新型城镇化与非正规就业：规模、格局及社会融合

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2021.01.005

地理科学进展 ›› 2021, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (1): 50-60.doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2021.01.005

新型城镇化与非正规就业：规模、格局及社会融合

陈明星¹^,²(), 黄莘绒¹^,², 黄耿志³^,^*(), 杨燕珊⁴

1.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,中国科学院可持续发展分析与模拟重点实验室,北京100101
2.中国科学院大学资源与环境学院,北京100049
3.中山大学地理科学与规划学院,广州510275
4.广州地理研究所,广州510070

收稿日期:2020-07-06 修回日期:2020-10-14 出版日期:2021-01-28 发布日期:2021-03-28
通讯作者: 黄耿志
作者简介:陈明星(1982— ),男,安徽巢湖人,博士,研究员,主要从事城镇化与区域发展研究。E-mail: chenmx@igsnrr.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41822104);国家自然科学基金项目(41771137);国家自然科学基金项目(41671125);中国科学院战略性A类先导专项(XDA23100301);中科院青年促进会(2017072);广东省科学院百名青年人才培养专项(2019GDASYL-0104004)

New urbanization and informal employment: Scale, pattern, and social integration

CHEN Mingxing¹^,²(), HUANG Xinrong¹^,², HUANG Gengzhi³^,^*(), YANG Yanshan⁴

1. Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Nature Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
2. College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
4. Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangzhou 510070, China

Received:2020-07-06 Revised:2020-10-14 Online:2021-01-28 Published:2021-03-28
Contact: HUANG Gengzhi
Supported by:
National Na-tural Science Foundation of China(41822104);National Na-tural Science Foundation of China(41771137);National Na-tural Science Foundation of China(41671125);Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA23100301);Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the CAS(2017072);The Guangdong Academy of Sciences Project of Science and Technology Development(2019GDASYL-0104004)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中国城镇化由偏重数量转向更加注重质量的新型城镇化,促进农村转移人口市民化、提高就业质量成为城镇化发展的重要目标,疫情影响下非正规就业问题更为突出。论文从新型城镇化与非正规就业的关系出发阐释非正规就业人口的历史产生和发展要求,基于人口普查和《中国劳动力动态调查》测度了中国城镇非正规就业的规模和格局特征,总结了非正规就业者当前面临的社会融合难题,并提出发展思路和路径。结果发现：① 城镇化与非正规就业之间关系密切,非正规就业为城镇化过程中农村转移人口提供大量就业机会,缓解了城镇就业压力。以人为本的新型城镇化需要关注非正规就业模式,以促进农业转移人口市民化和社会融合。② 经多源数据估算,中国城镇非正规就业占城镇总就业的33.2%~44.7%,就业人数达1.38亿~1.55亿,以隐性就业部分为主。在空间分布上总体呈现东、中、西逐渐减少的特征;在雇佣类型上以从事各类非正规工作的被雇型就业为主;行业结构主要集中在批发和零售贸易及餐饮业,居民服务、修理和其他服务业与制造业等。③ 非正规就业者主要面临职业困境、户籍限制、公共服务差距、风险应对能力弱等问题,需要通过完善就业服务体系等改革,提升就业质量,推动市民化和社会融合。

关键词: 新型城镇化, 非正规就业, 估算规模, 行业类型, 脆弱性, 社会融合

Abstract:

With the development of urbanization, promoting the citizenization of migrant workers and improving the quality of employment has become an important goal of China's urbanization strategy in the new era. Affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, the problem of informal employment stands out even further. Starting with an examination of the relationship between new urbanization and informal employment, this study draws on the data from population census and the China Labor-force Dynamic Survey (CLDS) to estimate the scale of urban informal employment in China and analyze its spatial and sectoral characteristics. It then identifies the main social integration problems faced by informal workers and discusses some policy options. It is found that urbanization and informal employment are interrelated. Informal employment provides job opportunities for rural migrants with the inability to find formal jobs in cities and urban workers who are unemployed, playing a role in alleviating employment and poverty problems. It is argued that the new urbanization with the principle of putting people first should be concerned with the social integration of informal workers with the aim to promote their citizenization. According to the estimation based on multi-source data, the number of informal workers is 138 million-155 million, accounting for 33.2%-44.7% of urban employment in China. The unobserved/unregistered informal workers are the majority. The distribution of informal employment is characterized by the spatial pattern that the scale of informal employment decreases from the eastern to the central and the western parts of China. In terms of employment types, most informal workers are employed in enterprises. Informal employment in China is mainly concentrated in the sector of wholesale, retail trade, and catering, followed by the sectors of residential service, repair, and other services and manufacturing industry. Informal workers are faced with difficulties in social integration, including job precarity, income instability, social marginalization due to population registration restriction, limited access to public services, and vulnerability to crises. It is recommended that policy intervention should pay attention to improving the quality of informal employment and promoting social integration of informal workers in the future.

Key words: new urbanization, informal employment, estimated scale, industrial pattern, vulnerability, social integration

陈明星, 黄莘绒, 黄耿志, 杨燕珊. 新型城镇化与非正规就业：规模、格局及社会融合[J]. 地理科学进展, 2021, 40(1): 50-60.

CHEN Mingxing, HUANG Xinrong, HUANG Gengzhi, YANG Yanshan. New urbanization and informal employment: Scale, pattern, and social integration[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2021, 40(1): 50-60.

图/表 6

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估算方案	人口普查(2010年)		CLDS(2016年)		ILO(2013年)
估算方案	总体	隐性部分	总体	隐性部分	总体	隐性部分
城镇非正规就业占城镇就业比例/%	44.7	31.8	33.2	32.6	36.2	31.3
城镇非正规就业规模/百万人	155.1	110.3	137.5	135.1	138.4	119.7

类型	2012年					2014年					2016年
	隐性		显性	总体		隐性		显性	总体		隐性		显性	总体
	被雇	自雇	自雇	总体	被雇		自雇	自雇	总体	被雇	自雇		自雇	总体
数量/人	1537	295	68	1900		2770	734	46	3550		1875	663	42	2580
占非正规就业比例/%	80.9	15.5	3.6	100		78.0	20.7	1.3	100		72.7	25.7	1.6	100

新型城镇化与非正规就业：规模、格局及社会融合

New urbanization and informal employment: Scale, pattern, and social integration

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