民族旅游村寨居民文化补偿认知的空间分异及机理——以贵州西江千户苗寨为例

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2015.09.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

民族文化补偿是以保护民族文化、促进民族文化有效传承与创新为目的,运用政府和市场两种手段调节民族文化相关者之间利益关系的制度安排,而居民认知则是民族文化补偿机制构建的重要依据和实施的关键因素。以贵州西江千户苗寨为例,依据与村寨民族文化的关系将受访居民分为局内人与局外人,通过问卷调查与深度访谈获取局内人与局外人的民族文化补偿认知信息,进而探究居民民族文化补偿认知在不同区域间的分异特征及其影响机理。结果表明：在民族旅游村寨中,居民文化补偿认知的空间分异是客观存在的,但并非完全遵从“核心—边缘”规律;村寨居民文化补偿认知的空间分异是文化距离、利益关系、旅游干扰强度和传统价值观等因素综合作用的结果。研究结论对民族旅游村寨的民族文化传承与旅游业可持续发展具有参考意义。

关键词: 民族旅游村寨, 民族文化补偿, 居民认知, 空间分异, 局内人—局外人, 西江千户苗寨, 贵州

Abstract:

Ethnic cultural compensation is an institutional arrangement that takes the protection, inheritance, and innovation of ethnic culture as the purpose, which adjusts the interest relationship between stakeholders of ethnic culture in ethnic tourism villages by means of government regulation and the market. Residents' cognition towards ethnic cultural compensation is an important basis for the construction and key for the implementation of ethnic cultural compensation. Taking Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village as a case, this study divides the residents into insiders and outsiders, and investigates their cognition towards ethnic cultural compensation through a questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews. This research focuses on the spatial characteristics and influence mechanism of the residents' cognition towards ethnic cultural compensation. The results are as follows: Spatial differentiation of residents' cognition towards ethnic cultural compensation does exist in the ethnic tourism village. The spatial characteristics of residents' cognition towards ethnic cultural compensation are not fully consistent with the core-periphery relationship. The spatial characteristic of insiders' cognition towards the cultural value is consistent with the core-periphery relationship, but the spatial difference of willingness to accept for the compensation is not statistically significant. The spatial characteristic of insiders' cognition towards compensation standard shows an inverted "U" shape. The spatial difference of residents' cognition towards ethnic cultural compensation is influenced by the "cultural distance", interest relationship, tourism interference intensity, and traditional values. "Cultural distance" is the essential reason of residents' cultural value cognition. Residents' willingness to accept for the compensation is affected by interest relationship and tourism disturbance. Compensation recipients and forms are influenced by traditional values. In order to prompt the inheritance of ethnic culture and the sustainable development of tourism, the ethnic tourism village should actively implement cultural compensation, clearly distinguish the providers and recipients of the compensation, decide the compensation standards based on residents' willingness to accept and village development, and apply different compensation standards to the residents.

Key words: ethnic tourism village, ethnic cultural compensation, residents' cognition, spatial differentiation, insider & outsider, Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village, Guizhou

杨军辉, 李同昇, 徐冬平. 民族旅游村寨居民文化补偿认知的空间分异及机理——以贵州西江千户苗寨为例[J]. 地理科学进展, 2015, 34(9): 1167-1178.

Junhui YANG, Tongsheng LI, Dongping XU. Spatial differentiation and mechanism of residents' cognition towards cultural compensation in ethnic tourism village: the Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village case[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2015, 34(9): 1167-1178.

图/表 9

表1

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表2

表3

表4

表5

表6

图2

表7

居民文化补偿认知空间分异影响机理关系"

认知选项		局内人				局外人
认知选项		核心区		过渡区	边缘区	外围区
文化价值认知	影响因素	适中文化距离;强经济利益关系	近文化距离;弱经济利益关系	近文化距离;无经济利益关系		远文化距离;无经济利益关系
文化价值认知	认知结论	高文化价值认知	中文化价值认知	低文化价值认知		低文化价值认知
补偿态度认知	影响因素	强经济利益关系;强文化利益关系;高度旅游干扰	弱经济利益关系;强文化利益关系;中度旅游干扰	无经济利益关系;强文化利益关系;低度旅游干扰		无经济、文化利益关系;无旅游干扰
补偿态度认知	认知结论	高旅游开发支持;中补偿意愿	中旅游开发支持;强补偿意愿	低旅游开发支持;强补偿意愿		中旅游开发支持;低补偿意愿
补偿主客体认知	影响因素	强利益关系;传统价值观	强利益关系;传统价值观	强利益关系;传统价值观		无经济、文化利益关系;传统价值观
补偿主客体认知	认知结论	补偿客体为集体与个体	补偿客体为集体与个体	补偿客体为集体与个体		补偿客体为文化贡献者与集体
补偿标准认知	影响因素	强经济利益关系;强文化利益关系;高度旅游干扰	弱经济利益关系;强文化利益关系;中度旅游干扰	无经济利益关系;强文化利益关系;低度旅游干扰		无经济、文化利益关系;无旅游干扰
补偿标准认知	认知结论	低补偿标准	高补偿标准	中补偿标准		中补偿标准
补偿方式认知	影响因素	传统价值观	传统价值观	传统价值观		传统价值观;无经济、文化利益关系
补偿方式认知	认知结论	补偿重有形(现金)轻无形(政策);居民间同一标准	补偿重有形(现金)轻无形(政策);居民间同一标准	补偿重有形(现金)轻无形(政策);居民间差异标准		补偿重无形(政策)轻有形(现金);居民间同一标准

