中国陆地生态系统通量观测研究网络(ChinaFLUX)的主要进展及发展展望

doi:10.11820/dlkxjz.2014.07.005

Abstract

Abstract:

Eddy Covariance technique (EC) achieves the direct measurement of system functions and processes such as plant productivity, energy balance, and greenhouse gas exchange at ecosystem scale. Coordinated observation through the global flux observation network represents a breakthrough from the observation of ecological phenomena and factors to the measurement of changes in functions of the global ecosystem. This paper first reviews the foundation and development of the Chinese terrestrial ecosystem flux observation and research network (ChinaFLUX). It then systematically introduces the scientific objectives, design concept, measurement system, standardization of observed data, and long-term data accumulation of the network. The paper also assesses the main progresses in research of terrestrial carbon-water-nitrogen budgets, environmental responses of the coupled ecosystem carbon-nitrogen-water cycles, and the spatiotemporal patterns of ecosystem carbon fluxes and mechanisms. Based on an analysis of the trend of development and emerging missions of the global flux network, this paper proposes the directions, key scientific questions and emphases of research of ChinaFLUX to provide references for the development of flux observation and research in China.

Key words: eddy covariance technique, carbon-nitrogen-water fluxes, coupling cycles, ecological prediction, coordinated observation, ChinaFLUX

CLC Number:

P467

Guirui YU, Leiming ZHANG, Xiaomin SUN. Progresses and prospects of Chinese terrestrial ecosystem flux observation and research network (ChinaFLUX)[J].PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2014, 33(7): 903-917.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig.1

