城市与乡村是一个有机体,只有二者可持续发展,才能相互支撑。依据人地关系地域系统学说,城乡融合系统、乡村地域系统是全新认知和理解城乡关系的理论依据。针对日益严峻的“乡村病”问题,全面实施乡村振兴,既是推进城乡融合与乡村持续发展的重大战略,也是破解“三农”问题,决胜全面建成小康社会的必然要求。本文探讨了新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴的基础理论,剖析了乡村发展面临的主要问题,提出了问题导向的中国城乡融合与乡村振兴科学途径及研究前沿领域。结果表明：① 城乡融合与乡村振兴的对象是一个乡村地域多体系统,包括城乡融合体、乡村综合体、村镇有机体、居业协同体,乡村振兴重在推进城乡融合系统优化重构,加快建设城乡基础网、乡村发展区、村镇空间场、乡村振兴极等所构成的多级目标体系。② 中国“三农”问题本质上是一个乡村地域系统可持续发展问题,当前乡村发展正面临主要农业生产要素高速非农化、农村社会主体过快老弱化、村庄建设用地日益空废化、农村水土环境严重污损化和乡村贫困片区深度贫困化等“五化”难题。③ 乡村是经济社会发展的重要基础,城乡融合与乡村振兴战略相辅相成,乡村振兴应致力于创建城乡融合体制机制,推进乡村极化发展,按照产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效、生活富裕的要求,构建乡村地域系统转型—重构—创新发展综合体系。④ 乡村振兴地理学研究应着眼于乡村地域系统的复杂性、综合性、动态性,探究以根治“乡村病”为导向的新型村镇建设方案、模式和科学途径,为实现新时代中国乡村振兴战略提供理论参考。

Cities and villages are components of a specific organism. Only the sustainable development of two parts can support the prosperous development as a whole. According to the theory of man-earth areal system, urban-rural integrated system and rural regional system are the theoretical bases for entirely recognizing and understanding urban-rural relationship. To handle the increasingly severe problems of "rural disease" in rapid urbanization, accelerating rural revitalization in an all-round way is not only a major strategic plan for promoting the urban-rural integration and rural sustainable development, but also a necessary requirement for solving the issues related to agriculture, rural areas, and rural people in the new era and securing a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. This study explores the basic theories of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization and analyzes the main problems and causes of rural development in the new era, proposing problem-oriented scientific approaches and frontier research fields of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in China. Results show that the objects of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization is a regional multi-body system, which mainly includes urban-rural integration, rural complex, village-town organism, and housing-industry symbiosis. Rural revitalization focuses on promoting the reconstruction of urban-rural integration system and constructs a multi-level goal system including urban-rural infrastructure networks, zones of rural development, fields of village-town space and poles of rural revitalization. Currently, the rural development is facing the five problems: high-speed non-agricultural transformation of agriculture production factors, over-fast aging and weakening of rural subjects, increasingly hollowing and abandoning of rural construction land, severe fouling of rural soil and water environment and deep pauperization of rural poverty-stricken areas. The countryside is an important basis for the socioeconomic development in China, and the strategies of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization are complementary. The rural revitalization focuses on establishing the institutional mechanism for integrated urban-rural development and constructs the comprehensive development system of rural regional system, which includes transformation, reconstruction and innovation in accordance with the requirements of thriving businesses, pleasant living environments, social etiquette and civility, effective governance, and prosperity. Geographical research on rural revitalization should focus on the complexity and dynamics of rural regional system and explore new schemes, models and scientific approaches for the construction of villages and towns, which are guided by radical cure of "rural disease", implement the strategy of rural revitalization polarization, construct the evaluation index system and planning system of rural revitalization, thus providing advanced theoretical references for realizing the revitalization of China's rural areas in the new era.

快速城镇化进程驱动中国乡村地域发生巨大变化。乡村重构,即为适应乡村内部要素和外部调控的变化,通过优化配置和有效管理影响乡村发展的物质和非物质要素,重构乡村社会经济形态和优化地域空间格局,以实现乡村地域系统内部结构优化、功能提升以及城乡地域系统之间结构协调、功能互补的过程。本文在界定乡村重构的概念内涵,构建基于“要素—结构—功能”演变助推乡村重构的理论框架基础上,从空间重构、经济重构、社会重构视角探讨了乡村重构的实现路径,并着眼于服务当前国家重大战略需求和解决城乡转型发展进程中乡村地域系统面临的现实困境,提出了未来中国乡村重构研究需重点关注的内容。最后,就现有旨在促进乡村社会经济发展的重大引导性战略和政府干预性政策及其在实践操作中引发的一系列问题,展开批判性分析和讨论。

For the sake of adapting to the changes of elements in both kernel system and external system of rural development, rural restructuring is a process of optimally allocating and efficiently managing the material and non-material elements affecting rural development, reshaping social and economic structures in rural areas and optimizing spatial pattern in rural territory, and approaching the structure optimization and function promotion of rural territorial system as well as the structure coordination and function complementation of urban-rural territorial system. Based on elaborating the concept and connotations of rural restructuring and the mechanism of promoting rural restructuring due to the evolution of "elements-structure-function", the paper probed the approaches of rural restructuring from the aspects of spatial restructuring, economic restructuring and social restructuring. In order to meet the current national strategic demands and meet the challenges of rural development in the process of urban-rural development transformation, it is in great urgency to strengthen the study on the patterns and processes, dynamic mechanism, differentiated development models, rural planning technology systems, strategies and policies for rural development, and the impacts of globalization on China's rural restructuring in the future. Finally, focusing on a series of problems in the implementation of some important government intervention policies, which is aimed at boosting the social and economic development of rural areas in recent years, a critical analysis and discussion is carried out.

