. Urban Development Studies, 21(8): 12-16.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-3862.2014.08.003
[10]	鲁丰先, 王喜, 秦耀辰, 等. 2012. 低碳发展研究的理论基础[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 22(9): 8-14. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2012.09.002
	[Lu F X, Wang X, Qin Y C, et al.2012. Theoretical basis of low-carbon development research[J]. China Population Resources & Environment, 22(9): 8-14.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2012.09.002
[11]	潘海啸, 汤諹, 吴锦瑜, 等. 2008. 中国“低碳城市”的空间规划策略[J]. 城市规划学刊, (6): 57-64.
	[Pan H X, Tang Y, Wu J Y, et al.2008. Spatial planning strategy for “low carbon cities” in China[J]. Urban Planning Forum, (6): 57-64.]
[12]	潘家华, 牛凤瑞, 魏后凯. 2009. 城市蓝皮书: 中国城市发展报告No.2[M]. 北京: 社会科学文献出版社.
	[Pan J H, Niu F R, Wei H K.2009. Bule book of cities in China: annual report on urban development of China No.2[M]. Beijing, China: Social Science Academic Press (China).]
[13]	秦耀辰, 荣培君, 杨群涛, 等. 2014. 城市化对碳排放影响研究进展[J]. 地理科学进展, 33(11): 1526-1534. doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2014.11.009
	[Qin Y C, Rong P J, Yang Q T, et al.2014. Research progress of impact of urbanization on carbon emissions[J]. Progress in Geography, 33(11): 1526-1534.] doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2014.11.009
[14]	秦耀辰, 张丽君, 鲁丰先, 等. 2010. 国外低碳城市研究进展[J]. 地理科学进展, 29(12): 1459-1469. doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2010.12.001
	[Qin Y C, Zhang L J, Lu F X, et al.2010. Progresses of low-carbon city research[J]. Progress in Geography, 29(12): 1459-1469.] doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2010.12.001
[15]	仇保兴. 2012. 兼顾理想与现实: 中国低碳生态城市指标体系构建与实践示范初探[M]. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社: 124-126.
	[Qiu B X.2012. Jiangu lixiang yu xianshi: zongguo ditan shengtai chengshi zhibiaotixi goujian yu shijian shifan chutan[M]. Beijing, China: China Architecture & Building Press: 124-126.]
[16]	王云, 陈美玲, 陈志端. 2014. 低碳生态城市控制性详细规划的指标体系构建与分析[J]. 城市发展研究, 21(1): 46-53. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-3862.2014.01.008
	[Wang Y, Chen M L, Chen Z D.2014. The analysis and construction on Index system for regulatory detailed planning of low-carbon eco-city[J]. Urban Development Studies, 21(1): 46-53.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-3862.2014.01.008
[17]	张金萍, 秦耀辰, 张艳, 等. 2010. 城市 CO2 排放结构与低碳水平测度: 以京津沪渝为例[J]. 地理科学, 30(6): 874-879.
	[Zhang J P, Qin Y C, Zhang Y, et al.2010. Measurement of urban CO2 emission structure and low-carbon standard: a case study for Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Chongqing city[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 30(6): 874-879.]
[18]	诸大建, 陈飞. 2010. 上海发展低碳城市的内涵、目标及对策[J]. 城市观察, (2): 54-68. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-7178.2010.02.006
	[Chu D J, Chen F.2010. The connotation, objectives and strategies of Shanghai’s low-carbon growth[J]. Urban Insight, (2): 54-68.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-7178.2010.02.006
[19]	诸大建, 陈静. 2011. 城市低碳竞争力评价模型和上海市的实证研究[J]. 现代城市研究, (11): 10-14. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6000.2011.11.002
	[Zhu D J, Chen J.2011. Evaluation model of urban low-carbon competitiveness and empirical research of Shanghai[J]. Modern Urban Research, (11): 10-14.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6000.2011.11.002
[20]	庄贵阳, 张伟. 2004. 中国城市化: 走好基础设施建设低碳排放之路[J]. 环境经济, (5): 39-43.
	[Zhuang G Y, Zhang W.2004. Zhongguo chengshihua: zouhao jichu sheshi jianshe ditan paifang zhi lu[J]. Environment Economic, (5): 39-43.
[21]	Al-mulali U, Fereidouni H G, Lee J Y M, et al.2013. Exploring the relationship between urbanization, energy consumption, and CO2 emission in MENA countries[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 23: 107-112. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.02.041
[22]	Aunan K, Wang S X.2014. Internal migration and urbanization in China: impacts on population exposure to household air pollution (2000-2010)[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 481: 186-195. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.073 pmid: 24598149
[23]	Caetanoa M A L, Gherardi D F M, de Paula Ribeiro G, et al.2009. Reduction of CO2 emission by optimally tracking a pre-defined target[J]. Ecological Modelling, 220(19): 2536-2542. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.06.003
[24]	Castelnuovo E, Galeotti M, Gambarelli G, et al.2003. Learning-by-doing vs. learning by researching in a model of climate change policy analysis[J]. Ecological Economics, 54(2-3): 261-276. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.12.036
[25]	Churkina G.2008. Modeling the carbon cycle of urban systems[J]. Ecological Modeling, 216(2): 107-113. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.03.006
[26]	DTI U K.2003. Energy white paper: our energy future: creating a low carbon economy[M]. London: DTI.
[27]	Feliciano M, Prosperi D C.2011. Planning for low carbon cities: reflection on the case of Broward county, Florida, USA[J]. Cities, 28(6): 505-516. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2011.04.004
[28]	Gomi K, Shimada K, Matsuoka Y, et al.2007. Scenario study for a regional low-carbon society[J]. Sustainability Science, 2(1): 121-131. doi: 10.1007/s11625-007-0023-z
[29]	Lebel L, Garden P, Banaticla M R N, et al.2007. Management into the development strategies of urbanizing regions in Asia: implications of urban function, form, and role[J]. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11(2): 61-81. doi: 10.1162/jie.2007.1185
[30]	Pataki D E, Bowling D R, Ehleringer J R.2003. Seasonal cycle of carbon dioxide and its isotopic composition in an urban atmosphere: anthropogenic and biogenic effects[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(23): 4735. doi: 10.1029/2003JD003865
[31]	Seyfang G.2010. Community action for sustainable housing: building a low-carbon future[J]. Energy Policy, 38(12): 7624-7633. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2009.10.027

