伴随着城市经济向都市区经济的转变，城市空间加速向郊区扩张，远郊区域由此得到快速发展，郊区发展进入新的阶段——后郊区化。研究将上海郊区置于后郊区化图景，用后郊区化的理论审视上海郊区空间增长。研究发现：① 后郊区化是郊区化进程中的一个重要阶段，是多元要素离心分散发展后呈现的新的空间聚落形态。与传统郊区化相比，后郊区化在空间分布、空间利用、空间关系、空间治理模式等方面存在明显的不同表现。② 上海郊区已经进入后郊区化时代，远郊功能空间更加复杂多元，郊区空间更加独立，类城市体形态凸显。③ 后郊区化空间的形成大致经历了3个阶段：1949年后服务工业生产的工业卫星城镇；改革开放后先行先试的开发区；2000年后综合功能空间营造的新城。不同空间载体重塑着郊区景观格局，推动着新空间聚落形态的形成。④ 开发导向下的后郊区化空间建设，是地方政府新一轮郊区大规模开发建设保持自身增长的资本积累策略，其形成是地方政府主导下增长联盟共同推动的结果。政府企业化行为；资本的空间修补；居民的空间生产参与，均对中国后郊区化空间的形成产生明显的推动作用。

With the transformation of urban economy to metropolitan economy, urban space is accelerating to expand to suburbs, and the fringe areas have developed rapidly. The development of suburbs presents a new stage characteristic—post-suburbanization. This article puts Shanghai’s suburbs in the post-suburbanization landscape, and uses the post-suburbanization theory to examine the spatial growth of Shanghai's suburbs. Results found: 1) Post-suburbanization is an important stage in the process of suburbanization, which is a new spatial settlement form after the centrifugal and decentralized development of multiple elements. Compared with traditional suburbanization, post-suburbanization space is obviously different in spatial distribution, spatial utilization, spatial relationship, spatial governance mode, etc. 2) The suburbs of Shanghai have entered a new era of post-suburbanization, with more complex and diversified functional spaces in the outer suburbs, more independent suburban spaces, and present urban-like forms. 3) The development of post-suburbanization space has gone through three stages: industrial satellite towns serving industrial production after the founding of the People's Republic of China; development zones for reforming experimental fields after the opening up; and new towns created by comprehensive functional spaces after 2000. Different spatial carriers reshape the elements of suburban landscape and promote the formation of new spatial settlement form. 4) The development-oriented post-suburbanization construction is a new round of large-scale suburban development and construction of local governments to maintain their own growth accumulation strategy, and its formation is the result of the growth alliance under the leadership of the local government.Government's entrepreneurial behaviors; space repair of capital; The participation of residents in space production has obviously promoted the formation of post-suburbanization in China.

Despite a longstanding and varied body of literature on suburban difference, a simplified narrative of the suburbs persists that is represented by a city–suburb binary. This is damaging as it undermines our understanding of the social dynamics of the places in which, in the United Kingdom, the majority of the population live. This article looks at the reasons for the persistence of a city–suburb binary. It engages with suburban housing as a Bourdieuian field in order to show how simplified characterisations of the suburban serve the interest of particular groups, including within planning. Bourdieu’s field theory offers a powerful means to understand how judgements of the suburbs are naturalised and so become common-sense truths. As field theory indicates ‘within-planning’ power relations that support particular truths, it offers the possibility of challenging these by exposing the taken-for-granted norms of the city-suburb binary.

Suburbanization is a stage of urbanization process. It means that population, jobs and service trades decentralize from the inner city to suburban area. It has greatly changed the economic and urban development in the developed countries Peter Hall’s model of urban change offered a framework which can easily identify whether a city is in the process of suburbanization. How about it in China as a developing country? When did it start? And what is the present situation in process? Beijing region can be divided into three levels:the inner city(<i>cheng qu</i>),the inner suburban districts(<i>jin jiao qu</i>) and the outer suburban districts and counties(<i>yuan jiao qu xian</i>). The author discusses the situation of Beijing from the data of three population censuses(1964,1982 and 1990) and considers that the suburbanization in Beijing has been in process since 1982. During 1982-1990, population of all districts of the inner city lost 82,000 people and in fact the permanent residents holding the household registration lost 144,000, about 6.12% of permenant residents in the inner city. Like the West, suburbanization in China also happened against the macro backgrounds of improvements of transportation and living conditions, growth of urban population moving from rural areas. But in the cast of the forces that make decentralization possible, China is different from the western countries. In China, the levels of economy and urbanization are rather low; the real middle class is not rich; only very few Chinese families own private cars; and the inner cities still have great attraction for Chinese people. Investigating the causes of decentralization, the author considers three points:(1) reform of urban land use system brings about migration from the core area.(2) Construction of a large number of city roads reinforces this process.(3) Reform of housing system and renovation of delapidated houses encourage outward movement. In a word, the large scale renovation of the old city has led to suburbanization in Beijing under the open door policy and the socialist market system. It wasn’t spontaneity of any individual but under the leadership of government and “Dan Wei” (work-units). Finally, the author puts forward some thought provoking and distinctive phenomena and problems that should be seriously treated.