中国特色社会主义进入新时代,城乡发展不平衡、乡村发展不充分等问题日益突出,实施乡村振兴战略是解决人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间矛盾的必然要求。发展乡村旅游能够有力地契合和服务新时代国家发展战略,促进农业提质增效、农民增收致富、农村繁荣稳定,加快统筹城乡融合发展步伐,是实现乡村振兴的重要途径。系统梳理国内外乡村旅游引导乡村振兴的相关研究成果,针对内容深度相对薄弱、功能拓展比较泛化、时代特征不够显著等问题,把握新时代乡村旅游发展的新特点、新使命、新要求,充分考虑中国是一个发展中的经济大国、人口大国、农业大国的基本国情,构建了融合地理学、旅游学、经济学、社会学、管理学等相关学科理论的新时代中国乡村旅游引导乡村振兴的研究框架,归纳了乡村旅游引导乡村振兴的五个重点研究内容,即乡村旅游引导乡村振兴的学理和逻辑机理研究、乡村旅游引导乡村经济振兴的路径研究、乡村旅游引导乡村生态宜居的路径研究、乡村旅游引导乡村治理体系重构的路径研究、乡村旅游引导乡村振兴的政策体系研究。五个重点研究内容包括理论层面、实践层面和保障层面,在相互联系、相互影响、相互作用中共同促进城乡融合发展,实现乡村振兴的科学、持续、健康发展。掌握和运用科学的方法论,汲取科学方法论的智慧和营养,构建多方法综合集成的方法体系,确保数据采集的真实性和数据处理的科学性,是新时代乡村旅游引导乡村振兴研究的关键。

Socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered the new era. Problems such as unbalanced development between urban and rural and inadequate development in rural areas have become increasingly prominent. The implementation of the rural revitalization strategy is an inevitable requirement for resolving the contradictions between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people's ever-growing needs for a better life. With the rapid advancement of new industrialization and new urbanization, China's rural tourism has entered the era of big tourism instead of small and medium tourism. The development of rural tourism can effectively pursue the development strategy of the country in the new era, promote agricultural quality and efficiency, increase farmers' income, make the countryside prosperous and stable, and speed up the development of urban-rural integration. Therefore, it is an important way to realizing rural revitalization. This paper has reviewed the related research on rural revitalization led by rural tourism at home and abroad. In addition, it has grasped the new characteristics, new missions and new requirements of rural tourism development in the new era. Considering the basic situation of China as a developing economic power, and a large agricultural country with a large population, this paper has constructed a research framework of rural revitalization led by rural tourism in China in the new era, which integrates theories of geography, tourism, economics, sociology, management and other related disciplines. It has summarized the five key research contents of rural revitalization led by rural tourism, which contains study on theory and logic mechanism of rural revitalization led by rural tourism, study on the path of rural economy revitalization led by rural tourism, study on the path of rural ecological livability led by rural tourism, study on the path of reconstruction of rural governance system led by rural tourism and study on the policy system of rural revitalization led by rural tourism. The five key research contents cover the theoretical, practical and safeguard aspects, promote the development of urban-rural integration through interconnection, mutual influence and interaction, and ultimately realize the scientific, sustained, and healthy development of the rural revitalization strategy. In the new era, the key of rural revitalization led by rural tourism is to master and apply scientific methodology, to learn the wisdom and nutrition of scientific methodology, to construct a method system for multi-method comprehensive integration, and to ensure the authenticity of data collection and the scientificalness of data processing.

<p>Currently, both rural development and urban development in China are experiencing a transition period. the transformation of a traditional agricultural society into a modern industrial and urban society, and the economy is changing from a traditional planned economy to a modern market system. As a result, regional development factors reintegration and followed industrial restructuring have changed the rural areas in eastern coastal China deeply. Different rural development types were shaped basing on a carrier, which is composed of different industries. Accordingly, this paper defines four rural development types, i.e. agriculture-dominated rural development type, industry-dominated rural development type, balanced rural development type, and rural development type focusing on business, tourism and providing services, and classifies the rural development types in eastern coastal China. Then, an indicator system was established to assess the rurality index (RI) of different rural development types in eastern coastal China. The results showed: (1) Relying on the advantages of location and national lean policies, 57.6% of the total territory of eastern coastal China belongs to balanced rural development type, and 18.64%, 11.99% and 11.75% of the total area is shared by agriculture-dominated rural development type, industry-dominated rural development type, and rural development type focusing on business, tourism and providing services, respectively; (2) 59.1% of the agriculture-dominated rural development type shows a strong rurality (RI > 0.5); (3) In the industry-dominated rural development type, the area with a weak rurality (RI < 0.4) and a moderate rurality (0.4 < RI < 0.5) takes up 33.4% and 42.8%, respectively; (4) In the rural development type focusing on business, tourism and providing services, the area with weak, strong and moderate rurality shares 42.7%, 27.3% and 30.0% of the total, respectively; (5) Almost half (45.8%) of the balanced rural development type with a moderate rurality, 17.2% of this type with a weak rurality, and 37% with a strong rurality. In some cases, the big difference of rurality index value among the same development types is due to the development of multi-functionality of current countryside and place-based rural development mode under globalization and socio-economic restructuring. Rural development depends on the change of its influencing factors. So, the rural development types classified in this paper can not always keep the same situation, at least the quantitative change occurs momently.</p>

The spatial network model of tourism system is discerned and analyzed in this paper. Since Leiper developed a definition of tourism using the systems methodology, there are a few of different definitions of tourism system presented by scholars inside or outside the country. But all those definition made a wrong in taking the tourist industry or its components as a subsystem of tourism system. Still using the systems methodology, a new definition of tourism system is put forward in part one. The elements of the system are destination, origins and travel route. Those elements are arranged in spatial and functional connections. Having the characteristics of an open system, the tourism system is the spatial pattern of tourist flows or the process of the tourist activities. There are two sections in part two. Section one advances that the spatial model of tourism system is a network composed of two types of nodes, destination and origins connected by travel route links centered with destination place. The characteristics of the model are described using six spatial elements for geographical model of P.Haggett. The six spatial elements are movement, path, node, nodal structure, field and, pervasion. The movement refers to the tourists moving in the network from different origin places to the destination along different transits routes. Path is the transits routes that tourists use. Nodes are the origins and destination. Nodal structure refers to the different origins that generate different mounts of tourists. Field refers to the spatial scope of the tourism system decided by the attractions of the destination. Pervasion refers to the field that is changing by the time. Section two analyzes the topological properties of the tourism network using several indexes such as β,α,γ indexes and the shortest path matrix. The values of those indexes and the shortest path matrix of the network in figure 1 are calculated separately. Those indexes give a way to estimate the network quantitatively. At the end part, the applications of the spatial network model in several areas and at many levels of analysis is discussed in details. In academic research it can serve as a reference point for general and specific studies. In the business world, the model and those indexes can be used in research for the tourist marketing, destination’s accessibility appraising, spatial competition analyzing of tourist places, tourism planning and, tourist industry developing. Further detailed work on the model of tourism system is studied with Jinggangshan town. The spatial network model seems particularly relevant as a guide for tourism planning and assessing the developing policies in some special destination tourist place. In summary, the spatial network model provides governments and planners a valuable approach to tourism policy and tourism planning. Meanwhile, the model is very useful for academic research, especially for synthetic tourism research using systems methodology.

