坡面含沙水流水动力学特性研究进展

doi:10.11820/dlkxjz.2009.04.012

Abstract

Abstract:

Overland flow is the main cause for slope erosion, which has unique hydrodynamic characteristics. This paper made a systematic and thorough discussion on the flow pattern, frictional resistance, mean flow velocity measurement and runoff energy of sediment-laden overland flow, sediment concentration as well as the impacts of the above. Reynolds number (Re) and Froude number (Fr) are used to express flow pattern. The branch point of Re exists in the definition of “laminar flow”, and raindrop splash is the main reason for its specificity. Fr of overland flow free of sediment on bare soil is generally considered to be >1. Different flow pattern results are also obtained in the meager literature of sediment-laden flow. However, most scholars believed that sediment-laden flow belonged to tranquil flow. There are different values of Darcy-Weisbach Friction Coefficient (f) in different experiments on hillslopes, and the factors that affect f are Re, water depth, Fr and sediment concentration. On the study of sediment-laden flow, f is closely related to Re, but the tendencies are quite different. In addition, f is inversely proportional to Fr, and on the contrary, it is directly proportional to sediment concentration. Many measurements of surface flow velocity have their respective advantages and disadvantages. Exact instrument is characterized by high price, required routine maintenance and harsh work conditions, which is usually used to measure overland flow free of sediment. So, exact instrument is not suitable for sediment-laden flow temporarily. The accuracy of flow measurement with tracers is not high, but the process of tracers diffusing would be slower through the effect of sediment concentration. As a result, using tracers to measure the velocity of sediment-laden flow is still applicable. Formulas for velocity of overland flow are usually simulated by a power function of discharge and slope gradient, and there are a negative relationship existing between flow velocity and sediment concentration. Runoff energy is synthesis of hydrodynamic characteristics of sediment-laden flow on hillslopes. Most scholars use different formulas of water potential energy to express runoff energy. Generally speaking, the runoff energy consumption of shallow flow on slope increases as sediment concentration increasing. On the basis of reviewing recent research at home and abroad, deficiencies from experimental device and skill and experimental content are also discussed. The main problems of experimental device and skill include low-precision of velocimeter and poor comparability of data. Besides, results of every hydrodynamic parameter acquired by experiment are almost about its average values of the whole hillslopes, and most experiment has been done under the condition of overland flow free of sediment on gentle slope. Finally, the corresponding suggestions are put forward to provide a theoretical basis for slope erosion mechanism and slope erosion model perfection.

Key words: flow pattern, flow velocity, frictional resistance, overland flow, runoff energy, sediment concentration

LUO Rongting1|ZHANG Guanghui1,2|CAO Ying1. Progress in the Research of Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Sediment-laden Overland Flow[J].PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2009, 28(4): 567-574.

References

[1]   张光辉．坡面薄层流水动力学特性的实验研究．水科学进展，2002，13(2)：159-165．

[2]    郭雨华, 赵廷宁, 孙保平, 等．草地坡面水动力学特性及其阻延地表径流机制研究．水土保持研究, 2006，13(4)：264-267．

[3]   Horton R E, Leach H R, Van Vliet R．Laminar sheet flow． Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 1934, 15(2)：393-404．

[4]   陈椿庭．关于明渠水流的六区流态．人民长江，1995，26(3)：43-46．

[5]   Horton R E． Erosional development of streams and their drainage basins：Hydrophysical approach to quantitative morphology． Geological Society of American Bulletin，1945，56：275-370．

[6]   Woolhiser D A，Hanson C L，Kuhlman A R． Overland flow on rangeland watersheds．Journal of Hydrology(N．Z．)，1970，9(2)：336-356．

[7]   Emmett W W．Overland flow． In: Kirkby M J(ed．)．Hillslope Hydrology． New York: John-Wiely and Sons，1978: 145-176．

[8]   江忠善, 宋文经．坡面流速的试验研究．中国科学院西北水土保持所集刊，1988, (7)：46-52．

[9] Selby M J． Hillslope Materials&Processes．Oxford：Oxford University Press，1993．