Fig.2

Fig.3

Fig.4

Fig.5

Fig.6

Fig.7

Fig.8

References 136

[1]	顾峰雪, 陶波, 温学发, 等. 2010. 基于CEVSA2模型的亚热带人工针叶林长期碳通量及碳储量模拟. 生态学报, 30(23): 6598-6605.
	Gu F X, Tao B, Wen X F, et al.2010. Modeling long-term changes in carbon fluxes and storage in a subtropical coniferous plantation based on CEVSA2 model. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 30(23): 6598-6605.
[2]	顾峰雪, 于贵瑞, 温学发, 等. 2008. 干旱对亚热带人工针叶林碳交换的影响. 植物生态学报, 32(5): 1041-1051.
	Gu F X, Yu G R, Wen X F, et al.2008. Drought effects on carbon exchange in a subtropical coniferous plantation in china. Journal of Plant Ecology, 32(5): 1041-1051.
[3]	郝彦宾, 王艳芬, 崔骁勇. 2010. 干旱胁迫降低了内蒙古羊草草原的碳累积. 植物生态学报, 34: 898-906.
	Hao Y B, Wang Y F, Cui X Y.2010. Drought stress reduces the carbon accumulation of the leymus chinensis steppe in Inner Mongolia, China. Journal of Plant Ecology, 34: 898-906.
[4]	何洪林, 张黎, 黎建辉, 等. 2012. 中国陆地生态系统碳收支集成研究的E-Science系统构建. 地球科学进展, 27(2): 246-254.
	He H L, Zhang L, Li J H, et al.2012. E-Science system for carbon budget integration research of Chinese terrestrial ecosystem. Advances in Earth Science, 27(2): 246-254.
[5]	黄辉, 于贵瑞, 伏玉玲, 等. 2008. 温带阔叶红松林生态系统潜热通量模拟: 气孔导度组合模型在Shuttleworth-Wallace双源模型中的应用. 生态学报, 28(7): 3212-3220.
	Huang H, Yu G R, Fu Y L, et al.2008. Simulation of latent heat flux over a temperate mixed forest: application of a combination model to Shuttleworth-Wallace model. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 28(7): 3212-3220.
[6]	贾丙瑞, 周广胜, 蒋延玲, 等. 2013. 寒温针叶林土壤呼吸作用的时空特征. 生态学报, 33(23): 7516-7524.
	Jia B R, Zhou G S, Jiang Y L, et al.2013. Temporal-spatial characteristics of soil respiration in Chinese boreal forest ecosystem. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 33(23): 7516-7524.
[7]	李春, 何洪林, 刘敏, 等. 2008. ChinaFLUX CO2通量数据处理系统与应用. 地球信息科学, 10(5): 557-565.
	Li C, He H L, Liu M, et al.2008. The design and application of CO2 flux data processing system at ChinaFLUX. Geo-Information Science, 10(5): 557-565.
[8]	刘敏, 何洪林, 于贵瑞. 2010. 数据处理方法不确定性对CO2通量组分估算的影响. 应用生态学报, 21(9): 2389-2396.
	Liu M, He H L, Yu G R, 2010. Impacts of uncertainty in data processing on estimation of CO2 flux components. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 21(9): 2389-2396.
[9]	米娜, 于贵瑞, 王盘兴, 等. 2007. 基于EALCO 模型对中亚热带人工针叶林CO2通量季节变异的模拟. 植物生态学报, 31(6):1119-1131.
	Mi N, Yu G R, Wang P X, et al.2007. Modeling seasonal variation of CO2 flux in a subtropical coniferous forest using the EALCO model. Journal of Plant Ecology, 31(6): 1119-1131.
[10]	任小丽, 何洪林, 刘敏, 等. 2012. 基于模型数据融合的千烟洲亚热带人工林碳水通量模拟. 生态学报, 32(23): 7313-7326.
	Ren X L, He H L, Liu M, et al.2012. Modeling of carbon and water fluxes of Qianyanzhou subtropical coniferous plantation using model-data fusion approach. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 32(23): 7313-7326.
[11]	盛文萍, 于贵瑞, 方华军, 等. 2010. 大气氮沉降通量观测方法. 生态学报, 29(8): 1671-1678.
	Sheng W P, Yu G R, Fang H J, et al.2010. Observation methods for atmospheric nitrogen deposition. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 29(8): 1671-1678.
[12]	姚玉刚, 张一平, 于贵瑞, 等. 2011. 热带森林植被冠层CO2储存项的估算方法研究. 北京林业大学学报, 33(1): 23-29.
	Yao Y G, Zhang Y G, Yu G R, et al.2011. Estimation of CO2 storage flux between forest and atmosphere in a tropical forest. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 33(1): 23-29.
[13]	姚玉刚, 张一平, 于贵瑞, 等. 2012. 热带季节雨林近地层CO2堆积的气象条件分析. 应用基础与工程科学学报, 20(1): 36-45.
	Yao Y G, Zhang Y P, Yu G R, et al.2012. An analysis of meteorological conditions causing co2 pooling in the surface layer in a tropical seasonal rain forest, SW China. Journal of Basic Science and Engineering, 20(1): 36-45.
[14]	于贵瑞, 方华军, 伏玉玲, 等. 2011. 区域尺度陆地生态系统碳收支及其循环过程研究进展. 生态学报, 31(19): 5449-5459.
	Yu G R, Fang H J, Fu Y L, et al.2011. Research on carbon budget and carbon cycle of terrestrial ecosystems in regional scale: a review. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 31(19): 5449-5459.
[15]	于贵瑞, 高扬, 王秋凤, 等. 2013. 陆地生态系统碳−氮−水循环的关键耦合过程及其生物调控机制探讨. 中国生态农业学报, 21(1): 1-13.
	Yu G R, Gao Y, Wang Q F, et al.2013. Discussion on the key processes of carbon-nitrogen-water coupling cycles and biological regulation mechanisms in terrestrial ecosystem. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 21(1): 1-13.