伴随快速城镇化,乡村地域正经历着经济社会发展方式转变为主导的人文过程,前瞻性地研究乡村转型发展过程格局、演进机理及空间优化重组研究意义重大。本文系统梳理乡村发展转型内涵、过程格局、驱动机制、类型模式、乡村空间重构、农村发展理论及农村空心化等系列成果研究进展,并进行简要研究评述。在此基础上,对中国乡村发展转型与重构的研究核心内容和逻辑主线加以凝练总结。未来乡村发展转型与重构研究应以人地关系地域系统理论为指导,以揭示不同地域类型区的乡村转型发展过程及演进机制为核心,以建构乡村空间优化重组理论和探究模式途径为目标,综合集成遥感与GIS、抽样调查和模型方法,重点研究不同典型地域的乡村转型发展的多尺度过程规律、地域类型、动力机制,深化乡村空间体系演化规律和优化重组的内外机制,及乡村社会文化网络、技术制度转型重组等方面的研究,进行乡村多维空间重组的情景模拟。结合典型案例实证研究,解构乡村多维空间重构理论与模式的成长机制与区域主导地理要素;比较分析典型模式的演化过程和要素互馈作用机制;探寻推进乡村良性转型发展及空间优化重组的地域模式和科学途径。

Rural transformation is a leading human process accompanying urban-rural development and the transformation of economic development mode, under the background of rapid urbanization in the past few decades in China. In the study of rural transformation process, spatial reconstruction mechanism and optimal rural spatial reconstruction are of great significant. Using the theory of human-nature relationship in the territorial system, the process of rural transformation and interaction mechanism between this process and land use transformation should be analyzed in future studies to examine the mechanism of rural spatial reconstruction and the pattern of optimal spatial reorganization that affect the process of rural transformation. The integration of remote sensing and GIS and sampling survey and modeling methods should be used to: (1) analyze the process and dynamic patterns of rural transformation and its geographical types; (2) explore the collaborative mechanism between rural transformation and land use transformation; (3) establish models for optimal spatial reorganization that affects rural transformation; (4) identify typical patterns of rural transformation and land use allocation that affect rural spatial reconstruction indifferent functional types; and (5) systematically analyze the mechanism of different rural development patterns and the main regional geographical features. Combined with empirical studies, this research compares and analyzes typical development patterns in terms of the evolution process and interaction mechanism among various factors, to explore geographical patterns and methods for rural spatial reconstruction.

依据国土空间用地GIS数据及村镇统计数据，采用聚类分析及分形学方法，探索江汉平原乡村聚落空间形态类型及空间体系特征。研究表明，江汉平原因其内部自然环境基质的差异，形成了“二类四型”聚落空间形态:低丘岗地地域，主要是均衡镶嵌型聚落空间形态，可分为高密度（斑块）低丘点状形态及中密度（斑块）岗地团块形态2种亚型，此类聚落形态的村镇呈现出“星点”式空间结构；河渠水网地域，主要是轴带依附型聚落空间形态，可分为低密度（斑块）滨湖弧带形态和中低密度（斑块）河渠直线形态2种亚型，此类聚落形态的村镇呈现“点轴”式空间结构。江汉平原“二类四型”乡村聚落形态及空间体系结构在长江中游平原水网农区有一定的典型性，可以为此类乡村聚落空间重构、乡村居民点体系优化提供理论基础及实践指导。

Under the background of land space planning reform, the land space of county is divided into three types: Urban space, agricultural space and ecological space. Among them, the planning of rural residential area system is the key to the agricultural space reconstruction. The implementation of Rural Revitalization Strategy requires the construction of rural community system according to the law of rural population migration. The characteristics of rural settlement spatial pattern and the optimized reconstruction mode are the foundation of rural community reconstruction. Based on the land GIS data and the statistical data of villages and towns, the cluster analysis and fractal method are used to explore the form types and spatial system characteristics of rural settlements in the Jianghan Plain. The research shows that the Jianghan Plain has formed ‘two category and four types’ of rural settlement space forms due to the difference of its internal natural environment matrix: One is the balanced mosaic settlement form in the low-hilly and mound areas, which can be divided into two subtypes: high-density & low-hilly point form and medium-density & mound crumb form, this rural settlement present a ‘star point’ spatial structure. Another is shaft-dependent settlement form in the river and ditch network areas, which can be divided into two subtypes: low-density & lake-arc form and medium-low density & river-ditch linear form, this rural settlement presents a ‘point-axis’ spatial structure. The characteristics of ‘two category and four types’ rural settlement form and spatial system in the Jianghan Plain are typical in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River Plain. It can provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for the spatial reconstruction of such rural settlements and the optimization of rural residential area system.