Much attention has been given to increasing dominance of the post-war suburbs, and the concomitant rise of ‘suburbanism’ in ways of life in the ‘post-metropolis’. However, the meaning of suburbanism is rarely specified and there have been insufficient attempts to theorise its relationship to the urban. Drawing on the dialectical analyses of Henri Lefebvre, this article presents a theory of suburbanism as a subset of urbanism, with which it is in constant productive tension. Six distinct dimensions of the urbanism–suburbanism dialectic are identified, derived from extrapolating Lefebvre’s urban theory into second- and third-order analyses. These aspects of suburbanism are conceptualised not as static characteristics but as qualities that dynamically flow through, rather than define, particular places. Suburbanism is thus conceptualised separately from those places often termed suburbs, opening up the potential for interaction between these dimensions and the lived realities of everyday urban life and politics.

源自西方的现代城市理论显然无法解释以中国为代表的“全球南方”城市的全部特征。为了使城市理论具有更大的包容性，以城市社会空间分析为例，聚焦高、中、低3类社会/收入阶层的空间格局与演化这一主题，对中国上海、美国芝加哥和洛杉矶3座典型城市进行对比研究，尝试在捕捉地方性特征的同时提炼有关社会空间的普适性规律，为理论体系补充新的认知。研究表明，与美国“外高内低”的社会空间模式截然相反，中国城市呈现出“内高外低”的典型特征；在演化趋势上，美国城市体现为以低社会阶层邻里扩张为主的“社会空间下沉”，同时在历史悠久的大城市出现了高社会阶层群体向中心城内核的回流，而中国城市则呈现以中等收入邻里扩张为主的“社会空间上升”，同时伴随着中心城区内核少许高收入居民的外流。中美城市社会空间结构的差异源自两国社会经济因素的差别，但都遵循一些共同规律：各国的城市社会空间结构是与城市化阶段相对应的；其差异和演变都可以采用城郊的人口吸引力和交通可达性这样的统一分析框架来理解；背后深层次的动力机制是相同的，本质上都反映了社会地位不均衡在空间上的映射，是优势群体主导区位竞争的空间体现。

The modern urban theory originating from the West cannot explain all characteristics of the ''Global South Cities'' represented by China. To make the urban theory more inclusive, this paper focuses on the spatial structure and dynamics of high, middle, and low class/income groups, and attempts to capture not only the localism and differences but also the general characteristics of cities through a comparative study of urban social space in three typical cities in China and the United States, namely Shanghai, Chicago, and Los Angeles. The results show that the Chinese cities is characterized by ''the low-income in suburbs and the high-income in the city'', which is opposite to the classical pattern of ''the upper class in the suburbs and the lower class in the city'' in American cities. The neighborhood dynamics in the United States are characterized by more ''downward social space'' in suburbia as well as a growing upward social space in the city. But the Chinese city is characterized by more ''upward social space'' due to the expansion of middle-income neighborhoods in the suburb, and a slight tendency of inner-city gentrification. The differences in urban socio-spatial structure between China and the United States are produced by the distinctions of various socio-economic factors. However, the general characteristics are also be found. The urban socio-spatial structure of each country is corresponding to the urbanization stage, and the differences in the structure and dynamics of social space can be understood by a unified analytical framework of the attractiveness of urban residents and the accessibility of intra-urban transportation. Moreover, the underlying mechanism of the urban socio-spatial dynamics is also similar, which reflects the extension of uneven development of social status in urban space and the spatial manifestation of the success of the dominant group in the locational competition in nature.

