区域规划环境评价的空间尺度效应——对上海高桥镇和浦东新区的案例研究

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2015.06.009

Abstract

Abstract:

The spatial characteristics of Regional Plan Environmental Impact Assessment (RPEIA) determine its sensitivity to spatial scale. Spatial scale of RPEIA is not only a technical issue, but also related to the important questions that RPEIA needs to answer and elaborate. This article discusses the relationship between spatial scale and basic data, the screening of significant environmental factors, and evaluation indicators, as well as the relationship between spatial scale and prediction of atmospheric environmental impact. It then examines two cases: the RPEIA of Gaoqiao Town (2005) and the Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of the economic and social development plan of Pudong New District, Shanghai (2010) for further elaboration. This article concludes that data collection and integration is a very important step in RPEIA. Different types of basic data posses different spatial characteristics, their spatial scope and resolution should be determined according to the requirements of the RPEIA and regional conditions. The main environmental concerns vary considerably at different spatial scales and they affect the selection of significant environmental factors directly, which in turn affects the corresponding evaluation indicator system. This article also indicates that atmospheric environmental impact prediction and evaluation at large spatial scale focus on the macroscopic description, revealing the general spatial patterns and trends of the spread of air pollutants, while at the local scale is more conducive to explain localized pollution patterns. Emission inventory also emphasizes different spatial characteristics for prediction and evaluation at different scales.

Key words: regional plan environmental impact assessment (RPEIA), spatial scale, basic data, significant environmental factors, evaluation indicator system, prediction of atmospheric environmental impact

Weichun MA, Haijun ZHAO, Li LI, Yude ZHOU, Hui PAN, Cunkuan BAO. Spatial scale of regional plan environmental impact assessment: the Gaoqiao Town and Pudong New District cases in Shanghai, China[J].PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2015, 34(6): 739-748.

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References 21

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数据类型	具体数据	空间尺度特征
地面气象数据	国家基准站观测数据	点监测;代表所在行政区域或其中一定范围的区域
	一般人工气象站观测数据	点监测;代表所在行政区域或其中一定范围的区域
	自动气象站监测数据	点监测;代表站点周边一定范围的区域
	雨量站降雨量数据	点监测;代表站点周边一定范围的区域
水文水资源数据	多年平均水资源量/径流总量、径流深度等	1-3级河流的流域尺度
水文水资源数据	河流断面水文参数：河流流量、流速、水位等	点(断面)监测;代表一定长度的河段
地形地貌数据	数字高程模型(DEM)	空间分辨率：100 m, 500 m, 1 km, 10 km不等空间尺度：乡镇、区县、地级市、省
土壤、植被数据	土壤类型及其空间分布;植被类型及其空间分布	依据专题地图比例尺的不同,表示不同的详尽程度

数据类型	具体数据	统计单元(空间分辨率)
数据类型	具体数据	最小统计单元	不同层次的统计单元
经济相关数据	GDP及三次产业的结构比例	乡镇、各类经济开发区	区县;地级市;省
	工业、农业总产值/增加值、其他行业的产值/增加值	乡镇、各类经济开发区	区县;地级市;省
	经济(GDP)增长率	乡镇、各类经济开发区	区县;地级市;省
人口相关数据	人口总量、年龄结构、性别结构、在职人口及其从业结构等	乡镇	区县;地级市;省
	人口期望寿命	乡镇	区县;地级市;省
	人口素质(受教育程度、平均受教育年限、各类教育层次的人口比例)	乡镇	区县;地级市;省

数据类型	具体数据	空间尺度特征
环境质量数据	大气、水质、噪声监测数据	点监测;大气监测点代表所在的行政区域或周边一定范围;水质监测点代表河流某一河段范围;噪声监测点代表邻近范围
污染物排放数据	主要工业污染源、生活污染源	以有组织的点状形态排放
	居民生活面源、农业面源污染	居民日常生活排放往往根据乡镇、区县的人口数据估算;农药化肥流失、畜禽养殖排放、秸秆燃烧等农业面源往往根据有关统计数据以乡镇、区县等单位估算
	交通源污染	在各类开发区、街道乡镇、区县尺度可表现为线源,在更大尺度范围则往往视为面源处理

评价指标	大气环境	地表水环境	道路噪声
现状评价指标	SO₂、NO₂、PM10、H₂S、二甲苯、NMHC、丙稀腈	pH、COD_Cr、BOD₅、NH₃-N、石油类、TP、Cr⁶⁺、Zn、Cu、Pb、Ni	连续等效A声级L_eq(A)
预测评价指标	SO₂、NO₂、PM10、CS₂、H₂S、NMHC	—	连续等效A声级L_eq(A)

领域层	主题层	要素层	指标层
社会和经济发展	发展规模	经济发展规模	人均GDP
		经济发展规模	经济密度
		社会发展规模	人口密度
		资源能源消耗	万元GDP综合能耗
		资源能源消耗	万元GDP用水量
	经济结构	产业结构	第三产业占GDP的比重
		产业结构	工业重点行业产值占工业总产值的比重
		土地利用结构	土地利用强度
	空间布局	工业布局	工业企业在工业园区的集中度
生态环境影响	污染负荷	水环境污染负荷	化学需氧量排放量
		水环境污染负荷	氨氮排放量
		大气环境污染负荷	SO₂排放量
			NO_x排放量
			能源相关碳排放
	环境质量	水环境质量	化学需氧量平均浓度
		水环境质量	氨氮平均浓度
		大气环境质量	SO₂年均浓度
			NO₂年均浓度
			PM10年均浓度
			7月份O₃小时浓度超标率

Spatial scale of regional plan environmental impact assessment: the Gaoqiao Town and Pudong New District cases in Shanghai, China

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