生活方式型移民研究综述

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2015.09.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在经济比较发达以及后现代社会带来个人主体性增强的背景下,以寻找更好的生活方式的迁移——“生活方式型移民”成为一种重要的人口流动类型,并受到西方学者的高度关注。在中国,生活方式型移民开始萌芽,然而研究较少,目前主要集中在对生活方式型旅游企业主移民研究;西方的研究则涉及退休移民、生活方式型企业主移民等多种类型,但尚未形成完整的研究体系,对于生活方式型移民概念界定及其类型划分较为杂乱。为此,本文从现有文献出发,试图对这类移民的研究内容进行介绍、探讨、厘清和评析,首先确定“生活方式型移民”的概念框架,根据生产和消费在时间和空间上的结合状态将生活方式型移民划分为三种类型,并从社会交往、生活状态、旅游行为和自我认知等方面综述其迁移后的行为表现及由此产生的影响,希望借此促进中国学者对生活方式型移民的关注。

关键词: 生活方式, 移民, 退休移民, 企业主移民, 动机

Abstract:

With the economic development and enhanced individual self-awarenes in post modern society, searching for a better way of life—lifestyle-related migration has become an important form of mobility and has been highly concerned by international scholars. In China, lifestyle mobility is emerging; yet, it has not caught the attention of the Chinese researchers except that a few articles have been published on lifestyle entrepreneurs. Although the international studies on lifestyle migration cover a wide range of activities, such as tourism retirement migration and lifestyle tourism entrepreneurial migrants, there has not been an agreement on the definition and typology of lifestyle migrants. Based on a review of existing studies, this article introduces, clarifies, and analyzes the studies on lifestyle migration. It first identifies the conceptual framework of "lifestyle migration." A typology of lifestyle migration according to their differences on the spatial and temporal arrangements of consumption and production is proposed. Behaviors of each type of migrants and their impacts on the destination are summarized. This articles aims to raise awareness of the Chinese scholars to pay attention to this emerging field of study.

Key words: lifestyle, migration, retirement migration, entrepreneurial migration, motivation

唐香姐, 徐红罡. 生活方式型移民研究综述[J]. 地理科学进展, 2015, 34(9): 1096-1106.

Xiangjie TANG, Honggang XU. Review of lifestyle migration[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2015, 34(9): 1096-1106.