黄河流域作为中国重要的粮食生产核心区和打赢脱贫攻坚战的重要区域,探究黄河流域专业村分布及演化的一般规律,对实现农区经济高质量发展具有重要意义。因此,本文以黄河流域专业村为研究对象,运用ArcGIS空间分析和地理探测器等方法,多尺度综合揭示2008—2017年黄河流域专业村的空间格局演变特征及影响因素。结果表明：①黄河流域专业村整体空间格局的集聚程度不断增加,主要集聚分布区位于关中平原和黄河下游地区;②黄河流域专业村县级尺度上空间格局演化呈现由带状向团状转变,团状集聚形态包括城郊集聚、乡镇集聚和乡村腹地集聚;③黄河流域专业村主要在低海拔区、缓坡区、河流两岸和公路两侧分布较多且增长较快;④黄河流域专业村影响因子主要体现在技术、制度、文化和市场方面,且不同分区上专业村分布的核心影响因子有所不同。因此,建议落后地区在充分挖掘自身优势的基础上,完善基础设施,引进先进技术,生产特级、优级、名牌农产品;发达地区要充分发挥先进技术、完善制度和创新文化对专业村持续健康发展的促进和引领作用。

The Yellow River Basin is an important core area of grain production in China and an important area to win the battle against poverty. Exploring the general pattern of the distribution and evolution of the specialized villages in the area is of great significance for the high-quality economic development of the region. Taking the specialized villages in the Yellow River Basin as the research object and using ArcGIS spatial analysis and Geodetector tools, this study comprehensively analyzed the spatial pattern evolution and influencing factors from 2008 to 2017. The results show that: (1) The concentration of the overall spatial distribution is increasing, and the concentrated distribution area is in the Guanzhong Plain and the lower Yellow River Basin; (2) The spatial pattern at the county level has changed from bands to clusters. The cluster-like agglomeration forms include suburban agglomeration, township agglomeration, and rural hinterland agglomeration; (3) Specialized villages are mainly distributed in low-altitude areas, areas with gentle slopes, along rivers, and along highways, with rapid growth; (4) The influencing factors of specialized village distribution in the Yellow River Basin are mainly in the technological, institutional, cultural, and market dimensions, and the core impact factors of spatial distribution vary in different regions. Therefore, it is recommended that underdeveloped regions, on the basis of fully exploiting their own advantages, should improve infrastructure, introduce advanced technology, and strive to produce high quality agricultural products. The developed regions should make full use of advanced technologies, well-developed management systems, and innovative culture to promote and lead the sustainable and healthy development of specialized villages.

土地利用转型这一研究方向引入中国后,结合中国社会经济特点的相关研究篷勃开展。土地利用形态是土地利用转型研究的核心内容,在社会经济变化和革新的影响下,随着研究的不断深入,土地利用形态的概念内涵被不断拓展。本文在分析土地利用形态概念内涵的发展演变基础上,提出将其分为显性形态与隐性形态两种形式,并以此诠释了土地利用转型的概念模式,进而探讨了土地利用转型与乡村转型发展之间的关系。研究指出:耕地和农村宅基地这两种地类乃乡村发展与土地利用转型之重要源头。随后探讨了乡村转型发展与耕地和农村宅基地利用转型之间的相互作用关系。最后提出未来土地利用转型与乡村转型发展的研究方向,涉及土地利用转型与乡村转型发展的格局与地域类型、互馈作用机理与动力机制、资源与环境效应、优化调控模式和途径等方面。

Recently, related researches on land use transition combining with the characteristics of China’s socio- economic development have been carried out rapidly since the research field of land use transition was introduced to China. Land use morphology is the key content of land use transition research. However, the concept and connotation of land use morphology has been developed continuously with the in-depth research and socio- economic change and innovation. Based on the analysis of the evolvement of the concept and connotation of land use morphology, this paper argues that there are two formats for depicting land use morphology: one is dominant morphology, and the other is recessive morphology. The dominant land use morphology refers to the quantity, structure and spatial pattern of land use, and the recessive land use morphology includes the land-use features in the aspects such as quality, property rights, management mode, fixed input and productive ability. Then, a conceptualization of the models of land use transition was annotated based on the two formats of land use morphology. Land use transition refers to the changes in land use morphology of a certain region over a certain period of time driven by socio-economic change and innovation, and it usually corresponds to the transition of socio-economic development phase. Rural transformation development means the restructuring of rural socio- economic morphology and territorial spatial patterns resulted from local actors’responses and readjustments to the change, recombination and interaction of socio-economic development factors and rural-urban migration in the process of rapid urbanization and industrialization, including the changes in traditional rural industries, the employment mode, the consumption structure, and the social structure. Such transformation radically changes the urban-rural relationship and the relationship between agriculture and industry. Since farmland and rural settlement are the engines driving land use transition and rural transformation development, the interaction between rural transformation development and farmland and rural settlement transition was analyzed to understand the relationship between land use transition and rural transformation development. Finally, the future research fields concerning land use transition and rural transformation development were suggested as follows: the dynamic pattern and territorial type of land use transition and rural transformation development; the interaction and dynamical mechanism of land use transition and rural transformation development; the resources and environment effects of land use transition and rural transformation development; and the ways and countermeasures of optimizing and adjusting land use transition and rural transformation development.

基于6期高分影像数据和实地调查,定量分析贵州惠水涟江大坝1966—2016年乡村转型发展进程中土地利用生产功能时空演变规律。结果表明：① 坝子生产功能定量诊断体系可有效识别坝子生产功能空间格局;动态演变监测模型敏感反映坝子生产功能由&#x0201C;单一路径&#x0201D;主导向&#x0201C;多元路径&#x0201D;时空动态演化过程。② 研究区生产功能空间整体由传统向非传统农业生产主导功能转向,2010年为坝区生产功能转型拐点。③ 坝区传统农业生产功能呈&#x0201C;小幅增加-平稳减少-快速缩减&#x0201D;,非传统农业生产功能呈&#x0201C;波动维稳-小幅增加-快速增加&#x0201D;演变特征,且功能多样性不断增加。研究结果提供了贵州典型坝子土地功能转型微观案例,对当地土地资源优化配置具有现实意义。

