外部知识环境与内资企业新出口市场开拓

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2021.02.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

自中国加入WTO以来,出口贸易发展迅速。从出口主体来看,内资企业的出口行为对区域经济增长和中国自身实力的提升尤为重要。建立对外联系、利用外部资源能够有效地促进内资企业拓展海外市场。论文使用中国海关库2001—2011年企业层面的进出口数据,借助条件逻辑回归模型研究地级市尺度上外部知识环境对内资企业开拓新出口市场产生的溢出效应。研究区分了影响内资企业海外市场拓展的3种外部知识环境,内资企业可以：从同一区域的外资企业处获得外部知识;与邻近区域企业形成跨区域联系,获取外部知识;从国外进口获取外部知识。通过对比3种外部知识环境对于地级市尺度内资企业开拓新出口市场的影响,发现：① 3种外部知识环境对内资企业开拓新出口市场均表现出积极作用;本地外资企业出口的溢出效应最大,本地企业进口的溢出效应次之,邻近城市企业出口溢出效应最小;② 中西部地区与东北地区的邻近城市企业出口溢出贡献最大,且3种外部知识环境带来的溢出效应均明显强于东部地区;③ 本地外资企业与邻近城市企业出口溢出对高技术产品的影响明显强于低技术产品。

关键词: 内资企业, 新出口, 外部知识环境, 溢出效应, 差异

Abstract:

Since China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), export trade has developed rapidly. From the perspective of export entities, domestic enterprises' export is particularly important for regional economic growth and the improvement of China's economic strength. Establishing inter-regional linkages and utilizing external resources can effectively promote the overseas market expansion of domestic enterprises. Based on the import and export data of Chinese customs database from 2001 to 2011, the spillover effect of external knowledge environments on the development of new export market of domestic enterprises of prefecture-level cities was examined by a conditional logistic regression model. This study distinguished three external knowledge environments that affect the overseas market expansion of domestic companies. Domestic companies can: obtain external knowledge from foreign invested companies in the same region; form cross-regional contacts with companies in neighboring areas and obtain external knowledge; and acquire external knowledge by importing from other countries. By comparing the effects of the three external knowledge environments on the development of new export markets by domestic enterprises at the prefecture-level city scale, this study found that: 1) All three external knowledge environments have positive effects on domestic enterprises in their effort to explore new export markets. Local foreign invested enterprises have the largest spillover effects on exports, followed by the spillover effect of local enterprises' imports, and the effect of export enterprises in neighboring cities is the smallest. 2) In the central, western, and northeastern parts of China, the spillover effect of enterprises in neighboring cities is the largest and the spillover effects of all three external knowledge environments are significantly stronger than those in the eastern regions. 3) The spillover of exports from local foreign invested enterprises and enterprises in neighboring cities is stronger on high-tech products than on low-tech products.

Key words: domestic enterprises, new export, external knowledge environment, spillover effect, difference

刘舟, 朱晟君. 外部知识环境与内资企业新出口市场开拓[J]. 地理科学进展, 2021, 40(2): 194-206.

LIU Zhou, ZHU Shengjun. External knowledge environments and new export market expansion of domestic enterprises[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2021, 40(2): 194-206.

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	变量	定义
被解释变量	Newentry_ikj_,_t	中国地级市尺度内资企业新出口联系的产生,不考虑连续出口的情况,若t年i城市内资企业有对j国家k产品的新出口行为,定义为1,否则为0
解释变量	Infex_ikj_,_t	城市尺度外资企业对特定国家特定产品的出口(t年i城市外资企业向j国家出口k产品的总额)
	Inneig_ikj_,_t	城市尺度邻近城市企业对特定国家特定产品的出口(t年i城市的邻近城市企业向j国家出口k产品的总额)
	Inimp_ikj_,_t	城市尺度企业对特定国家特定产品的进口(t年i城市从j国家进口k产品的总额)
控制变量	Lctimp_kj_,_t	t年j国家对k产品的总进口额
	Lech_ik_,_t	t年i城市对k产品的总出口额
	Lecc_ij_,_t	t年i城市对j国家的总出口额
	Lec_j_,_t	t年全国对j国家的总出口额
	Leh_k_,_t	t年全国对k产品的总出口额

排名	城市		目的地
排名	城市名称	占比/%	出口地	占比/%
1	深圳(广东)	9.0	美国	13.6
2	上海	7.6	日本	6.7
3	北京	4.5	德国	3.9
4	东莞(广东)	3.3	韩国	3.8
5	宁波(浙江)	2.9	印度	3.4
6	云浮(广东)	2.8	俄罗斯	2.8
7	南京(江苏)	2.6	英国	2.4
8	厦门(福建)	2.5	荷兰	2.3
9	南京(江苏)	2.4	越南	2.2
10	广州(广东)	2.3	意大利	2.1
累计占比		39.9		43.2

排名	HS2产品	占比/%
1	电机、电气设备及其零件;录音机及放声机、电视图像、声音的录制和重放设备及其零件、附件	13.1
2	核反应堆、锅炉、机器、机械器具及其零件	9.7
3	针织物及钩编织物	6.8
4	针织或钩编的服装及衣着附件	5.2
5	家具;寝具、褥垫、弹簧床垫、软座垫及类似的填充制品;未列名灯具及照明装置;发光标志、发光铭牌及类似品;活动房屋	4.0
6	钢铁制品	3.8
7	鞋靴、护腿和类似品及其零件	3.2
8	钢铁	3.1
9	有机化合物	3.1
10	船舶及浮动结构体	3.0
累计占比		54.7

年份	同地出口外资企业		邻近城市出口企业		同地进口企业
年份	企业数量/个	同类企业占比/%	企业数量/个	同类企业占比/%	企业数量/个	同类企业占比/%
2001	11543	25.4	26793	39.1	29034	43.0
2002	13637	27.8	32438	41.3	33187	42.9
2003	16164	29.3	41038	42.9	36259	41.2
2004	18523	30.1	51102	42.4	41967	41.0
2005	20729	30.8	63302	44.0	42652	37.6
2006	21047	28.9	73230	42.8	42605	35.0
2007	23636	30.6	86920	44.9	42651	31.9
2008	24233	30.8	92120	44.6	43052	31.2
2009	25104	32.7	98893	45.7	44158	31.9
2010	24726	32.6	105930	45.2	45821	31.0
总计/平均	199342	30.2	671766	43.9	401386	35.6

变量	模型(1)	模型(2)	模型(3)	模型(4)
Infex	0.0142^***			0.0142^***
	(0.0011)			(0.0011)
Inneig		0.0083^***		0.0084^***
		(0.0014)		(0.0015)
Inimp			0.0091^***	0.0092^***
			(0.0005)	(0.0005)
Lctimp	0.0141^***	0.0119^***	0.0151^***	0.0107^***
	(0.0014)	(0.0015)	(0.0015)	(0.0015)
Lech	0.0058^*	0.0082^***	0.0083^***	0.0054^*
	(0.0025)	(0.0026)	(0.0026)	(0.0025)
Lecc	-0.0092^**	-0.0089^**	-0.0087^**	-0.0100^**
	(0.0032)	(0.0033)	(0.0032)	(0.0032)
Leh	0.0130^***	0.0121^***	0.0123^***	0.0126^***
	(0.0024)	(0.0024)	(0.0024)	(0.0024)
Lec	-0.0096^***	-0.0091^***	-0.0095^***	-0.0098^***
	(0.0020)	(0.0020)	(0.0020)	(0.0020)
样本数	2291625	2291625	2291625	2291625
样本组数	890312	890312	890312	890312
R²	0.2299	0.2282	0.2286	0.2313