[16]	于贵瑞, 何念鹏, 王秋凤. 2013. 中国区域生态系统碳收支及碳汇功能: 理论基础与综合评估. 科学出版社: 1-321.
	Yu G R, He N P, Wang Q F.2013b. Carbon budget and carbon sink in China: theoretical basis and comprehensive assessment. Beijing: Science Press: 1-321.
[17]	于贵瑞, 王秋凤, 刘迎春, 等. 2011. 区域尺度陆地生态系统固碳速率和增汇潜力概念框架及其定量认证科学基础. 地理科学进展, 30(7): 771-787.
	Yu G R, Wang Q F, Liu Y C, et al.2011. Conceptual framework of carbon sequestration rate and potential increment of carbon sink of regional terrestrial ecosystem and scientific basis for quantitative carbon authentification. Progress in Geography, 30(7): 771-787.
[18]	于贵瑞, 王秋凤, 朱先进. 2011. 区域尺度陆地生态系统碳收支评估方法及其不确定性. 地理科学进展, 30(1): 103-113.
	Yu G R, Wang Q F, Zhu X J.2011. Methods and uncertainties in evaluating the carbon budgets of regional terrestrial ecosystems. Progress in Geography, 30(1): 103-113.
[19]	于贵瑞, 孙晓敏. 2008. 中国陆地生态系统碳通量观测技术及时空变化特征. 科学出版社: 1-676.
	Flux measurement research of terrestrial ecosystem in China. 2008. Science Press: 1-676.
[20]	于贵瑞, 孙晓敏, 等. 2006. 陆地生态系统通量观测的原理与方法. 高等教育出版社: 1-508.
	Principles of flux measurement in terrestrial ecosystems. 2006. China Higher Education Press: 1-508.
[21]	张黎, 于贵瑞, Luo Yiqi, 等. 2009. 基于模型数据融合的长白山阔叶红松林碳循环模拟. 植物生态学报, 33(6): 1044-1055.
	Zhang L, Yu G R, Luo Y Q, et al.2009. Carbon cycle modeling of a broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain of china using the model-data fusion approach. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 33(6): 1044-1055.
[22]	张弥, 温学发, 于贵瑞, 等. 2010. 二氧化碳储存通量对森林生态系统碳收支的影响. 应用生态学报, 21(5): 1201-1209.
	Zhang M, Wen X F, Yu G R, et al.2010. Effects of CO2 storage flux on carbon budget of forest ecosystem. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 21(5): 1201-1209.
[23]	张弥, 于贵瑞, 张雷明, 等. 2009. 太阳辐射对长白山阔叶红松林净生态系统碳交换的影响. 植物生态学报, 33(2): 270-282.
	Zhang M, Yu G R, Zhang L M, et al.2009. Effects of solar radiation on net ecosystem exchange of broadleaved-korean pine mixed forest in Changbai Mountain, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 33(2): 270-282.
[24]	张一平, 窦军霞, 孙晓敏, 等. 2005. 热带季节雨林林冠碳通量不同校正方法的比较分析, 应用生态学报, 16(12): 2253-2258.
	Zhang Y P, Dou J X, Sun X M, et al.2005. A comparison of various correction methods for calculating carbon flux above tropical seasonal rainforest. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 16(12): 2253-2258.
[25]	郑泽梅, 于贵瑞, 孙晓敏, 等. 2008. 涡度相关法和静态箱/气相色谱法在生态系统呼吸观测中的比较. 应用生态学报, 19(2): 290-298.
	Zheng Z M, Yu G R, Sun X M, et al.2008. Comparison of eddy covariance and static chamber/gas chromatogram methods in measuring ecosystem respiration. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 19(2): 290-298.
[26]	朱治林, 孙晓敏, 于贵瑞. 2011. 典型森林生态系统总辐射和光合有效辐射长期观测中的仪器性能衰变和数据校正. 应用生态学报, 22(11): 2954-2962.
	Zhu Z L, Sun X M, Yu G R, 2011. Radiometers performance attenuation and data correction in long-term observation of total radiation and photosynthetically active radiation in typical forest ecosystems in China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 22(11): 2954-2962.
[27]	Baldocchi D.2008. Breathing of the terrestrial biosphere: lessons learned from a global network of carbon dioxide flux measurement systems. Australian Journal of Botany, 56(1): 1-26.
[28]	Baldocchi D .2014. Measuring fluxes of trace gases and energy between ecosystems and the atmosphere-the state and future of the eddy covariance method. Global Change Biology, doi: 10.1111/gcb.12649.
[29]	Baldocchi D, Falge E, Gu L H, et al.2001. FLUXNET: a new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 82: 2415-2434.
[30]	Barnosky A D, Hadly E A, Bascompte J, et al.2012. Approaching a state shift in Earth's biosphere. Nature, 486: 52-58.
[31]	Brook B W, Ellis E C, Perring M P, et al.2013. Does the terrestrial biosphere have planetary tipping points? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 28, 396-401.
[32]	Cao M K, Yu G R, Liu J Y, et al.2005. Multi-scale observation and cross-scale mechanistic modeling on terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle. Science in China: Earth Sciences, 48(SI): 17-32.