目标层	准则层	指标层
低碳城市发展水平	低碳开发	X₁建成区面积/km²
		X₂城市建设用地面积/km²
		X₃人均建成区面积/(km²/人)
		X₄人均建设用地面积/(km²/人)
		X₅地均GDP/(万元/km²)
	低碳经济	X₆地区生产总值/万元
		X₇人均地区生产总值/(元/人)
		X₈单位GDP工业用电量/(kw·h/元)
		X₉第二产业占GDP的比重/%
		X₁₀第三产业占GDP的比重/%
	低碳环境	X₁₁建成区绿化覆盖面积/hm²
		X₁₂人均绿地面积/(m²/人)
		X₁₃建成区绿化覆盖率/%
		X₁₄工业烟尘排放量/t
		X₁₅工业二氧化硫排放量/t
		X₁₆年平均PM2.5浓度/(μg/(m³·a))
	城市规模	X₁₇人口密度/(人/km²)
		X₁₈土地面积/km²
		X₁₉市辖区总人口/万人
	能源消耗	X₂₀市辖区用电量总和/(万kw·h)
		X₂₁年夜间灯光总量/DN值
		X₂₂人均居民生活用电/(万kw·h/人)

指标变量	成分
指标变量	1	2	3	4	5
X₁₉市辖区总人口/万人	0.932	-0.157
X₁建成区面积/km²	0.925	0.202	-0.138
X₆地区生产总值/万元	0.911	0.146		-0.154
X₁₁建成区绿化覆盖面积/hm²	0.893	0.227	-0.138	-0.115
X₂₀市辖区用电量总和/(万kw·h)	0.878	0.149			0.164
X₂城市建设用地面积/km²	0.843	0.203	-0.103
X₂₁年夜间灯光总量/DN值	0.609	0.150			0.107
X₃人均建成区面积/(km²/人)		0.923		0.141
X₄人均建设用地面积/(km²/人)		0.891		0.104
X₁₂人均绿地面积/(m²/人)	0.160	0.680		-0.163
X₇人均地区生产总值/（元/人）	0.396	0.597	0.375	-0.197	0.129
X₂₂人均居民生活用电/(万kw·h)	0.423	0.568		-0.392	0.281
X₉第二产业占GDP的比重/%		0.203	0.906		0.132
X₁₀第三产业占GDP的比重/%	0.217	0.107	-0.893		0.106
X₁₄工业烟尘排放量/t	0.288		0.115	0.693	0.204
X₁₅工业二氧化硫排放量/t	0.546		0.223	0.572	0.122
X₅地均GDP/(万元/km²)	0.484		0.348	-0.536	0.280
X₁₃建成区绿化覆盖率/%	0.186	0.151		-0.488	0.381
X₈单位GDP工业用电量/(kw·h/元)	-0.132			0.457	0.139
X₁₇人口密度/(人/km²)	0.157		-0.116	0.181	0.749
X₁₈土地面积/km²	0.482	-0.127		0.132	-0.659
X₁₆年平均PM2.5浓度/(μg/(m³·a))		-0.181	0.150	0.118	0.539

