中国自然保护地旅游资源利用的冲突和协调路径分析

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.12.012

地理科学进展 ›› 2020, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (12): 2105-2117.doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.12.012

中国自然保护地旅游资源利用的冲突和协调路径分析

李群绩¹(), 王灵恩²^,^*()

1.淮阴师范学院历史文化旅游学院,江苏淮安 223300
2.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京100101

收稿日期:2020-07-07 修回日期:2020-09-24 出版日期:2020-12-28 发布日期:2021-02-28
通讯作者: 王灵恩
作者简介:李群绩(1986— ),男,山东济南人,博士生,讲师,主要从事生态旅游及公共景区方面的研究。E-mail: liqunji86@163.com
基金资助:
第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究项目(2019QZKK1002);国家自然科学基金项目(41701620);国家自然科学基金项目(41571116);上海财经大学研究生创新计划项目(2016110851)

Conflicts and coordination of tourism resource use in protected areas in China

LI Qunji¹(), WANG Ling'en²^,^*()

1. School of History, Culture and Tourism, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China
2. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China

Received:2020-07-07 Revised:2020-09-24 Online:2020-12-28 Published:2021-02-28
Contact: WANG Ling'en
Supported by:
The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP)(2019QZKK1002);National Natural Science Foundation of China(41701620);National Natural Science Foundation of China(41571116);Graduate Innovation Fund of Shanghai University of Finance and Economics(2016110851)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

协调旅游资源保护与利用冲突是当前自然保护地体系建设亟待解决的关键问题之一。论文利用质性研究方法,在系统总结中国自然保护地旅游资源利用的阶段特征与模式基础上,分析了现阶段旅游资源利用的冲突及其矛盾本质,并从多维视角探讨冲突的形成机制,从生态保护、社区发展、理论逻辑等方面分析现阶段自然保护地旅游资源利用的可行性与合理性;最后从建立利益主体权责明确的一体化资源利用机制、加强对旅游资源利用活动资源环境效应的评估、因地制宜探索自然生态资源保护和利用的动态模式、建立更加精准化的自然保护地分区利用方案、以生态理念为指导创新生态旅游产品类型等方面,提出自然保护地旅游资源利用的合理路径。研究结论有助于各界从系统性视角深入理解现阶段自然保护地旅游资源利用的冲突,同时对合理推动自然生态资源的可持续利用具有借鉴意义。

关键词: 旅游资源, 自然保护地, 冲突机制, 协调路径

Abstract:

Reconciling the conflicts between the protection and use of tourism resources is one of the key issues to be solved urgently in the development of protected areas. Based on a review of the characteristics and models of development and use of tourism resources in protected areas in China and using qualitative research methods, this study analyzed the conflicts of tourism resource use in protected areas in China, and explored the formation mechanism of tourism resource use conflicts in protected areas. From the perspectives of ecological protection, community development, and related theories, we discussed the feasibility and assessed the situation of tourism resource use in protected areas at the current stage. Finally, to establish an integrated resource use system with clear rights and responsibilities for stakeholders in protected areas, strengthen the research on the assessment of the environmental effects of tourism resource use activities, explore the dynamic models of protection and use of natural ecological resources based on local conditions, establish a more precise resource use zoning plan for the protection of protected areas, and take the ecological concept as guidance to creatively develop new types of ecotourism products, we proposed a reasonable path for tourism resource use in protected areas. The conclusions of the article may help the society to understand the conflicts in the use of tourism resources in protected areas from a systematic perspective, and may be used as a reference for promoting the balanced use of natural ecological resources.

Key words: tourism resources, protected area, mechanism of conflict, coordination

李群绩, 王灵恩. 中国自然保护地旅游资源利用的冲突和协调路径分析[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(12): 2105-2117.

LI Qunji, WANG Ling'en. Conflicts and coordination of tourism resource use in protected areas in China[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2020, 39(12): 2105-2117.