图/表 4

表1

图1

表2

表3

参考文献 70

[1]	李艳凝, 徐红罡. 2009. 游客还是居民: 旅居拉萨和尼泊尔的自主经营者[J]. 旅游论坛, 2(2): 182-187.
	[Li Y N, Xu H G.2009. From tourists to lifestyle entrepreneur: Chinese tourists in Lhasa and Nepal[J]. Tourism Forum, 2(2): 182-187.]
[2]	梁微, 徐红罡, Thomas R.2010. 大理古城生活方式型旅游企业的动机和目标研究[J]. 旅游学刊, 25(2): 47-53.
	[Liang W, Xu H G, Thomas R.2010. Study on the motivations and objectives of life-styled tourism businesses in Dali ancient city[J]. Tourism Tribune, 25(2): 47-53.]
[3]	马少吟. 2013. 从消费到生产: 大理古城生活方式型旅游企业主移民研究[D]. 广州: 中山大学.
	[Ma S Y.2013. From consumption to production: study of the lifestyle tourism entrepreneurial migrants in Dali Historical Town[D]. Guangzhou, China: Sun Yat-Sen University.]
[4]	邱继勤, 保继刚. 2005. 国外旅游小企业研究进展[J]. 旅游学刊, 20(5): 86-92.
	[Qiu J Q, Bao J G.2005. A study progress on oversea small tourism businesses[J]. Tourism Tribune, 20(5): 86-92.]
[5]	吴悦芳, 徐红罡. 2012. 基于流动性视角的第二居所旅游研究综述[J]. 地理科学进展, 31(6): 799-807.
	[Wu Y F, Xu H G.2012. A literature review of second residence tourism: implication on mobility analysis[J]. Progress in Geography, 31(6): 799-807.]
[6]	徐红罡, 马少吟. 2012. 旅游小企业的创业机会识别研究: 桂林阳朔西街案例[J]. 旅游学刊, 27(8): 18-26.
	[Xu H G, Ma S Y.2012. Entrepreneurial opportunity recognition process of small tourism businesses: a case study of Yangshuo Xijie[J]. Tourism Tribune, 27(8): 18-26.]
[7]	徐文雄, 保继刚. 2006. 度假地型第二居所空间分布和影响研究: 以三亚市为例[J]. 云南师范大学学报: 哲学社会科学版, 38(5): 63-67.
	[Xu W X, Bao J G.2006. On the spatial distribution and the influential factors of vacation-oriented second homes: a case study on Sanya City[J]. Journal of Yunnan Normal University: Humanities and Social Sciences, 38(5): 63-67.]
[8]	杨昀, 保继刚. 2012. 旅游社区外来经营者地方依恋的特征分析: 以阳朔西街为例[J]. 人文地理, 27(6): 81-86.
	[Yang Y, Bao J G.2012. The characteristics of non-local owners' place attachment in tourism community: a case study of West Yangshuo Street[J]. Human Geography, 27(6): 81-86.]
[9]	杨钊, 陆林. 2007. 九华山旅游劳工移民行为特征分析[J]. 资源开发与市场, 23(2): 171-175.
	[Yang Z, Lu L.2007. Analysis on behavioral characteristics of tourism labor migrants in Jiuhua Mountain[J]. Resource Development and Market, 23(2): 171-175.]
[10]	杨钊, 陆林. 2008. 旅游移民研究体系及方法初探[J]. 地理研究, 27(4): 949-962.
	[Yang Z, Lu L.2008. A preliminary study on research system and methods of tourism migration[J]. Geographical Research, 27(4): 949-962.]
[11]	张倩帆. 2011. 旅游移民的社会互动研究: 以大理古城小企业主旅游移民为例[D]. 广州: 中山大学.
	[Zhang Q F.2011. Social interaction of tourism migrants: a case study of entrepreneur tourism migrants in Dali[D]. Guangzhou, China: Sun Yat-Sen University.]
[12]	周大鸣. 2005. 渴望生存: 农民工流动的人类学考察[M]. 广州: 中山大学出版社.
	[Zhou D M.2005. Kewang shengcun: nongmingong liudong de renleixue kaocha[M]. Guangzhou, China: Sun Yat-Sen University Press.]
[13]	Åkerlund U.2012. Selling a place in the sun: international property mediation as production of lifestyle mobility[J]. Anatolia, 23(2): 251-267.
[14]	Aledo A, Mazón T.2004. Impact of residential tourism and the destination life cycle theory[M]//Pineda F D, Brebbia C A. Sustainable tourism. Southampton, UK: WIT Press: 384-396.
[15]	Ateljevic I, Doorne S.2000. 'Staying within the fence': lifestyle entrepreneurship in tourism[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(5): 378-392.
[16]	Barke M.1991. The growth and changing pattern of second homes in Spain in the 1970s[J]. The Scottish Geographical Magazine, 107(1): 12-21.
[17]	Benson M.2010a. Landscape, imagination and experience: processes of emplacement among the British in rural France[J]. The Sociological Review, 58(S2): 61-77.
[18]	Benson M.2010b. The context and trajectory of lifestyle migration: the case of the British residents of Southwest France[J]. European Societies, 12(1): 45-64.
[19]	Benson M.2012. How culturally significant imaginings are translated into lifestyle migration[J]. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(10): 1681-1696.
[20]	Benson M, O'Reilly K.2009. Migration and the search for a better way of life: a critical exploration of lifestyle migration[J]. The Sociological Review, 57(4): 608-625.
[21]	Božić S.2006. The achievement and potential of international retirement migration research: the need for disciplinary exchange[J]. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 32(8): 1415-1427.
[22]	Burnley I.2005. Sea change, social change? population turnaround in New South Wales[J]. Dialogue, Academy of the Social Sciences, 24(2): 66-75.
[23]	Burnley I H, Murphy P.2004. Sea change: movement from metropolitan to Arcadian Australia[M]. Sydney, Australia: UNSW Press.
[24]	Burns P.2001. Entrepreneurship and small business[M]. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
[25]	Casado-Díaz M A.2006. Retiring to Spain: an analysis of differences among North European nationals[J]. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 32(8): 1321-1339.
[26]	Casado-Díaz M A, Kaiser C, Warnes A M.2004. Northern European retired residents in nine southern European areas: characteristics, motivations and adjustment[J]. Ageing and Society, 24(3): 353-381.
[27]	Cohen E.1972. Toward a sociology of international tourism[J]. Social Research, 39(1): 164-182.
[28]	Cohen S A.2011. Lifestyle travellers: backpacking as a way of life[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4): 1535-1555.
[29]	Costello L.2007. Going bush: the implications of urban-rural migration[J]. Geographical Research, 45(1): 85-94.
[30]	Costello L.2009. Urban-rural migration: housing availability and affordability[J]. Australian Geographer, 40(2): 219-233.
[31]	Eaton M.1995. British expatriate service provision in Spain's Costa del Sol[J]. The Service Industries Journal, 15(2): 251-266.
[32]	Guhathakurta S, Stimson R J.2007. What is driving the growth of new "sunbelt" metropolises? quality of life and urban regimes in Greater Phoenix and Brisbane-South East Queensland region[J]. International Planning Studies, 12(2): 129-152.
[33]	Gurran N.2008. The turning tide: amenity migration in coastal Australia[J]. International Planning Studies, 13(4): 391-414.
[34]	Gustafson P.2001. Retirement migration and transnational lifestyles[J]. Ageing and Society, 21(4): 371-394.