[33]	Carpenter S R, Armbrust E V, Arzberger P W, et al.2009. Accelerate synthesis in ecology and environmental sciences. Bioscience, 59: 699-701.
[34]	Chapin III FS, Matson PA, Vitousek P.2011. Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology (2ed). New York, NY: Springer: 544.
[35]	Chave J.2013. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology: what have we learned in 20 years? Ecology Letters, 16: 4-16.
[36]	Chen Z, Yu G R, Ge J P, et al.2013. Temperature and precipitation control of the spatial variation of terrestrial ecosystem carbon exchange in the Asian region. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 182: 266-276.
[37]	Crutzen P J, Steffen W.2003. How long have we been in the Anthropocene era? Climatic Change, 61(3): 251-257.
[38]	Doherty S, Bojinski S, Henderson-Sellers A, et al.2009. Lessons learned from IPCC AR4: scientific developments needed to understand, predict, and respond to climate change. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 90(4): 497-513.
[39]	Fan Y Z, Zhang X Z, Wang J S, et al.2011. Effect of solar radiation on net ecosystem CO2 exchange of alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 21(4): 666-676.
[40]	Fu Y L, Yu G R, Sun X M, et al.2006. Depression of net ecosystem CO2 exchange in semi-arid leymus chinensis steppe and alpine shrub. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 137: 234-244.
[41]	Fu Y L, Zheng Z M, Yu G R, et al.2009. Environmental influences on carbon dioxide fluxes over three grassland ecosystems in China. Biogeosciences, 6: 2879-2893.
[42]	Galloway J N, Dentener F J, Capone D G, et al.2004. Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future. Biogeochemistry, 70: 153-226.
[43]	Gao Y, Yu G R, He N P, et al.2012. Is there an existing healthy threshold for carbon storage in the ecosystem? Environmental Science and Technology, 46(9): 4687-4688.
[44]	Gao Y, Zhu X J, Yu G Ret al.2014. Water use efficiency threshold for terrestrial ecosystem carbon sequestration in China under afforestation. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 195-196: 32-37.
[45]	Gao Y N, Yu G R, Yan H M, et al.2014. A MODIS-based photosynthetic capacity model to estimate gross primary production in Northern China and the Tibetan Plateau. Remote Sensing of Environment, 148: 108-118.
[46]	Gu F X, Zhang Y D, Tao B, et al.2010. Modeling the effects of nitrogen deposition on carbon budget in two temperate forests. Ecological Complexity, 7: 139-148.
[47]	Guan D X, Wu J B, Zhao X S, et al.2006. CO2 FLUX over an old, temperate mixed forest in Northeastern China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 137: 138-149.
[48]	Han S J, Lin LS, Yu G R, et al.2003. Dynamics of profiles and storage of carbon dioxide in broadleaved/Korean forest in Changbai Mountain. Journal of Forestry Research, 14(4): 275-279.
[49]	Hao Y B, Kang X M, Wu X, et al.2013. Is frequency or amount of precipitation more important in controlling CO2 fluxes in the 30-year-old fenced and the moderately grazed temperate steppe? Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 171(1): 63-71.
[50]	Hao Y B, Niu H S, Wang Y F, et al.2011. Rainfall variability in ecosystem CO2 fluxes studies. Climate research, 46: 77-83.
[51]	Hao Y B, Wang Y F, Mei X R, et al.2010. The response of ecosystem CO2 exchange to small precipitation pulses over a temperate steppe. Plant Ecology, 209(2): 335-347.
[52]	Hao Y B, Wang Y F, Sun X M, et al.2006. Seasonal variation in carbon exchange and its ecological analysis over Leymus chinensis steppe in Inner Mongolia. Science in China: Earth Sciences, 49(SII): 186-195.
[53]	He H L, Liu M, Sun X M, et al.2010. Uncertainty analysis of eddy flux measurements in typical ecosystems of ChinaFLUX. Ecological Informatics, 5(6): 492-502.
[54]	He H L, Yu G R, Zhang L M, et al.2006. Simulating CO2 FLUX of three different ecosystems in ChinaFLUX based on artificial neural networks. Science in China: Earth Sciences, 49(SII): 252-261.
[55]	Hu Z M, Li S G, Yu G R, 2013. Modeling evapotranspiration by combing a two-source model, a leaf stomatal model, and a light-use efficiency model. Journal of Hydrology, 501: 186-192.