郊区化及其对居民日常生活的影响成为近年来城市研究的重要议题。时空行为研究认为推动日常生活方式的郊区化是解决郊区化过程中出现的社会与空间问题的根本措施。从日常生活方式的角度出发,需要利用多维度时空行为指标刻画群体的生活方式类型以分析郊区居民的空间—行为互动机制。本文采用活动空间和出行频率指标构建个体日常生活方式的行为测度方法,并基于2012年在北京上地—清河地区进行的GPS调查数据将郊区居民划分为“空间排斥”、“本地化”、“郊区性”、“两极化”、“城市依赖”五种日常生活方式类型。研究发现不同日常生活方式群体在活动分布、活动频率和交通方式上存在差异;并通过多项logistic模型分析郊区化对于个体日常生活方式的影响,发现工作日居民的日常生活方式受到性别、收入、年龄和工作时长等社会经济属性的影响。同时郊区设施配置直接影响着居民对郊区空间的利用程度,土地混合利用、商业设施密度提高更有可能实现日常生活的郊区化。日常生活方式的行为测度方法有助于分析郊区居民日常行为的复杂性,为理解郊区化提供了独特的视角,为构建城市研究的空间—行为互动理论提供了有力的支持。

Rapid suburbanization in China is dramatically reshaping the daily life of suburban residents. Characterized by fragmentation, increasing car ownership and job-housing separation, suburbanization is changing the way residents use urban space. In China, long-distance commuting, traffic congestion, spatial mismatch and the low quality of life emerging in the progress of residential suburbanization have caused widespread concerns. Suburbanization of residents' daily life is believed to be a solution to the socio-spatial issues in suburbs. Therefore, scholars have argued that there is an urgent need to introduce behavioral perspectives to the study of suburbanization. This approach will enhance our understanding of the process and the mechanism of suburbanization from the perspective of an individual’s daily life. The important step in this study is to portray the nature of the daily lifestyle in the suburbs. Along with the trend toward behavioral perspectives in human geography, space-time behavior has become an important perspective for the study of urban space. Activity space and travel behavior often serve as important indicators of individual behavior in urban and geographic studies. This study focuses on daily activity-travel behavior, introduces the concept of lifestyle, and brings forward a concept of daily lifestyle based on a combined measure of activity space and trip frequency. The daily lifestyle of suburban residents can be classified into five categories: localization, spatial exclusion, suburbanism, polarization, and city dependence, according to the size of the activity space and the trip frequency. Based on a GPS-facilitated activity-travel survey dataset collected in the Shangdi-Qinghe area in Beijing in 2012, this paper compares the differences in activity-travel behavior among five daily lifestyle groups. The study finds that there are intergroup differences in the spatial distribution of activities, activity participation and modal split among these five lifestyle groups. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the impact of suburbanization on daily lifestyle by examining the relationship between daily lifestyle and built environment while controlling socio-demographic factors using a multinomial logistic model. Women and older people are more likely to be in the categories of localization and spatial exclusion. Low-income people have the higher possibility to be spatially excluded. These outcomes indicate that traditionally disadvantaged groups could be trapped in suburban areas, raising definite concerns for their daily life in suburban areas. Factors associated with the built environment primarily impact the localization lifestyle. Mixed land use in danwei and higher retail density contribute to the concentration of activity space in suburbs, as well as more active travel. The concept of daily lifestyle provides an effective and reasonable way to understand complicated activity-travel behavior of suburban residents. The paper offers a special perspective on understanding suburbanization and the interaction between urban space and individual behavior.

Urban studies today is marked by many active debates. In an earlier paper, we addressed some of these debates by proposing a foundational concept of urbanisation and urban form as a way of identifying a common language for urban research. In the present paper we provide a brief recapitulation of that framework. We then use this preliminary material as background to a critique of three currently influential versions of urban analysis, namely, postcolonial urban theory, assemblage theoretic approaches and planetary urbanism. We evaluate each of these versions in turn and find them seriously wanting as statements about urban realities. We criticise (a) postcolonial urban theory for its particularism and its insistence on the provincialisation of knowledge, (b) assemblage theoretic approaches for their indeterminacy and eclecticism and (c) planetary urbanism for its radical devaluation of the forces of agglomeration and nodality in urban-economic geography.

中国城市的郊区化不仅重塑了城市内部空间结构，还推动了居民生活方式与生活活动空间的转变。生活活动空间的郊区化成为继人口、工业、商业及办公业等郊区化浪潮之后，郊区化发展的新趋势。面对郊区化所伴随的能源资源消耗、环境污染、交通拥堵、生活质量下降，以及社会极化与空间分异等新问题，亟待引入行为研究方法，从个体生活活动空间的视角重新解读中国城市郊区化的过程，并反思目前郊区化进程中城市空间组织及发展模式的弊端。本文以生活活动空间为切入点，将地理学与社会学相结合，提出了新的郊区化研究视角、研究框架、研究内容与方法，试图基于完整的个体生活经历，对以往单一要素的郊区化研究进行整合，并借助GIS 进行可视化的地理叙事方法，为开展生活活动空间的郊区化研究提供有效途径；这不仅对于郊区化理论创新具有重要意义，同时也丰富了基于个体行为的城市空间研究框架。

