共享短租平台的概念发展、市场影响和空间交互关系研究综述

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.11.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于互联网技术的“共享经济”不仅在众多新兴市场上创造出了经济增长点,还通过潜移默化地改变大众消费行为,对城市经济和空间产生了巨大影响。正如以Airbnb为代表的共享短租平台在冲击了传统旅游住宿业与城市住房市场的同时,也引起了城市空间的变化。为了深入了解这一现象,论文首先概述了共享短租平台的发展背景、概念与现状,阐述它所带来的影响和因此引发的争论;接着探讨了共享短租平台(以Airbnb为例)与酒店业和住房市场的关系,以及其进一步商业化可能带来的影响与问题;最后,通过分析大量实践案例得出共享短租平台与城市空间存在双向互动关系,即城市空间中的社会经济与物质环境因子决定了共享短租平台房源的空间分布特征,而共享短租平台会以旅游绅士化、商业结构改变和城市设施负担加重的方式逐渐改变城市社会经济和物质环境空间。

关键词: 共享经济, 共享短租, 市场, 空间, 文献综述

Abstract:

The concept of sharing economy that is based on the new information and communication technologies has spread all over the world in recent decades. The encounter of technological innovation and the very traditional ideas of sharing has stimulated various forms of new economic growth. By changing the consumers' behavior in massive scale, the sharing economy also has a great impact on the urban economy and space. The rising of sharing economy and its various forms of business will surely impose a great impact on urban development. Being a typical sector of the sharing economy, the sharing short-term rental platform (SSRP), represented by Airbnb, is reshaping the traditional tourism and urban housing market since its early stage of development. To deliver a review of literature on the topic, this article first recalls the emergence and development of the concept SSRP, as well as the controversies caused by it. Second, by placing SSRP in the context of the traditional domains of hotel industry and urban housing market, the article explains the overlapping areas of the three domains, and what the impact of its further commercialization might be. Finally, through the analysis of a large number of empirical cases, the interactive relationship between SSRP and urban space is revealed. On the one hand, the socioeconomic and environmental factors in urban space determine the spatial distribution characteristics of the SSRP listings; on the other hand, the SSRP will gradually change the urban socioeconomic and environment space by tourism gentrification, the change of commercial structure, and the increased burden on urban facilities.

Key words: sharing economy, short-term rental, market, space, literature review

周恺, 和琳怡, 张一雯. 共享短租平台的概念发展、市场影响和空间交互关系研究综述[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(11): 1934-1943.

ZHOU Kai, HE Linyi, ZHANG Yiwen. A review of literature on the concept, impacts, and spatial interactions of sharing short-term rental platform[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2020, 39(11): 1934-1943.

图/表 4

表1

图1

图2

表2

案例城市的短租房源空间分布特征和空间影响因素"

案例国家/城市	短租房源空间分布特征	主要空间影响因素
英国/伦敦^[32]	Airbnb主要集中于市中心及旅游景点周边区域^[31],分布范围比酒店更分散,初期出现在城市中心,随后逐渐向周边扩散,但是需求主要分布在人口稠密的城市中心	社会经济：受教育程度、种族、房价物质环境：水、植被、人文艺术景点、交通、大学、夜经济活跃点
西班牙/巴塞罗那^[33]	Airbnb与酒店的空间分布关系密切, Airbnb集中在市中心,与周边休闲和餐厅设施数量有关	物质环境：到市中心、海滩、居住区的距离,附近休闲与餐饮设施数量
美国/洛杉矶、旧金山、奥斯汀、芝加哥、波士顿^[34]	Airbnb的空间分布有3种模式：中心积聚、远离少数裔聚居区和沿交通干线放射状分布	社会经济：少数族裔聚集区物质环境：离CBD和景区的距离、交通便利
美国/纽约^[23]	Airbnb主要分布在传统旅游区以及国际认可度高的社区	社会经济：文化认可度物质环境：旅游资源
西班牙/马德里、巴塞罗那和帕尔马^[14]	Airbnb集中在城市中心,历史城区影响较大	物质环境：离市中心和景点的距离
奥地利/维也纳^[35]	不同Airbnb房源类型空间分布有差异,大部分整套房源分布在距离旅游景区近和住房存量丰富的中心城区,其空间分布不均衡	物质环境：离市中心和景点的距离
美国/纽约、洛杉矶、芝加哥^[36]	受可达性影响,3个城市中的Airbnb房源主要位于主城区,呈现明显的中心—外围分布模式	社会经济：年轻人数量、就业率、收入、非裔美国人占比、受教育程度物质环境：住房单元数量、POI组成、离城市中心的距离
保加利亚/索菲亚^[37]	Airbnb主要聚集在商业化、中产阶级和高收入特权阶级的区域	社会经济：收入、阶级
西班牙/加那利群岛^[18]	城市内的Airbnb与酒店有明显的空间重合,郊野地区或者海滨附近重叠不明显	物质环境：不同类型的旅游目的地
韩国/首尔^[22]	Airbnb大多由商业运营,会紧邻大学、地铁站以及单身人口比例较多的区域	社会经济：单身人口比例物质环境：邻近大学、地铁站
中国/北京^[27]	高房价地段的Airbnb比例更高	社会经济：房价
西班牙^[7]	Airbnb与酒店空间分布高度相关,受空置房源或二套房、传统居住区、海滨区位和国际旅游需求影响,Airbnb主要分布在热门景区附近	物质环境：酒店位置分布、空置房源或二套房源、传统居住区、海滨区位和国际旅游的需求、离旅游资源的距离
瑞士^[10]	Airbnb的空间分布具有多样性,主要集中在城市和阿尔卑斯山旅游度假区域	物质环境：离市中心的距离、离景区距离
欧洲/432个城市(人口10万以上)^[12]	Airbnb在欧洲分布不均衡,主要集中在大城市和重要的旅游城市	社会经济：经济发达物质环境：离景区距离

表2

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支持者	反对者
● 可以充分利用闲置空间,提高住房使用效率,节约空间资源	● 中介和机构运营的商业房源已经超出了个体共享的范畴,商业化经营偏离了共享理念
● 房东通过共享闲置资源来获得更多收入,缓解全球金融危机的冲击	● 游客产生噪音并占用社区公共设施,会加剧游客与原居民的矛盾
● 游客像“当地人”一样生活,获得原真性地方体验	● 减少酒店业收入,导致城市税收减少,甚至相关从业人员失业
● 为游客提供更多选择(多种房源类型、各种价格区间)	● 平台进一步推动旅游绅士化,加剧地区收入差异进一步扩大
● 延长游客逗留时间,增加旅游消费,提高旅游业整体收入	● 平台用户会根据房东的性别和肤色进行选择,带来新的种族歧视问题,引起社会隔离
● 扩大可参与旅游服务的社区范围和数量,提供新的就业机会,提高当地人收入	● 共享短租行为脱离现有法律、法规监管,并难以有效征税,与既有酒店业构成不公平竞争
● 与酒店客户群体不同,不存在直接竞争,可以解决部分地区的旅游住宿供给不足的问题	● 扰乱住房市场秩序,大量房源会转为短租房,减少房源供给导致二手房价、租金上涨,增加低收入群体的住房负担