Based on the hypothesis analysis of the land use function evolution of the basin in Guizhou province, this paper quantitatively explores the characteristics and rules of the spatial-temporal evolution of the land use production function under the background of rural transformation and development. The Lianjiang basin, located in Huishui County, Guizhou province, is chosen as the study area. The data comes from high resolution image interpretation and field surveys during 6 periods from 1966 and 2016. The results show that: (1) The spatial pattern of production function of the basin in karst mountainous areas can be effectively identified by the quantitative diagnostic model of the basin's production function; the model of dynamic evolution monitoring can reflect the dynamic spatiotemporal evolution of the basin's production function. This process is dominated by the "Single-Path" at the beginning and then turns to "Multi-Path". (2) During the study period, the reconstruction of the functional space of the basin in Guizhou has indeed occurred, and the overall functional structure of the basin has been transformed from the traditional agricultural production function to the layout of modern agricultural production functions. The microscopic spatial layout in the former is centered on the location of the town in the basin, and then it is reduced like a strip around the same center. The latter expanded in strips along the north-south road of the basin. (3) The traditional agricultural production function presents a changing trend featured by "Slight increase-Smooth reduction-Quick reduction", while the non-traditional agricultural function reflucts the change characteristics of "Stable fluctuations-Small increase-Rapid increase". The diversity of non-traditional agricultural production functions continues to increase, and the turning point of the production function transformation in the basin is 2010. (4) At the same time, this paper qualitatively discusses the driving force system and action process of the spatio-temporal evolution stage in the land use function of the basin. The results have enriched the microscopic cases of land function transformation in typical geomorphic regions (basin), the research methods make up for the deficiencies of the "macro-analysis" and "low space-time identity" of the method of transect research. It is of practical significance to optimize the allocation of local land resources and implement micro-land management and rectification according to local conditions.

随着城镇化的快速推进,中国社会经济发展进入转型期,乡村功能发展的多元化和空间分异特征日益明显。以长株潭地区23个县市区为研究地域单元,构建乡村功能评价指标体系及评价模型,揭示长株潭地区“生产—生活—生态”功能分异特征并进行功能分区与调控路径研究。结果表明：① 长株潭地区乡村“三生”功能空间分异特征明显,耕地资源丰富的醴陵市、浏阳市等地区生产功能较强,基础设施较为完善的荷塘区、岳塘区等地区生活功能较强,生态环境较好的茶陵县等地区生态功能较强。② 基于评价结果将研究区共划分为东部平原生产区、中部丘陵生活区、南部山地生态区、中部丘陵生态生活区和北部丘陵生态生产区5种类型功能区,其中东部平原生产区、中部丘陵生活区、南部山地生态区为长株潭地区的三生功能优势发展区,基于“优化主导优势功能、提升中等功能、改善弱势功能”的原则,提出各功能分区的调控路径与发展策略,从而为长株潭地区乡村功能转型发展与主导功能的识别及确定提供理论依据。

With the rapid economic growth in the 21st century, China's economy has been in a transitional period of rapid development and a mass-type economic development. With the rapid urbanization and industrialization, the internal and external environments for the development of rural areas are experiencing significant changes. The rural areas have entered a new period of transformation and development, which has shown the characteristics of diversification and regionalization. There are great differences in their dominant superiority functions because of the differences in the basis of social and economic development, location conditions and resource endowments in different regions. Under the background, the development of rural functions has become a new topic of rural geography research. Meanwhile it has also become a new theory and a new paradigm for guiding the determination of dominance in rural areas and the development of space regulation in the new era. With the rapid urbanization, China's social and economic development has entered a transitional period, and the diversity of function of rural regional development and spatial differentiation has increasingly become apparent. Taking the Chang-Zhu-Tan area's 23 counties as a geographical unit, we construct an index system and evaluation model of rural area function evaluation, and reveal the feature of "Production-Life-Ecology" in the study area. The results showed that: (1) The characteristics of spatial differentiation of "production-life-ecological" function in rural areas in the study area are obvious. The cities of Liling and Liuyang with rich cultivated land has a strong production function, Hetang and Yuetang districts with well-equipped infrastructure have powerful living function, and Chaling County with better eco-environment has a strong ecological function. (2) Based on the evaluation results, the study area is divided into five types of functional areas, namely, the eastern plain production area, the central hilly living area, the southern mountainous ecological area, the central hilly ecological area and the northern hilly ecological area. Among them, the eastern plain production area, the central hilly living area and the southern mountainous ecological area are the tri-functional superiority development areas. Based on the principle of "optimizing the leading superiority function, enhancing the moderately-oriented function and improving the disadvantaged function", we propose the path of regulation and the strategy of development of each function zone, thus providing a theoretical basis for the recognition and determination of the rural function transformation and development and the leading function in the Chang-Zhu-Tan area.

论文以贵州省惠水县乡村旅游度假区好花红村为典型案例,运用空间分析方法,利用高分辨率遥感影像和实地调查访问数据,分析了2006—2019年好花红村土地利用功能演变规律,探讨了土地利用功能转型助推乡村振兴的作用。结果表明：① 好花红村土地利用功能受土地利用转型的影响,由传统单一的农业生产功能、社会保障功能和生态保育功能转变为复合型观光休闲功能和经济发展功能,增加了经济效益的同时保证了生态效益,土地利用功能总体上呈现出多元化和复合化特征;② 研究区不同演变阶段的演变模式存在显著差异,经历了单一农业生产功能阶段、多元功能转型过渡阶段、多功能复合转型阶段,土地利用功能演变有以农为主、乡村旅游为辅,农旅结合、农业逐步退缩,以乡村旅游为主、整体转型3种模式;③ 自然条件是土地利用功能变化的基础动力,经营主体变化是土地利用功能转型的内在动力,区域发展政策是驱动土地利用功能多元化的根本动力,旅游市场“规模化”需求是驱动乡村功能和土地利用功能转化的重要推动力,这些因素相互作用,共同驱动土地利用功能演变。

Taking Haohuahong Village, a rural tourist resort in Huishui County of Guizhou Province, as a typical case and using spatial analysis method and high-resolution remote sensing and field survey data, this study analyzed the pattern of change of land use functions of the village in the past 14 years, and probed into the role of land use function transformation in boosting rural revitalization. The results show that: 1) Land use functions of the village are affected by land use transition and was transformed from the traditional single function of agricultural production, social security, and ecological conservation into a compound leisure sightseeing and economic development function, increasing the economic benefit while ensuring the ecological benefits, and showing the characteristics of diversity and integration. 2) There are significant differences in the pattern of change in the different stages of development in the research area, including the stage of single agricultural production function, the stage of multiple function transformation transition, and the stage of multi-functional compound transformation. The change of land use functions includes three modes: mainly agriculture but supplemented by rural tourism, combining agriculture and tourism; gradually shrinking agriculture, and mainly rural tourism; and overall transformation. 3) Natural conditions are the basis of the land use functional change; changing operators is the inner impetus for the transformation of land use functions; regional development policy is the fundamental driving force; and the demand of expanding the scale of the tourism market is also an important driving factor of rural and land use functional change. These factors interact with each other, and together drive the change of land use functions.