[10] 吴长文, 王礼先．林地坡面的水动力特性及其阻延地表径流的研究．水土保持学报，1995，9(2)：32-38．

[11] 姚文艺．坡面流阻力规律试验研究．泥沙研究，1996(1)：74-82．

[12] 吴普特．动力水蚀实验研究．西安：陕西科学技术出版社，1997．

[13] Savat J． Resistance to flow in rough supercritical sheet flow． Earth Surface Processes and Landforms，1980，5(2)：103-122．

[14] Nearing M． A probabilistic model of soil detachment by shallow flow． Transaction of American Society of Agricultural Engineering，1991，34：81-85．

[15] 庞重光,杨作升,张军．黄河汛期泥沙分布特征及其对水流结构的影响．泥沙研究，2001(4)：47-52．

[16] 沙玉清．泥沙运动力学引论．北京：中国工业出版社，1965．

[17] 沙际德,白清俊．粘性土坡面细沟流的水力特性试验研究．泥沙研究，2001(6)：39-44．

[18] 潘成忠．坡面流水力学特性及其对草地拦沙的响应机制：
[博士研究生学位论文]．陕西杨凌：中国科学院教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心，2007．

[19] Abrahams A D，Li G． Effect of saltating sediment on flow resistance and bed roughness in overland flow． Earth Surface Processes and Landforms，1998，23(10)：953-960．

[20] Abrahams A，Li G，Krishnan Ch，Atkinson J． A sediment transport equation for interrill overland flow on rough surfaces．Earth Surface Processes and Landforms，2001，26(13)：1443-1459．

[21] 张科利．黄土坡面发育的细沟水动力学特征的研究．泥沙研究，1999, (1)：56-61．

[22] 郑良勇,李占斌,李鹏．黄土区陡坡径流水动力学特性试验研究．水利学报, 2004, (5)：46-51．

[23] 胡世雄,靳长兴．坡面动力侵蚀过程的实验研究进展．地理科学进展，1999，18(2)：103-110．

[24] 敬向锋,吕宏兴,张宽地, 等．不同糙率坡面水力学特征的试验研究．水土保持通报，2007(2)：33-38．

[25] Sidorchuk A， Schmidt J，Cooper G． Variability of shallow overland flow velocity and soil aggregate transport observed with digital videography． Hydrological Processes，2008， 22(20)：4035-4048．

[26] Shixiong Hu， Abrahams A D． Partitioning resistance to overland flow on rough mobile beds． Earth Surface Processes and Landforms，2006，31(10)：1280-1291．

[27] 潘成忠,上官周平．不同坡度草地含沙水流水力学特性及其拦沙机理．水科学进展，2007，18(4)：490-495．

[28] Smith M W，Cox N J，Bracken L J． Applying flow resistance equations to overland flows． Progress in Physical Geography，2007，31(4)：363-387．

[29] Foster G R，Huggins L F，Meyer L D． A laboratory study of rill hydraulics I：Velocity relationship． Transaction Of the ASAE，1984，27(3)：790-796．

[30] Gilley J E， Kottwitz E R，Simanton J R． Hydraulic characteristics of rills． Transactions of ASAE，1990，33(6)：1900-1906．

[31] Abrahams A D，Parsons A J． Hydraulics of interrill overland flow on stone-covered desert surfaces． Catena，1994，23：111-140．

[32] Abrahams A D，Li Gang，Parson A J． Rill hydraulics on a semiarid hillslope in southern Arizona． Earth Surface Processes and Landforms，1996，21：35-47．

[33] 丁文峰, 李占斌, 丁登山．坡面细沟侵蚀过程的水动力学特征试验研究．水土保持学报，2002，16(3)：72-75．

[34] Woolhiser D A，Liggett J A． Unsteady one-dimensional flow over a plane：The rising hydrograph． Water Resource Research，1967，3(3)：753-771．