表7

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区域	区域特征	涉及地域	居民归属
核心区	典型黑苗文化^*,为旅游吸引物主要集中区与旅游者主要活动区,旅游高峰期旅游者人数超过当地居民人数	景区古街和游方街等主干道两边、铜鼓表演场(中心广场)和芦笙场周边区域	局内人
过渡区	典型黑苗文化^*,居民主要聚居区,承载旅游景观功能与部分游览功能,具有旅游者与居民双重活动空间特征	南贵、平寨的大部分区域,东引下寨、羊排下寨	局内人
边缘区	典型黑苗文化^*,农业景观为主,旅游者较少涉及,旅游区特征趋于模糊,设施服务对象以当地居民为主	东引上寨、羊排上寨,南贵、平寨的小部分区域	局内人
外围区	非黑苗文化为主,居民生产、生活基本不受西江千户苗寨景区影响,赴苗寨游客在此区域不停留	西江千户苗寨附近区域	局外人

项目	类别	样本量	百分比/%	项目	类别	样本量	百分比/%
性别	男	110	54.73	民族	苗族	163	81.09
性别	女	91	45.27	民族	非苗族	38	18.91
年龄^*	18~25	67	33.33	月收入/元	≤800	42	20.90
	26~35	65	32.34		801~1499	49	24.38
	36~45	48	23.88		1500~2499	60	29.85
	46~60	19	9.45		2500~3499	23	11.44
	>60	2	1.00		3500~4999	14	6.96
职业	旅游相关职业	86	42.79		5000~7499	8	3.98
职业	非旅游相关职业	115	57.21	≥7500		5	2.49
文化程度	小学及以下	23	11.44	居住区域	核心区	53	26.37
	初中	88	43.78		过渡区	62	30.85
	高中、中专	57	28.36		边缘区	36	17.91
	大专、本科	33	16.42		外围区	50	24.87

类别	指标	局内人				局外人
类别	指标	核心区		过渡区	边缘区	外围区
民族文化价值认知	民族文化与生活关系	0.962	0.905	0.833		0.90
	民族文化重要性	0.962	0.952	0.944		0.94
	民族文化传承必要性	0.981	0.871	0.722		0.78
民族文化补偿态度认知	民族文化补偿意愿	0.925	0.935	0.94		0.76
民族文化补偿态度认知	民族文化旅游开发意愿	0.981	0.854	0.75	0.86

指标	选项	局内人				局外人
指标	选项	核心区		过渡区	边缘区	外围区
文化补偿主体认知	地方政府	79.25	53.23	61.11		58.00
	旅游开发企业	52.83	59.68	72.22		44.00
	旅游经营户	15.09	19.35	8.33		24.00
	旅游者	11.32	6.45	8.33		12.00
文化补偿客体认知	村寨居民个体	64.15	45.16	52.78		26.00
	村寨集体	66.04	64.52	63.89		44.00
	民族文化贡献者	24.53	25.81	41.67		56.00

支付卡选项/ (元/年·人)	局内人												局外人			总计
	核心区				过渡区					边缘区			村寨小计		外围区
	样本量			频率/%	样本量		频率/%		样本量	频率/%		样本量	频率/%	样本量	频率/%	样本量		频率/%
0	0	0.00		0	0.00		0	0.00		0	0.00		0	0.00		0	0.00
50	0	0.00		0	0.00		0	0.00		0	0.00		2	4.00		2	1.00
100	0	0.00		1	1.61		0	0.00		1	0.66		1	2.00		2	1.00
150	0	0.00		0	0.00		1	2.78		1	0.66		0	0.00		1	0.50
200	2	3.77		2	3.23		1	2.78		5	3.31		4	8.00		9	4.48
300	3	5.66		4	6.45		5	13.89		12	7.95		1	2.00		13	6.47
500	12	22.64		5	8.06		3	8.33		20	13.25		5	10.00		25	12.44
800	6	11.32		5	8.06		4	11.11		15	9.93		6	12.00		21	10.45
1000	13	24.53		12	19.35		7	19.44		32	21.19		10	20.00		42	20.90
1500	5	9.43		9	14.52		5	13.89		19	12.58		4	8.00		23	11.44
2000	3	5.66		9	14.52		4	11.11		16	10.60		8	16.00		24	11.94
3000	9	16.98		15	24.19		6	16.67		30	19.87		9	18.00		39	19.40
WTA	1237.74		1559.68			1306.94		1386.42			1352.00		1377.86