[35]	Gustafson P.2008. Transnationalism in retirement migration: the case of North European retirees in Spain[J]. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 31(3): 451-475.
[36]	Haas III W H, Serow W J.1997. Retirement migration decision making: life course mobility, sequencing of events, social ties and alternatives[J]. Journal of the Community Development Society, 28(1): 116-130.
[37]	Henderson J.2002. Building the rural economy with high-growth entrepreneurs[J]. Economic Review-Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 87(3): 45-70.
[38]	Hogan T D, Steinnes D N.1993. Elderly migration to the sunbelt: seasonal versus permanent[J]. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 12(2): 246-260.
[39]	Huete R, Mantecón A, Mazón T.2008. Analysing the social perception of residential tourism development[C]//Costa C, Cravo P. Advances in tourism research. Aveiro, Portugal: IASK: 153-161.
[40]	King R, Warnes A M, Williams A M.1998. International retirement migration in Europe[J]. International Journal of Population Geography, 4(2): 91-111.
[41]	Kiy R, McEnany A.2010. Health care and Americans retiring in Mexico[R]. National City, CA: International Community Foundation.
[42]	Kuentzel W F, Ramaswamy V M.2005. Tourism and amenity migration: a longitudinal analysis[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(2): 419-438.
[43]	Marcketti S B, Niehm L S, Fuloria R.2006. An exploratory study of lifestyle entrepreneurship and its relationship to life quality[J]. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 34(3): 241-259.
[44]	McHugh K E.1990. Seasonal migration as a substitute for, or precursor to, permanent migration[J]. Research on Aging, 12(2): 229-245.
[45]	Mitchell C J A.2004. Making sense of counterurbanization[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 20(1): 15-34.
[46]	O Reilly K.1995. A new trend in European migration: contemporary British migration to Fuengirola, Costa del Sol[J]. Geographical Viewpoint, 23(1): 25-36.
[47]	O Reilly K.2000. The new Europe/old boundaries: British migrants in Spain[J]. Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 22(4): 477-491.
[48]	O Reilly K.2003. When is a tourist? the articulation of tourism and migration in Spains Costa del Sol[J]. Tourist Studies, 3(3): 301-317.
[49]	O'Reilly K.2007. Emerging tourism futures: residential tourism and its implications[M]//Geoffrey C, Sibley R. Going abroad: travel, tourism, and migration: cross-cultural perspectives on mobility. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing: 144-157.
[50]	O'Reilly K.2009. Hosts and guests, guests and hosts: British residential tourism in the Costa del Sol[M]//Obrador Pons P, Crang M, Travlou P. Cultures of mass tourism: doing the Mediterranean in the age of banal mobilities. Surrey, UK: Ashgate: 129-142.
[51]	O'Reilly K, Benson M.2009. Lifestyle migration: escaping to the good life[M]//Benson M, O'Reilly K. Lifestyle migrations: expectations, aspirations and experiences. Surrey, UK: Ashgate: 1-13.
[52]	Osbaldiston N.2009. Chasing the idyll lifestyle: the seachange problem[J]. Social Alternatives, 29(1): 54-57.
[53]	Peters M, Frehse J, Buhalis D.2009. The importance of lifestyle entrepreneurship: a conceptual study of the tourism industry[J]. PASOS: Revista de Turismoy Patrimonio Cultural, 7(3): 393-405.
[54]	Saleilles S, Gomez-Velasco M.2007. The local embeddedness of lifestyle entrepreneur: an exploratory study[R]. Interdisciplinary European conference on entrepreneurship research. Montpellier, France: Montpellier Business School.
[55]	Salt B.2001. The big shift: welcome to the third Australian culture: the Bernard report[M]. Melbourne, Australia: Hardie Grant Publishing.
[56]	Shaw G, Williams A.1987. Firm formation and operating characteristics in the Cornish tourist industry: the case of Looe[J]. Tourism Management, 8(4): 344-348.
[57]	Smallwood D.2007. The integration of British migrants in Aquitaine[M]//Geoffroy C, Sibley R. Going abroad: travel, tourism and migration. cross-cultural perspectives on mobility. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing: 119-131.
[58]	Smith S K, House M.2006. Snowbirds, sunbirds, and stayers: seasonal migration of elderly adults in Florida[J]. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 61(5): 232-239.
[59]	Stimson R J, Minnery J.1998. Why people move to the 'sun-belt': a case study of long-distance migration to the Gold Coast, Australia[J]. Urban Studies, 35(2): 193-214.
[60]	Stone I, Stubbs C.2007. Enterprising expatriates: lifestyle migration and entrepreneurship in rural southern Europe[J]. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 19(5): 433-450.
[61]	Südaş I.2011. Two distinct groups of EU immigrants in coastal Turkey[J]. Siirtolaisuus-Migration, (1): 26-37.
[62]	Sullivan D A, Stevens S A.1982. Snowbirds seasonal migrants to the sunbelt[J]. Research on Aging, 4(2): 159-177.
[63]	Thomas R.2000. Small firms in the tourism industry: some conceptual issues[J]. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2(5): 345-353.
[64]	Torkington K.2010. Defining lifestyle migration[J]. Dos Algarves, 19: 99-111.
[65]	Torkington K.2012. Place and lifestyle migration: the discursive construction of‘glocal'place-identity[J]. Mobilities, 7(1): 71-92.
[66]	Truly D.2002. International retirement migration and tourism along the Lake Chapala Riviera: developing a matrix of retirement migration behaviour[J]. Tourism Geographies, 4(3): 261-281.
[67]	Veal A J.1993. The concept of lifestyle: a review[J]. Leisure Studies, 12(4): 233-252.
[68]	Walmsley D J.2003. Rural tourism: a case of lifestyle-led opportunities[J]. Australian Geographer, 34(1): 61-72.
[69]	Williams A M, Hall C M.2000. Tourism and migration: new relationships between production and consumption[J]. Tourism Geographies, 2(1): 5-27.
[70]	Williams A M, King R, Warnes A, et al.2000. Tourism and international retirement migration: new forms of an old relationship in southern Europe[J]. Tourism Geographies, 2(1): 28-49.