[35] Dunne T，Dietrich W E． Experimental study of Horton overland flow on tropical hillslopes，2． Hydraulic characteristics and hillslopes．Z．Geomrphol． Suppl．，1980，35：60-80．

[36] Roels J M． Flow resistance in concentrated overland flow on rough slop surface． Earth Surface Process and Landforms，1984，9：541-551．

[37] Abrahams A D，Parsons A J，Hirsch P J． Field and laboratory studies of resistance to interrill overland flow on semi-arid hillslopes，southern Arizona． In：Parsons AJ，Abrahams AD (eds)．Overland Flow：Hydraulics and Erosion Mechanics．London：UCL Press，1992,1-23．

[38] Hirsch P J． Hydraulic Resistance to Overland Flow on Semiarid Hillslopes：A Physical Simulation． PhD dissertation，State University of New York at Buffalo，1996．

[39] Nearing M A，Norton L D，Bulgakov A，et al． Hydraulics and erosion in eroding rills． Water Resource Research，1997，33(4)：865-876．

[40] 张科利．黄土坡面细沟侵蚀中的水流阻力规律研究．人民黄河，1998，20(8)：13-15．

[41] Lawrence D S L． Macroscale surface roughness and frictional resistance in overland flow． Earth Surface Processes and Landforms，1997，22(4)：365-382．

[42] Lawrence D S L． Hydraulic resistance in overland flow during partial and marginal surface inundation：Experimental observations and modeling． Water Resources Research， 2000， 36(8)：2381-2393．

[43] Hsieh T． Resistance of cylindrical piers in open-channel flow． Proceeding of ASCE， Journal of Hydraulics Division，1964，90：161-173．

[44] Flammer G H，Tullis J P，Mason E S． Free surface，velocity gradient flow past hemisphere．Proceedings of ASCE，Journal of Hydraulics Division，1970，96：1485-1502．

[45] 夏卫生, 雷廷武, 赵军．坡面侵蚀动力学及其相关参数的探讨．中国水土保持科学，2003，1(4)：16-19．

[46] 郑良勇,李占斌,李鹏．坡面径流的水动力学特性研究进展．水土保持报，2002，16(1)：76-80．

[47] Abrahams A D，Parsons A J，Luk S H．Field measurement of the velocity of overland flow using dye tracing．Earth Surface Processes and Landforms，1986，11：653-657．

[48] Luk S H，Merz W． Use of the salt tracing technique to determine the velocity of overland flow． Soil Technology，1992，5：289-301．

[49] Foster G R，Huggins L F，Meyer L D． A laboratory study of rill hydraulics Ⅱ：Shear stress relationships． Transaction Of the ASAE，1984，27(3)：797-804．

[50] Rice，et al． Image processing system for measuring surface velocities．Applied Engineering in Agriculture，1988，4：332-337．

[51] Jau-You Lu，et al． Characteristics of shallow rain-impacted flow over smooth bed． Journal of Hydraulic Engineering，1998，9：1242-1252．

[52] 李雯．坡面径流侵蚀过程试验研究：
[硕士研究生学位论文]．陕西西安：西安理工大学，2006．

[53] 夏卫生，雷廷武，赵军，等．示踪法测定水流流速的研究．水土保持学报，2002，16(1)：84-86．

[54] 胡世雄，靳长兴．坡面流与坡面侵蚀动力过程研究的最新进展．地理研究，1998，17(3)：326-335．

[55] Emmett W W． The hydraulics of overland flow on hillslopes． U S Geological Professional Paper,1970，662-A，A-1-A-68．

[56] Phelps H O． Shallow laminar flows over rough granular surfaces．Journal of the Hydraulics Division，Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers，1975，101，367-384．

[57] King K W． Norton L．Methods of rill flow velocity dynamics．In：American Society of Agricultural Engineering Meeting Presentation Paper，1992,92-2542．

[58] Gang Li，Abrahams A D． Correction factors in the determination of mean velocity of overland flow． Earth Surface Process and Landforms，1996，21：509-515．

[59] Li G，Abrahams A D． Effect of saltating sediment load on the determination of the mean velocity of overland flow． Water Resources Research，1997，33：341-347．