本文在界定旅游用地概念的基础上，分析了目前全国土地分类体系中有关旅游用地分类的不足和缺陷，并对旅游用地进行了重新分类，初步建立了旅游用地分类新体系，为协调旅游用地与其他用地之间的关系提供较为科学的理论依据。

在旅游城镇化背景下,古镇用地的城镇化尤其是用地格局的演变特征与驱动机制问题,是古镇旅游研究的重要科学问题。综合运用高分辨率遥感影像、GIS空间分析和田野调查等技术与方法,对周庄旅游古镇2002-2012年用地格局演变及其驱动机制进行分析,结果表明：① 十年间土地转移量明显增多,城镇化的快速发展以及旅游业的转型升级推动了农林地转化成旅游与公管服务等建设用地的进程;② 除农林地与水域外,其余土地利用类型动态度均为正,旅游用地、公管与公服用地和工业用地的动态度较大;③ 旅游引导下的古镇用地类型在空间上呈现出以古镇景区为核心,不断向周边外围拓展的演变态势,用地结构表现为&#x0201c;同心圆+扇形&#x0201d;模式;④ 在自然地理环境约束、政府行为与政策引导、经济发展与产业转型、社会生产方式转变等内外双重驱动下共同导致了用地格局的空间转换。加强古镇用地格局的演变及其驱动机制研究,有助于处理好古镇保护与旅游发展的关系,节约与集约利用土地资源,引导古镇旅游城镇化的健康发展。

Under the background of tourism urbanization, the urbanization of land use of the ancient town is an important scientific problem, especially the evolution and driving mechanism of land use pattern. Combined with the methods of high-resolution remote sensing images, spatial analysis of GIS and the field research, the study selects Zhouzhuang as the typical case of the ancient town and analyzes the evolution and its driving mechanism of land use pattern from 2002 to 2012. The results are obtained as follows. (1) The amount of land transfer is increasing obviously in the ten years. It is the rapid development of urbanization and the transformation and upgrade of the tourism industry that promote the transformation progress, i.e. from the land use of agriculture and forestry into the construction land use of tourism and public services, etc. (2) Apart from the land use of agriculture and forestry as well as water area, the dynamic degree of other types of land use is positive value. Meanwhile, the dynamic degree of the land use of tourism, public management, public services land and industrial land are gradually increasing. (3) The land use types of ancient town, which are mainly for tourism, displays the change trend of expanding gradually to the periphery from the core of the scenic spots of the ancient town. In addition, the structure of land use shows the mode of "concentric circles plus the shape of fan". (4) The space conversion of land use pattern is caused by the internal and external driving forces, such as the limitation of natural geographical environment, the government behavior and policy guidance, the economic development and industrial transformation, the change of social production mode. Therefore, the effective way should be constructed by the tourism development, the fusion of industry and town, the government regulation and the market guidance based on the advantage of cultural resource of itself so as to promote the quality of urbanization. Finally, the efficient use and intensive development of the land resource of the ancient town can be realized.

采用社会调查数据、扩展强度指数与GIS技术,以大连金石滩旅游度假区为例,定量研究1998-2012年旅游用地时空格局演变特点和驱动机制,研究表明：①旅游用地扩张速度表现为快速增长（1998-2003年）,缓慢增长（2003-2007年）,稳定增长（2007-2012年）3个阶段。1998-2003年,耕地是旅游用地增长的主要来源,其次是园地和建设附属用地。2003-2007年,其他用地是旅游用地增长的主要来源,其次是耕地和城乡居民用地。2007-2012年,耕地是旅游用地增长的主要来源,其次是其他用地和园地。功能变化：金石滩旅游度假区逐渐由单一功能的传统城镇向集住宿、购物、餐饮、娱乐多元化功能的旅游型城镇转变;②空间格局变化：1998-2003年,旅游开发主要以&#x0201c;海、路、石&#x0201d;为主,旅游用地空间形态以&#x0201c;n&#x0201d;字形布局模式;2003-2012年,旅游开发主要以&#x0201c;海、山、路、石&#x0201d;为主,旅游用地由沿海向内陆呈面状扩展;③驱动机制：区域优势为滨海旅游开发提供了方向性指标,居民协调配合程度在一定程度上影响着政府和旅游企业开发的时间,市场需求的理性选择是小镇功能转化和土地利用变化的内在动力。政府和企业为适应不同阶段的旅游需求做出的调控和规划为旅游用地的相对稳定提供了支撑力。因此,金石滩旅游度假区以内部驱动因子为基础和推动力,外部驱动因子为支撑力,共同驱动旅游用地空间格局的变化。

Here we combined the data sources from the social survey,GIS technology and Expansion intensity index to analyze tourism land-use spatial pattern evolution for the Dalian Jinshitan Tourist Holiday Resort from 1998 to 2012. We found that the expansion of tourism land-use has gone through three periods：rapid expansion（1998-2003）,slow growth（2003-2007） and stable development （2007-2012）. From 1998-2003 cultivated land is the main source of growth of tourism land-use,second is garden land and the construction of subsidiary land. From 2003-2007 other land is the main source of growth of tourism land-use,followed by cultivated land and urban and rural residents’ land. From 2007-2012 cultivated land is the main source of growth of tourism land-use,followed by other land and garden plots. Dalian Jinshitan National Tourist Holiday Resort gradually changed from a single function of traditional town to integrating accommodation,shopping,dining and entertainment. From 1998-2003,tourism development is mainly around ‘sea,road and stone’ tourism land-use spatial form in an ‘n’ glyph layout mode. From 2003-2012,tourism development centered around the ‘mountain,sea,road and stone’ tourism land-use spatial form expanded from coastal to inland in planar. Regional advantage index provides a directional indicator for coastal tourism development. To a certain extent,the coordination degree of resident affects the development time of the government and tourism enterprise. The rational choice of the market demand is the intrinsic motivation of the function transformation and land use change of the town. To adapt to different stages of travel demand,regulation and planning is providing support for relative stability of tourism land-use. Therefore： internal drive as the foundation and driving force,external drive as the support,and form tourism special driving mechanism of land use spatial pattern evolution.