[56]	Hu Z M, Yu G R, Fu Y L, et al.2008. Effects of vegetation control on ecosystem water use efficiency within and among four grassland ecosystems in China. Global Change Biology, 14(7): 1609-1619.
[57]	Huang M, Ji J J, Deng F, et al.2014. Impacts of extreme precipitation on tree plantation carbon cycle. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 115(3-4): 655-665.
[58]	IPCC.2007. Climate change 2007: synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change//Core Writing Team, R. K. Pachauri and A. Reisinger. 2007. Intergovernmental panel on climate change. Geneva, Switzerland, 104.
[59]	Ji J J, Huang M, Li KR.2008. Prediction of carbon exchanges between China terrestrial ecosystem and atmosphere in 21st century. Science in China: Earth Sciences, 51(6): 885-898.
[60]	Jia Y L, Yu G R, He N P, et al.2014. Spatial and decadal variations in inorganic nitrogen wet deposition in China induced by human activity. Scientific Reports, doi: 10.1038/ srep03763.
[61]	Ju W M, Wang S Q, Yu G R, et al.2010. Modeling the impact of drought on canopy carbon and water fluxes for a subtropical evergreen coniferous plantation in southern China through parameter optimization using an ensemble Kalman filter. Biogeosciences, 7(3): 845-857.
[62]	Le Quéré C, Andres R J, Boden T, et al.2013. The global carbon budget 1959-2011. Earth System Science Data, 5: 165-185.
[63]	Leuning R, Yu G R.2006. Carbon exchange research in ChinaFLUX. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 137: 123-124.
[64]	Li J, Yu Q, Sun X M, et al.2006. Carbon dioxide exchange and the mechanism of environmental control in a farmland ecosystem in North China Plain, Science in China: Earth Sciences, 49(SII): 226-240.
[65]	Li Y N, Sun X M, Zhao X Q, et al.2006. Seasonal variations and mechanism for environmental control of NEE of CO2 concerning the potentilla fruticosa in alpine shrub meadow of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Science in China: Earth Sciences, 49(SII): 174-185.
[66]	Li Z Q, Yu G R, Wen X F, et al.2005. Energy balance closure at ChinaFLUX sites. Science in China: Earth Sciences, 48(SI): 51-62.
[67]	Li Z Q, Yu G R, Xiao X M, et al.2007. Modeling gross primary production of alpine ecosystems in the Tibetan Plateau using MODIS images and climate data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 107(3): 510-519.
[68]	Liu M, He H L, Yu G R, et al.2009. Uncertainty analysis of CO2 flux components in subtropical evergreen coniferous plantation. Science in China: Earth Sciences, 52: 257-268.
[69]	Liu M, He H L, Yu G R, et al.2012. Uncertainty analysis in data processing on the estimation of net carbon exchanges at different forest ecosystems in China. Journal of Forest Research, 17(3): 312-322.
[70]	Liu Y C, Yu G R, Wang Q F, et al.2014. How temperature, precipitation and stand age control the biomass carbon density of global mature forests? Global Ecology and Biogeography, 23: 323-333.
[71]	Liu Y F, Yu G R, Wen X F, et al.2006. Seasonal dynamics of CO2 fluxes from subtropical plantation coniferous ecosystem. Science in China: Earth Sciences, 49(SII): 99-109.
[72]	Mi N, Yu G R, Wang P X, et al.2006. A preliminary study for spatial representiveness of flux observation at ChinaFLUX sites. Science in China: Earth Sciences, 49(SII): 24-35.
[73]	Mi N, Yu G R, Wen X F, et al.2009. Use of ecosystem flux data and a simulation model to examine seasonal drought effects on a subtropical coniferous forest. Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 45(2): 207-220.
[74]	Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.2005. Ecosystems and human well-being: synthesis. Washington, DC: Island Press.
[75]	Odum E P, Barrett C W.2005. Fundamentals of ecology (5ed). Florence, Italy: Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing.
[76]	Raupach M R, Canadell J G.2010. Carbon and the anthropocene. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2: 210-218.
[77]	Ren C Y, Yu G R, Wang Q F, et al.2005. Photosynthesis- transpiration coupling model at canopy scale in terrestrial ecosystem. Science in China: Earth Sciences, 48(SI): 160-171.