[60] 夏卫生，雷廷武，赵军．泥沙含量对盐液示踪法经验系数影响的研究．农业工程学报，2003，19(4)：97-100．

[61] 张科利，唐克丽．黄土坡面细沟侵蚀能力的水动力学试验研究．土壤学报，2000，37(1)：9-15．

[62] Govers G． Relationships between discharge，velocity，and flow area for rills eroding loose， non-layered materials．Earth Surface Processes Landforms，1992，17(5)：515-528．

[63] Nearing M A，Simanton J R，Norton L D，et al． Soil erosion by surface water flow on a stony， semiarid hillslope． Earth Surface Processes and Landforms，1999，24(8)： 677-686．

[64] Guy B T，Dickinson W T，Rudra R P．The roles of rainfall and runoff in the sediment transport capacity of interrill flow． Transactions of the ASAE，1987，30(5)：1378-1387．

[65] 姚文艺．坡面流流速计算的研究．中国水土保持，1993，3：21-25．

[66] Gilbert G K． The transportation of debris by running water． Geological Survey Professional Paper，1914，86：229-230．

[67] Francis J R D． Experiments on the motion of solitary grains along the bed of a water-stream． Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A．，1973，332：443-471．

[68] Luque R F，van Beek R． Erosion and transport of bed-load sediment． Journal of Hydraulic Research，1976，14(2)：127-144．

[69] Aziz N W，Scott D E． Experiments on sediment transport in shallow flows in high gradient channel． Hydrological Sciences Journal，1989，34：465-478．

[70] Abrahams A D，Atkinson J F． Relation between grain velocity and sediment concentration in overland flow． Water Resources Research，1993，29：3021-3028．

[71] Bagnold R A． An approach to the sediment transport problem for general physics． In：Geological Survey Professional Paper(U.S.), 1966．442-Ⅰ．

[72] 周佩华, 豆葆璋, 孙清芳, 等．降雨能量的试验研究初报．水土保持通报, 1981, 1: 50-61．

[73] Lal R．土壤侵蚀研究方法．黄河水利委员会宣传出版中心译．北京：科学出版社，1991. 125-152．

[74] 赵鸿雁, 吴钦孝, 刘向东, 等．水土流失系统物质与能量交换途径的研讨．水土保持学报，1993, 7(1)：61-68．

[75] 吴发启, 赵晓光, 刘秉正．黄土高原南部坡耕地土壤侵蚀预报．土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报, 1998,4(2): 72-76．

[76] 雷阿林, 唐克丽．黄土坡面细沟侵蚀的动力条件. 土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报, 1998, 4(3): 39-43, 72．

[77] 李勉, 姚文艺, 陈江南, 等．草被覆盖下坡沟系统坡面流能量变化特征试验研究．水土保持学报, 2005, 19(5)：13-17．

[78] 李占斌, 鲁克新, 丁文峰. 黄土坡面土壤侵蚀动力过程试验研究．水土保持学报, 2002, 16(2): 5-7, 49．

Progress in the Research of Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Sediment-laden Overland Flow

PDF (PC)

Like

Knowledge

Cited

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

References

Related Articles 4

Metrics

Comments

Recommended 0

[1]	Hewei SHENG, Liying SUN, Qiangguo CAI. Steady sediment concentration of sheet erosion on loess slope and influencing factors [J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2016, 35(8): 1008-1016.
[2]	MIN Leilei,YU Jingjie. Progress in the Research of Soil Water Repellency and Its Influences on Overland Flow Generation [J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2010, 29(7): 855-860.
[3]	QIN Yi1, LING Yan1, ZHANG Jing2, QIAN Yunping3, XU Jianhua3. A Nonequilibrioum Transformation Forecasting Model of Sediment Concentration with Discharge Distribution along Channel [J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2009, 28(4): 553-557.
[4]	HU Shi xiong, JIN Chang xing . The recent development of experiment on hillslope erosion processes [J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 1999, 18(2): 103-110.