地理学是研究地理要素或者地理综合体空间分布规律、时间演变过程和区域特征的一门学科,是自然科学与人文科学的交叉,具有综合性、交叉性和区域性的特点。随着地理信息技术发展与研究方法变革,新时期的地理学正在向地理科学进行华丽转身,研究主题更加强调陆地表层系统的综合研究,研究范式经历着从地理学知识描述、格局与过程耦合,向复杂人地系统的模拟和预测转变。在服务国内重大需求和国际全球战略过程中,地理学正在扮演愈发重要的角色,在新型城镇化、生态环境保护、水土资源管理、地缘政治等领域拥有广阔发展前景。中国地理学正面临前所未有的机遇,需要紧紧围绕国家重大需求,创新发展综合性的理论、方法和技术,逐步形成具有鲜明中国特色、深远国际影响的地理科学体系,为中国和全球的可持续发展服务。

Geography is a subject to explore spatial distribution, time evolution and regional characteristics of geographical elements or geographical complexes. Geography is unique in bridging social sciences and natural sciences, and has characteristics of comprehensiveness, interdisciplinary research and regionalism. With the development of geographical science technology and research methods, geography is in the gorgeous historical process towards geographical science. Research themes of geography are focusing on the comprehensive research on the earth surface. The research paradigms of geography are shifting from geography knowledge description, coupling pattern and process, to the simulation and prediction of complex human and earth system. The development of Chinese geography needs to be rooted in the major needs of national strategy, and plays important roles in the studies of urbanization development, coupling ecological processes and services, water resources management and geopolitics. Under the country's major needs, China's geography tends to achieve the geography theory innovation, new method and technology application and developed disciplinary system with Chinese characteristics, and make more contribution to national and global sustainable development.

The most fundamental obstacle to progress in the understanding and prediction of human impacts on environmental changes lies in the lack of a comprehensive and integrative theory of human land relationships. The recent growth of research into land use and land cover change has revealed the inadequacy of current theories. On the other hand, specific land use issues have been effectively addressed by different disciplines, such as economic geography, regional and urban economics, and law. This paper reviews the land use theories and system models that indirectly or exclusively touch the dynamics of land use in time and space. A comprehensive framework for the explanation of land use changes is proposed. The author argues that a multi disciplinary approach into land use change studies, as an alternative to a new integrative theory of human land relationships, help the establishment of a holistic understanding of the process. Analyses of land user&rsquo;s economic behavior and land manager&rsquo;s institutional behavior constitute the major components of the framework. Thunen and Alonso&rsquo;s bid rent curve approach provides a foundation for the former analysis, while Platt&rsquo;s interaction loop among land use system, environment system and institution system provides theoretical base for the latter. With the bid rent curve approach, understanding of land use change lies in an analysis of conditions for change of transference margins in the micro perspective and an analysis of conditions for change of the slope of bid rent curve in the macro perspective. All these changes will break the spatial equilibrium of land use and then constitute the driving forces of land use change. With Platt&rsquo;s interaction loop approach, attention should be paid to strength of the signals from both the nature side and the society side. The author claims that changes on land use policies in China after the &rsquo;who will feed China&rsquo; debate in the mid 1990s, the large flooding on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the strong dust storms in North China in early 2000, reflect the impact of strong signals. The paper also discusses the intrinsic properties of land that make unique of the dynamic mechanism of land use. Of these properties, multiple suitability, constraint in area and quality, and immovability are imperative to land use changes. Trend in land use specialization and the implicative shrinking of land&rsquo;s natural functions is a cue for the understanding of land use changes, and that of the overall human environment relationships as well.

中国正处在快速推进的城镇化进程中,耕地与林地、牧草地和水域等生态用地将如何变化,以及建设用地是否仍将快速增长?这不仅是国家宏观政策制定者关心的问题,也是广大学者和普通民众面临的具体问题。通过构建基于土地利用的中国城镇化系统动力学（System dynamics,SD）模型,尝试对上述问题作出分析。研究结果表明：（1）本文构建的模型是有效的,具备可靠性和稳定性。（2）若要保持国家耕地保有量不少于18.25亿亩,到2050年需补充83.17万~412.67万hm²耕地资源。（3）到2050年,如果中国城镇化水平达到78%左右,建设用地总量将达到4007.29万~4214.25万hm²,较2020年净增加了155.87万~342.88万hm²。（4）2020—2050年生态用地数量表现为先增加后减少,其中,林地显著增加,牧草地减少,水域略有增加。研究成果可为全国国土空间规划多方案模拟、评估和决策提供科学服务。