[78]	Saigusa N, Li S G, Kwon H, et al.2013. Dataset of CarboEastAsia and uncertainties in the CO2 budget evaluation caused by different data processing. Journal of Forest Research, 18(1): 41-48.
[79]	Sheng W P, Ren S J, Yu G R, et al.2011. Patterns and driving factors of WUE and NUE in natural forest ecosystems along the North-South transect of Eastern China. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 21(4): 651-665.
[80]	Sheng W P, Yu G R, Fang H J, et al.2014. Regional pattern of 15N natural abundance in the forest ecosystems along a large transect in eastern China. Scientific Reports, doi: 10.1038/srep04249.
[81]	Sheng We P, Yu G R, Jiang C M, et al.2012. Monitoring nitrogen deposition in typical forest ecosystems along a large transect in China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. doi:10.1007/s10661-012-2594-0.
[82]	Shi P L, Sun X M, Xu L L, et al.2006. Net ecosystem CO2 exchange and controlling factors in a steppe-Kobresia meadow on the Tibetan Plateau, Science in China: Earth Sciences, 49(SII): 207-218.
[83]	Song Q H, Tan Z H, Zhang Y P, et al.2013. Spatial heterogeneity of soil respiration in a seasonal rainforest with complex terrain. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, 6: 65-72.
[84]	Song X, Yu G R, Liu Y F, et al.2005. Comparison of flux measurement by open-path and close-path eddy covariance systems. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 48(SI): 74-84.
[85]	Steffen W, Persson A, Deutsch L, et al.2011. The anthropocene: from global change to planetary stewardship. Ambio, 40: 739-761.
[86]	Stoy P, Mauder M, Foken T, et al.2013. A data-driven analysis of energy balance closure across FLUXNET research sites: the role of landscape scale heterogeneity. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 171: 137-152.
[87]	Sun X M, Zhu Z L, Wen X F, et al.2006. The impact of averaging period on eddy fluxes observed at ChinaFLUX sites. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 137: 188-193.
[88]	Tan Z H, Zhang Y P, Liang N S, et al.2012. An observational study of the carbon-sink strength of East Asian subtropical evergreen forests. Environmental research letters, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044017.
[89]	Tan Z H, Zhang Y P, Liang N S, et al.2013. Soil respiration in an old-growth subtropical forest: patterns, components, and controls. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 118(7): 2981-2990.
[90]	Tan Z H, Zhang Y P, Song Q H, et al.2011. Rubber plantations act as water pumps in tropical China. Geophysical Research Letters, doi: 10.1029/2011GL050006.
[91]	Tan Z H, Zhang Y P, Yu G R, et al.2010. Carbon balance of a primary tropical seasonal rain forest. Journal of Geophysical Research, doi:10.1029/2009JD 012913.
[92]	Vitousek P M, Mooney H A, Lubchenco J, et al.1997. Human domination of Earth's ecosystems. Science, 277: 494-499.
[93]	Wang C L, Yu G R, Zhou G Y, et al.2006. CO2 flux evaluation over the evergreen coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Dinghushan, China. Science in China: Earth Sciences, 49(SII): 127-138.
[94]	Wang Q F, Niu D, Yu G R, et al.2005. Simulating the exchanges of carbon dioxide, water vapor and heat over Changbai Mountains temperate broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest ecosystem. Science in China: Earth Sciences, 48(SI): 148-159.
[95]	Wang S Q, Chen J M, Ju W M, et al.2007. Carbon sinks and sources in China's forests during 1901-2001. Journal of Environmental Management, 85(3): 524-537.
[96]	Wang Y F, Cui X Y, Hao Y B, et al.2011. The fluxes of CO2 from grazed and fenced temperate steppe during two drought years. Science of the total environment. 410-411: 182-190.
[97]	Wang Y D, Li Q K, Wang H M, et al.2011. Precipitation frequency controls interannual variation of soil respiration by affecting soil moisture in a subtropical forest plantation. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 41(9): 1897-1906.
[98]	Wen X F, Lee X H, Sun X M, et al.2012. Dew water isotopic ratios and their relationships to ecosystem water pools and fluxes in a cropland and a grassland in China. Oecologia, 168: 549-561.