In the process of rapid suburbanization, cities in China have been experiencing drastic urban spatial restructuring as well as profound transformation of residents' ways of life and living and activity space. In recent decades, suburbanization of residents' living and activity space became the fifth wave of suburbanization following the suburbanization waves of population, industry, commerce as well as office industry. In addition, there have been the problems such as excessive comsumption of natural resources and energy, severe environment pollution, increasingly serious traffic congestion, the decline in quality of life, social polarization and spatial differentiation, etc., in the process of rapid suburbanization in transitional urban China. Therefore, there is an urgent need to introduce behavioral perspectives to the traditional study of suburbanization, which will enhance our understanding of the process and the machanism of suburbanization from the perspective of an individual's living and activity space, and also help reflect on the drawbacks of urban spatial organization and development strategies in the process of rapid suburbanization. Following this line of thinking, in this study we first tried to put forward the conceptual framework of the suburbanization of living and activity space and research methods. We argued that understanding to what degree suburban residents fulfil most routine, non-work activities within certain area around their suburan community is one of most important ways to determine developmental stages of suburanization. Besides, the concept of suburbanization of an individual's living and activity space can improve traditional suburanization studies by shifting from a single factor perspective, which maily focus on the decentralization or concentralization process of the single factors such as population, industry, commerce or office, to a comprehensive perspective, which integrate all of above factors of an individual's daily life space including residential space, work space, shopping space, recreation space and social interaction space. Then, we argued that there are two temporal dimensions and different spatial dimensions in this study. And it is important to discover the functional links between suburban territory and center city, and among different suburban areas based on residents' space-time behaviors. Furthermore, we propose that geo-narrative method is an effective way to study the process and micro-level mechanism of the suburbanization from the perspective of an individual living and activity space, which combimes life history and life course theory from sociological perspective with GIS-based visualization within the framwork of time-geography. Finally, we discussed policy implications.

Based on the site data and rent attribute data of 1037 office buildings in Beijing City surveyed in July,2009, this paper used the spatial autocorrelation and ordinary Kriging methods to study the relationship between rent and economic spatial structures. Specially, this study tries to investigate the trend of unknown office rent according to the known office rent. The results could be concluded as the following. First, the spatial distribution pattern of office rent presents concentric ring, and coincident with the spatial distribution pattern of standard land price in Beijing. To some extends, these patterns reflex the characteristics of Beijing's urban economic spatial structure, and generally show a concentric ring to the center concentration and along trunk roads and radial roads outside the extension. Meanwhile, there are obvious spatial differences in the city. Second, High-High pattern of office rent spatial distribution is mainly in the office gathering area and near the trunk road and the situation becomes apparent in the concentration distribution, which description Beijing office space to the current trend continues to gather mainly to the heart, location and traffic conditions are important factors affecting office rents. At the same time, office space for rent shows significantly different bias. High-High patterns spot areas chiefly cluster in the northern city of Beijing, and Low-Low patterns spot areas chiefly cluster in the southern city of Beijing, which reveal the internal economic structure of Beijing City is still a significant imbalance. Third, historical inertia, planning guide and events promotion are the principal reasons for leading to the formation and development of the office activities of urban economic spatial structure in Beijing City. And transportation and location conditions also are the main reasons for the formation and development of the office activities of urban economic spatial structure in Beijing City. Therefore, rent is both the main factor of location selection of the office activities and the important index about weighting land-value and economic development degree, and affects indirectly the structure of urban economic space within the formation and development. According to the Kriging method, drawing the unknown office buildings rent distribution trend from the existing office buildings rent, Datun area, Jiangtai area, Cuigezhuang and Dongba area maybe the new higher office buildings rent areas. Spatial analysis method brings the "location" into the rent study, a kind of economic phenomenon, which will help us to get deeper insight into the problem of urban economic spatial structure and find the better targeting possibilities for planning and policy-makers.

在流动性不断增强与居民活动模式日益多样化的背景下,城市社会空间分异与隔离的内涵不断扩展,居民在日常生活中面临的空间隔离受到关注。以活动空间为基础的社会空间分异研究快速兴起,以期从更加动态的视角理解城市社会空间。基于上海市郊区问卷调查数据,构建活动空间共享度指标,建立个体尺度的活动空间分异指数和孤立指数,刻画社区内不同收入群体的活动空间隔离状况,并建立活动空间共享度的多层模型分析活动空间隔离的影响因素。研究发现居住在同一社区的不同收入居民之间存在活动空间隔离,居民更愿意与其社会经济属性相似的人共享活动空间。活动空间隔离程度受到个体社会经济属性、社区设施状况、社区周边环境、社区人口密度和社会混合程度等因素的影响,居住在人口密度高、社会混合度高、社区商业配置良好、公共空间充足的开放社区能提高居民的活动空间共享度,增加不同群体社会接触的可能性。