概念	特征
海边移民	大都市人口迁入沿海地区,追求某种生活方式的转变(Salt, 2001)
乡村移民	多为大都市经济宽裕的人迁入环境舒适的乡村地区,寻找一种更好的生活方式(Burnley et al, 2004)
舒适移民	选择自然环境舒适、气候宜人、休闲轻松、房价合适的地方迁移,目的是寻找更好的生活方式而非就业(Gurran, 2008)
退休移民	西班牙的气候、健康平静的生活节奏和较低的生活费用吸引大量退休者(Casado-Díaz, 2006)
第二居所旅游	在异地购买第二住宅,其使用动机包括：生活方式动机、逃避或转换日常城市生活动机、回归自然等(吴悦芳等, 2012)
旅游者移民	拥有经济条件在旅游地居住且流动性较大的北欧移民,迁移动机为追求生活质量、缓慢放松的生活节奏、气候/阳光、较低的生活成本等(O'Reilly, 2007)
季节性移民	每年冬天迁往西班牙的英国退休移民,迁移动机为休闲娱乐、友好社区和有利于健康的气候(O’Reilly, 2000)
逆城市化移民	部分为城郊移民或退休移民,经济宽裕,寻找一种更好的生活方式(Mitchell, 2004)
阳光地带移民	气候/舒适性、生活方式、当地服务等成为主要迁移动机(Guhathakurta et al, 2007)
候鸟式迁移者	北美洲阳光地带的季节性退休移民;气候、健康、访友和旅行是迁移的主要原因(Sullivan et al, 1982)