图/表 6

图1

表1

自然保护地旅游资源的利用模式"

类型	功能分区					资源开发利用方式	依据
自然保护区	核心区					严格保护,禁止任何单位和个人进入,以保护天然状态的生态系统以及珍稀、濒危动植物为主要利用模式	①《中华人民共和国自然保护区条例》(1994年) ②《国家级自然保护区总体规划大纲》(2002年) ③《自然保护区生态旅游规划技术规程》(2006年)
	缓冲区					限制性开发利用,禁止开展旅游和生产经营活动,以科学研究观测活动为主
	实验区	生态旅游区			游览区	适度利用,不得建设污染环境、破坏资源或者景观的生产设施;野外观景、游憩活动
					景观生态保育区	适度利用,不得建设污染环境、破坏资源或者景观的生产设施;涵养水源、保持水土、维护旅游区生态环境
					服务区	管理服务机构、服务接待设施
风景名胜区	特别保存区					除必需的科研、监测和防护设施外,严禁建设任何建筑设施,实施重点保护、涵养与维护	①《中华人民共和国风景名胜区条例》(2006年) ②《风景名胜区规划规范》(1999年)
	风景恢复区					限制各类建设和人为活动,以恢复、修复、培育、抚育生态与景观环境
	风景游览区					控制建设,合理安排旅游服务设施和相关建设,区内建设要与风景环境相协调
	旅游服务区
	发展控制区
森林公园	生态保育区					严格保护,不进行开发建设、不对游客开放,以生态保护修复为主	①《中华人民共和国森林法》(1984年) ②《国家级森林公园总体规划规范》(2012年) ③《国家级森林公园管理办法》(2011年)
	核心景观区					限制开发利用,可建设必要的保护、解说、游览、休憩和安全、环卫、景区管护站等设施
	一般游憩区					适度开发利用,可开展旅游活动,允许规划少量旅游公路、停车场、宣教设施、娱乐设施、景区管护站及小规模的餐饮点、购物亭等
	管理服务区					适度开发利用,建设满足森林公园管理和旅游接待服务需要的接待服务设施
地质公园	地质遗迹保护区		特级保护区			不允许观光游客进入,只允许开展保护与科研活动	①《地质遗迹保护管理规定》(1995年) ②《国家地质公园规划编制技术要求》（2010年） ③《国家地质公园建设标准》(2013年)
			一级保护区			修建必要的游赏步道和相关设施,严禁机动交通工具进入
			二级保护区			允许设立少量地学旅游服务设施,且各项建设和设施要与景观环境协调
			三级保护区			允许设立少量地学旅游服务设施,且各项建设和设施要与景观环境协调
	科普教育区					公园博物馆、科普电影馆(影视厅)、地质科普广场一般设于此区
	游客服务区					发展与旅游产业相关的服务业,控制其他产业,不允许发展污染环境、破坏景观的产业
	自然生态区、游览区、公园管理区、居民点保留区、门区					未特别说明
水利风景区	保护区			生态保护区		原则上游人不得进入,配备必要的安全防护和环保设施	①《水利风景区管理办法》(2004年) ②《水利风景区规划编制导则》(2010年)
	保护区			历史景观区		原则上游人不得进入,配备必要的安全防护和环保设施
	游览区					开展适当游览活动
	服务区					提供旅游接待服务设施
	管理区					建筑等与风景区环境相协调
	出入口区					水利风景区标识物及出入口建设
湿地公园	保育区					开展必要的保护、监测、科研等保护管理活动	①《国家湿地公园管理办法》(2010年) ②《国家湿地公园总体规划导则》(2010年)
	恢复重建区					培育和恢复湿地
	合理利用区					生态旅游、科普教育
海洋特别保护区	重点保护区					严格的保护制度,禁止实施各种与保护无关的工程建设活动	①《海洋特别保护区管理办法》(2012年) ②《海洋特别保护区功能分区和总体规划编制技术导则》(2009年)
	预留区					严格控制人为干扰
	生态与资源恢复区					修复海洋生态、资源与关键生境
	适度利用区					在确保海洋生态系统安全的前提下,适度利用海洋资源,发展生态旅游、生态养殖等海洋生态产业

表1

图2

图3

图4

图5

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中国自然保护地旅游资源利用的冲突和协调路径分析

Conflicts and coordination of tourism resource use in protected areas in China

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