China is still experiencing the process of rapid urbanization. How will cultivated land and ecological land, such as woodland, grassland, and water body change? Will construction land continue to grow rapidly? These are not only the concerns of national macro-policy makers, but also the specific problems faced by scholars and ordinary people. This paper attempts to make a multi-scenario analysis of the above issues by constructing a system dynamics (SD) model of China's urbanization based on land use. This SD model integrates the relationship between land use and multi-factors in the urbanization process, including economy and population, and highlights the dominant role of land resources in the urbanization process. The conclusions can be drawn as follows: First, according to the results of stock-flow validation and sensitivity analysis, the China's urbanization SD model based on land use is effective with great reliability and stability. Therefore, the model can be used to predict and simulate the future trend of urbanization process and land resource use in China. Second, in order to meet the requirement of the "National Land Planning Outline (2016-2030)" that the amount of cultivated land should be maintained at 12166.67×104 hm2, there will be a need to supplement 83.17×104-412.67×104 hm2 of cultivated land from other types of land by 2050. This is because the cultivated land will show a decreasing trend in the China's urbanization in the future. In the low scenario, medium and high-speed economic growth, the amount of cultivated land by 2050 will be reduced to 12366.60×104, 12083.50×104, and 11754.00×104 hm2, respectively. Third, with the improvement of urbanization levels, the total amount of construction land will increase accordingly. Specifically, if China's urbanization level reaches 78% by 2050, the total construction land will increase to 4283.89×104-4464.90×104 hm2, with a net increase of 155.87×104-342.88×104 hm2 compared with 2020. Fourth, the overall trend of ecological land in 2020-2050 is to increase first and then decrease. By 2050, the woodland will significantly increase to 29406.60×104-30733.80×104 hm2, the grassland will decrease to 25784.50×104-27809.90×104 hm2, and the water body will not decrease and even increase slightly, the area of which would be 4283.89×104-4464.90×104 hm2. The research results can provide scientific supports for the multi-scenario simulation, evaluation, and decision-making of territorial spatial planning.

首先采用队列因素法和CA-Markov模型对区域未来人口规模和土地利用格局进行模拟预测，并结合POI地理大数据，利用多源信息融合法构建区域未来人口精细化空间分布模拟模型，以珠江三角洲城市群2030年各区县精细化的人口空间分布预测进行实证分析。结果表明：① 采用队列因素法进行珠江三角洲各区县人口规模预测的相对误差大部分在5%以下，基于CA-Markov模型土地利用模拟的Kappa系数达到0.97；② 珠江三角洲城市群精细化的人口空间分布模拟数据与实际人口数据的拟合趋势线R²达到了0.90，模拟效果优于Worldpop数据集，体现了POI地理大数据与多源信息融合在精细化人口空间分布模拟上的优势；③ 珠江三角洲未来人口呈现由中心向外围扩散和递减的空间分布格局，空间差异显著且较为稳定，70%的人口集中在广州、深圳、东莞和佛山等核心城市。

The fine spatial distribution of regional population in future plays an important role in constructing relevant future plans for country and regions. More previous researches focused on the spatial distribution of current regional population, while little deals with the fine spatial distribution of future population. In this article, taking the fine simulation of spatial distribution of population in 2030 for counties in the Pearl River Delta (PDR) as an example, we firstly simulated future population and land use type using the methods of cohort-component and CA-Markov model, respectively, according to the census data and current land use maps. And combined with the big data of Point of Interest (POI), a model that simulates the fine spatial distribution of regional population in future was constructed by the multisource fused method. The results are as follows: Firstly, the absolute relative error is mainly less than 5% when predicting demographic data of PDR with the method of cohort-component. The Kappa coefficient of land use simulation in PDR by CA-Markov model is as high as 0.97. Secondly, the R2 for fitting line between the simulated spatial distribution of population data and the actual population data reaches 0.90, which is better than Worldpop data set and demonstrates the advantage of big data of POI in the fine spatial distribution simulation of population. Thirdly, the spatial distribution of population in PDR decreases from the center to the periphery, performing the significant spatial difference. Meanwhile, 70% of the population concentrates in the core cities of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay, the core cities mainly include Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Dongguan and Foshan. The spatial distribution of population in PRD was significantly different and relatively stable, and showed a trend of expansion from the center to the periphery, while the overall expansion was small. This study puts forward a multisource fused method for the fine spatial distribution of regional future population, and provides scientific basis and reference for the region to make relevant development plans in the future.

中巴经济走廊的规划和建设离不开对走廊沿线土地资源、生态环境空间格局及变化过程的科学认识。未来土地利用变化模拟研究,可为区域土地资源管理、生态环境可持续性和潜在风险评估等研究提供可靠的预测数据。本文通过耦合系统动力学模型（SD）和未来用地模拟模型（FLUS）,并结合中巴经济走廊建设和区域的生态环境政策等设置多种情景对中巴经济走廊进行土地利用模拟,充分发挥2个模型在宏观土地需求模拟以及微观土地分配上的优势。首先根据2009—2015年的历史数据构建并验证了区域土地利用SD-FLUS模型,然后模拟了2016—2030年中巴经济走廊区域惯性发展、投资优先以及和谐发展3种不同情景下的土地利用变化。结果表明：① 历年的总量模拟相对误差均小于9.00%,2015年喀什和巴基斯坦模拟的总体精度均达到90.00%以上、Kappa系数达到0.90以上,说明SD和FLUS耦合模型能有效模拟中巴经济走廊土地利用变化格局,适用于其土地利用变化的情景模拟;② 到2030年,不同情景之间的土地利用存在明显的差异。在3种情景下建设用地均扩张,和谐发展情景扩张速度居中,该情景下喀什建设用地增加了235.17 km²,巴基斯坦增加了4942.80 km²,而扩张最快的投资优先情景下,喀什建设用地增加了265.23 km²（惯性发展情景仅增加163.71 km²）,巴基斯坦建设用地增加了5918.91 km²（惯性发展情景仅增加2861.84 km²）;巴基斯坦和谐情景下的耕地增量（4768.60 km²）不到增长最多的惯性发展情景的一半,喀什耕地在和谐发展情景增加了604.44 km²,不到投资优先情景的3/4;3种情景中只有和谐发展情景下的林地得到了有效的恢复。总体而言,和谐发展情景兼顾了社会经济发展和生态环境保护,是3种情景中最理想的情景。模型模拟结果可为中巴经济走廊的可持续性研究和生态环境评估等提供一定的数据和方法支撑。

In a fourfold table showing binary agreement of two observers, the observed proportion of agreement, p0, can be paradoxically altered by the chance-corrected ratio that creates kappa as an index of concordance. In one paradox, a high value of p0 can be drastically lowered by a substantial imbalance in the table's marginal totals either vertically or horizontally. In the second pardox, kappa will be higher with an asymmetrical rather than symmetrical imbalanced in marginal totals, and with imperfect rather than perfect symmetry in the imbalance. An adjustment that substitutes kappa max for kappa does not repair either problem, and seems to make the second one worse.