成份	初始特征值			提取平方和载入			旋转平方和载入
成份	合计	方差百分比/%	累积百分比/%	合计	方差百分比/%	累积百分比/%	合计	方差百分比/%	累积百分比/%
1	7.209	32.767	32.767	7.209	32.767	32.767	6.556	29.801	29.801
2	2.894	13.154	45.922	2.894	13.154	45.922	3.153	14.333	44.134
3	1.997	9.076	54.997	1.997	9.076	54.997	2.076	9.436	53.569
4	1.778	8.083	63.081	1.778	8.083	63.081	1.915	8.705	62.275
5	1.595	7.250	70.331	1.595	7.250	70.331	1.772	8.056	70.331
6	1.175	5.342	75.672
7	0.867	3.939	79.612
8	0.806	3.664	83.276
9	0.693	3.151	86.427
10	0.530	2.409	88.836
11	0.501	2.276	91.112
12	0.426	1.935	93.048
13	0.357	1.622	94.670
14	0.304	1.382	96.052
15	0.252	1.144	97.195
16	0.194	0.882	98.077
17	0.117	0.534	98.611
18	0.101	0.461	99.072
19	0.090	0.410	99.483
20	0.066	0.300	99.782
21	0.035	0.160	99.943
22	0.013	0.057	100.000

Evaluation of low-carbon city and spatial pattern analysis in China

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Like

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 14

References 31

Related Articles 15

Metrics

Comments

Recommended 0

[1]	CAO Zhihong, HAO Jinmin, XING Hongping. Spatial-temporal change of Chinese resident food consumption carbon emissions and its driving mechanism [J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2020, 39(1): 91-99.
[2]	FANG Yangang,LIU Bencheng,LIU Jianzhi. Territorial types and optimization strategies of agriculture multifunctions: A case study of Jilin Province [J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2019, 38(9): 1349-1360.
[3]	Jinchuan HUANG, Haoxi LIN, Xiaoxiao QI. Spatial development regionalization of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from the perspective of spatial governance [J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2017, 36(1): 46-57.
[4]	Mingxia XIE, Jiayao WANG, Ke CHEN. The model construction and empirical research on classification-based regionalization of geographical national conditions:Take Henan Province as an example [J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2016, 35(11): 1360-1368.
[5]	Jinchuan HUANG, Shouqiang CHEN. Classification of China's urban agglomerations [J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2015, 34(3): 290-301.
[6]	Yongxia TIAN, Xiaona LIU, Hong LI, Danfeng SUN, Honghan TU, Hua WEN. Rural development difference based on subjective and objective evaluation of life quality: a case of economically underdeveloped villages in Beijing mountainous area [J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2015, 34(2): 185-.
[7]	HAN Cuihua, HAO Zhixin, ZHENG Jingyun. Regionalization of temperature changes in China and characteristics of temperature in different regions during 1951-2010 [J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2013, 32(6): 887-896.
[8]	WANG Qing, LIU Xuehua, LÜ Baolei. Dynamic changes and spatial patterns of vegetation cover in a river basin based on SPOT-VGT data: A case study in the Huaihe River Basin [J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2013, 32(2): 270-277.
[9]	ZHANG Lijun, QIN Yaochen, ZHANG Jinping, ZHANG Yan. Evolution Mechanisms of Industrial CO₂ Emissions and Its Decoupling Analysis in Zhengzhou-Kaifeng Metropolitan Area [J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2012, 31(4): 426-434.
[10]	JI Jue, GAO Xiaolu. Identifying the Scope of Daily Life in Urban Areas Based on Residents’Travel Behaviors [J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2012, 31(2): 248-254.
[11]	XIANG Liang, LIU Xuefeng, HAO Lisheng, ZHAI Jianqing, SHI Yinshan. Analysis of Runoff Characteristics of Luanhe River under Various Emission Scenarios in the Next Century [J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2011, 30(7): 861-867.
[12]	YANG Ren, LIU Yansui, LIU Yu. Regional Difference and Patterns of China's Rural Development in the New Era [J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2011, 30(10): 1247-1254.
[13]	ZHANG Xuexia, WU Peng, LIU Qiyong. Risk Assessment on Water Resource Utilization in the Songliao Basin by Spatial Cluster Analysis [J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2010, 29(9): 1032-1040.
[14]	QIN Yaochen, ZHANG Lijun, LU Fengxian, YAN Weiyang, WANG Xi. Progresses of Low-carbon City Research [J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2010, 29(12): 1459-1469.
[15]	CAI Xiaoxia, NIU Yafei. Analysis on Development Potential of China’s Cruise Tourism Industry [J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2010, 29(10): 1273-1278.