[99]	Wen X F, Sun X M, Zhang S C, et al.2008. Continuous measurement of water vapor D/H and 18O/16O isotope ratios in the atmosphere. Journal of Hydrology, 349: 489-500.
[100]	Wen X F, Yu G R, Sun X M, et al.2005. Turbulence flux measurement above the overstory of a subtropical Pinus plantation over the hilly region in southeastern China. Science in China: Earth Sciences, 48(SI): 63-73.
[101]	Wen X F, Yu G R, Sun X M, et al.2006. Soil moisture effects on the temperature dependence of ecosystem respiration in a subtropical Pinus plantation of southeastern China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 137: 166-175.
[102]	Wen X F, Zhang S C, Sun X M, et al.2010. Water vapor and precipitation isotope ratios under the influence of the Asian monsoon climate. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, doi:10.1029/2009JD012408.
[103]	Wu J B, Guan D X, Sun X M, et al.2005. Eddy flux corrections for CO2 exchange in broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest of Changbai Mountains. Science in China: Earth Sciences, 48(S1): 106-115.
[104]	Wu W X, Wang S Q, Xiao X M, et al.2008. Modeling gross primary production of a temperate grassland ecosystem in Inner Mongolia, China, using MODIS imagery and climate data. Science in China: Earth Sciences, 51(10): 1501-1512.
[105]	Yan J H, Liu X Z, Tang X L, et al.2012. Substantial amounts of carbon are sequestered during dry periods in an old-growth subtropical forest in South China. Journal of Forest Research, doi: 10.1007/s10310-012-0363-0.
[106]	Yan J H, Zhang Y P, Yu G R, et al.2013. Seasonal and inter-annual variations in net ecosystem exchange of two old-growth forests in southern China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 182(SI): 257-265.
[107]	Yan L M, Chen S P, Huang J H, et al.2011a. Increasing water and nitrogen availability enhanced net ecosystem CO2 assimilation of a temperate semiarid steppe. Plant and Soil, 349: 227-240.
[108]	Yan L M, Chen S P, Huang J H, et al.2011b. Water regulated effects of photosynthetic substrate supply on soil respiration in a semiarid steppe. Global Change Biology, 17: 1990-2001.
[109]	Yao Y G, Zhang Y P, Liang N S, et al.2012. Pooling of CO2 within a small valley in a tropical seasonal rain forest. Journal of Forest Research, 17: 241-252.
[110]	Yu G R, Chen Z, Piao S L, et al.2014. High carbon dioxide uptake by subtropical forest ecosystems in the East Asian monsoon region. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111: 4910-4915.
[111]	Yu G R, Song X, Wang Q F, et al.2008. Water-use efficiency of forest ecosystems in eastern China and its relations to climatic variables. New Phytologist, 177(4): 927-937.
[112]	Yu G R, Wen X F, Li Q K, et al.2005. Seasonal patterns and environmental control of ecosystem respiration in subtropical and temperate forest in China. Science in China: Earth Sciences, 48(SI): 93-105.
[113]	Yu G R, Wen X F, Sun X M, et al.2006. Overview of ChinaFLUX and evaluation of its eddy covariance measurement. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 137: 125-137.
[114]	Yu G R, Zhang L M, Sun X M, et al.2008. Environmental controls over carbon exchange of three forest ecosystems in Eastern China. Global Change Biology, 14(11): 2555-2571.
[115]	Yu G R, Zheng Z M, Wang Q F, et al.2010. Spatiotemporal pattern of soil respiration of terrestrial ecosystems in China: the development of a geostatistical model and its simulation. Environmental Science and Technology, 44: 6074-6080.
[116]	Yu G R, Zhu X J, Fu Y L, et al.2013. Spatial patterns and climate drivers of carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems of China. Global Change Biology, 19(3): 798-810.
[117]	Yuan W P, Liu S G, Yu G R.2010. Global estimates of evapotranspiration and gross primary production based on MODIS and global meteorology data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 114: 1416-1431.
[118]	Zalasiewicz J, Williams M, Steffen W, et al.2010. The new world of the anthropocene. Environmental Science & Technology, 44: 2228-2231.