参考A文献	划分依据	类型
O'Reilly(2000)	迁移模式	永久性移民(full residents),返回移民(returning residents),季节性迁移者(seasonal visitors),流动式移民(peripatetic visitors)
Benson等(2009)	目的地选择	旅游者移民(residential tourism),乡村田园追寻者(the rural idyll seeker),中产阶级流浪者移民(the bourgeois bohemian)
Benson(2010b)	移民所处的生命周期	家庭移民(family migrants),退休移民(retirement migration),中年移民(mid-life migrants)
Smallwood(2007)	在目的地的融入程度	能很好的融入者(well-integrated subjects),并不积极融入的非融入者(non-integrated subjects who do not seek integration),积极融入但却未能融入者(non-integrated subjects who are seeking integration)
O'Reilly(1995)	对迁入/出地的归属倾向	侨民(expatriates),居民(residents),季节性旅游者(seasonal visitors),返回移民(returners),旅游者(tourists)
Veal(1993)	移民特点	雅皮士(yuppies),丁克族(dinks),空巢者(empty nesters),蓬克摇滚党(punks)

比较维度	比较类型
比较维度	生活方式型企业主移民	退休移民	传统劳工移民	旅游者
迁移动机	精神追求为主,生活方式	身体健康追求为主,生活方式	求生存和发展	游玩
社会交往	集中于住所和旅游小企业的小范围区域内,形成内部的“熟人社会”交往;“圈子”;与游客和原圈子的朋友交往较多	形成自己同民族的圈子;与目的地居民和其他移民保持着浅层友好的交往,通过电话、网络维持着来源地的社会网络	社会关系以血缘和地缘为主,在身份、就业和社会评价上受当地社会的排斥,强化群体的内敛性	交往群体为同伴或者其他旅游者;进行与日常生活不同的休闲活动;在嘈杂拥挤的旅游场所活动;参观目的地旅游景点
生活状态	休闲和工作相结合;生活悠闲,节奏缓慢	生活和休闲, 在旅游地过着悠闲但与日常相同的生活方式	多数从事脏重累的体力活;生活清苦节俭,在城市边缘、厂矿及农民家与人合租住房	休闲,在旅游地过着与日常生活不同的生活方式
旅游行为	冬季旅行,自由行为主, 去非大众旅游区;行程轻松,旅游持续时间较长	季节性往返	很少出游,闲暇时间在街上闲逛、打牌、看电视等	旺季出游;旅游行程紧张, 来去匆匆
自我认知	游客和“半游客”	既不是旅游者,又不是当地人	打工仔	旅游者