[119]	Zhan X Y, Yu G R, He N P, et al.2014. Nitrogen deposition and its spatial pattern in main forest ecosystems along north-south transect of Eastern China. Chinese Geographical Science, 24(2): 137-146.
[120]	Zhang J H, Han S J, Sun X M, et al.2005. UU* filtering of nighttime net ecosystem CO2 exchange flux over forest canopy under strong wind in wintertime. Science in China: Earth Sciences, 48(S1): 85-92.
[121]	Zhang J H, Han S J, Yu G R.2006. Seasonal variation in carbon dioxide exchange over a 200-year-old Chinese broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology, 137: 150-165.
[122]	Zhang L M, Yu G R, Sun X M, et al.2006a. Seasonal variation of carbon exchange of typical forest ecosystems along the eastern forest transect in China. Science in China: Earth Sciences, 49(SII): 47-62.
[123]	Zhang L M, Yu G R, Sun X M, et al.2006b. Seasonal variations of ecosystem apparent quantum yield (α) and maximum photosynthesis rate (Pmax) of different forest ecosystems in China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 137: 176-187.
[124]	Zhang L, Luo Y Q, Yu G Q, et al.2010. Estimated carbon residence times in three forest ecosystems of Eastern China: applications of probabilistic inversion. Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences, doi:10.1029/2009JG 001004.
[125]	Zhang M, Yu G R, Zhang L M, et al.2010. Impact of cloudiness on net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide in different types of forest ecosystems in China. Biogeosciences, 7: 711-722.
[126]	Zhang M, Yu G R, Zhuang J, et al.2011. Effects of cloudiness change on net ecosystem exchange, light use efficiency, and water use efficiency in typical ecosystems of China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 151(7): 803-816.
[127]	Zhang W J, Wang H M, Yang F T, et al.2011. Underestimated effects of low temperature during early growing season on carbon sequestration of a subtropical coniferous plantation. Biogeosciences, 8, 1667-1678.
[128]	Zhang Y P, Tan Z H, Song Q H, et al.2010. Respiration controls the unexpected seasonal pattern of carbon flux in an Asian tropical rain forest. Atmospheric Environment, 44: 3886-3893.
[129]	Zhao F H, Yu G R, Li S G, et al.2007. Canopy water use efficiency of winter wheat in the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management, 93(3): 99-108.
[130]	Zhao L, Li Y N, Xu S X, et al.2006. Diurnal, seasonal and annual variation in net ecosystem CO2 exchange of an alpine shrubland on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Global Change Biology, 12(10): 1940-1953.
[131]	Zheng Z M, Yu G R, Fu Y L, et al.2009. Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration is affected by prevailing climatic conditions and soil organic carbon content: a trans-China based case study. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 41: 1531-1540.
[132]	Zheng Z M, Yu G R, Sun X M, et al.2010. Spatio-temporal variability of soil respiration of forest ecosystems in China: influencing factors and evaluation model. Environment Management, 46(4): 633-642.
[133]	Zhu X J, Yu G R, He H L, et al.2014. Geographical statistical assessments of carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems of China: results from upscaling network observations. Global and Planetary Change, 118: 52-61.
[134]	Zhu X J, Yu G R, Wang Q F, et al.2014. Seasonal dynamics of water use efficiency of typical forest and grassland ecosystems in China. Journal of Forest Research, 19(1): 70-76.
[135]	Zhu Z L, Sun X M, Wen X F, et al.2006. Study on the processing method of nighttime CO2 eddy covariance flux data in ChinaFLUX. Science in China: Earth Sciences, 49(S2): 36-46.
[136]	Zhu Z L, Sun X M, Zhou Y L, et al.2005. Correcting method of eddy covariance fluxes over non-flat surfaces and its application in ChinaFLUX. Science in China: Earth Sciences, 48(S1): 42-50.

Progresses and prospects of Chinese terrestrial ecosystem flux observation and research network (ChinaFLUX)

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Like

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 8

References 136

Related Articles 1

Metrics

Comments

Recommended 0