Socio-spatial segregation is an important research topic in urban social geography. Most of the research pays more attention to the residential differentiation and segregation of different groups and proposes that geographical segregation exacerbates the social isolation between disadvantaged groups and other social classes. However, most existing research ignores the spatial differentiation that people suffer from in their daily lives and discusses little about segregation in nonresidential spaces. In the context of increasing mobility, even residents living in the same neighborhood face different degrees of segregation due to differences in the choice of venues, resulting in a lower likelihood of social interaction. Therefore, recent research suggests that it is necessary to pay attention to the differentiation and segregation faced by residents in daily activity spaces and to understand social space from a more comprehensive perspective. However, due to the constraints of data and methods, only a few prior studies have quantitatively measured the activity space segregation of residents living in the same neighborhoods. In particular, there is currently no research focusing on whether policy and planning can effectively reduce activity space segregation. This study intends to solve the problem of socio-spatial segregation in the daily lives of different residents in the same neighborhood through the measurement of activity space. Taking the suburbs of Shanghai as an example, this study analyzes the degree of overlap between residents and other social groups in activity spaces, calculates the "shared activity space" index among individuals, and calculates an individual-scale activity space differentiation index and isolation index on this basis to measure the isolation of different income groups within the community. This indicates that there is indeed segregation between different groups, and the degree of segregation is influenced by individual socio-economic attributes, the mix of residential groups, and the spatial distribution of urban facilities. Living in a neighborhood with high population density, a high social mix, a good community business configuration, and sufficient public space can indeed increase the sharing of residents' activity spaces, while nearby shopping centers will cause isolated activity spaces.

"This paper measures and analyzes differences in rates of suburbanization during the 1980s among U.S. metropolitan areas which fit a monocentric urban model. Three findings are of interest: (1) the average rate of suburbanization for U.S. metropolitan areas was the same in the 1980s and the 1970s; (2) the monocentric urban model provides a good description of population distribution for a diminishing number of urban areas; and (3) variables that characterize the entire metropolitan area as well as those that measure disparities between the central city and its suburban ring are important in explaining differences in rates of decentralization."excerpt

There is no consensus as to what exactly constitutes a suburb. This article examines the range of suburban definitions in terms of their structure and the topical issues that they grapple with. Suburbs have been defined according to many different dimensions from location and transportation modes to culture and physical appearance. Given this confusion, one approach is to abandon the term; another is to use it with greater precision. This is more than just an issue of semantics. Rather how people talk and think about suburbs shapes how they can see such areas being developed and redeveloped in the future.

As the American metropolis has turned inside out since 1970, the emerging outer suburban city has captured critical masses of leading urban activities from the central city that spawned it. Globalization increasingly shapes U.S. urban development in the 1990s, yet research to date has focused on the central city and mainly ignores the outer ring, where a growing majority of metropolitan residents live and work. Following a brief review of the unprecedented recent suburbanization of major economic activities, this article explores the rapidly expanding international role of suburban business complexes in large metropolitan areas, particularly Greater New York. Among the perspectives discussed are the world city hypothesis, relationships between telecommunications and urban form, high-technology industrial location processes, the influence of corporate headquarters on global information-flow networks, and the foreign presence in suburban America. It is concluded that globalization forces intensify and accelerate the suburban transformation of the American city. A new urban future is being shaped as fully developed suburbs become the engine driving metropolitan and world city growth.

Suburbanization is the new characteristics of contemporary Chinese urbanization, that remarked the internal structure of Chinese cities has changed to sparse multi-core structure from single core. Based on a questionnaire survey of Dalian citizens during July 1995, this thesis studies the characteristics, mechanisms and tendency of suburbanization of residence in Dalian City. The questionnaire investigation are made in four residential areas which are typical in period of construction, type of housing and mode of population growth respectively. Chunhai area which located in the old inner city is a typical worker residential area; Zhongcun area which was constructed in 1950’s is also a worker resident-tial one; The other two areas locate in the suburban area, but Linmao area is a cadre residential area and Paoya is a mixed resiential area with both workers and cadres (Fig. 2). Questionnaires were distributed through "street offices" to 400 households mainly composed of working couples and 357 adequate responses were collected and used in the study. Based upon the analyze of mobility, spatial patterns and causes of migration, the authors draw out the status quo and the micro mechanism of the surburbanization of residence. All of the candidates migrate 2. 11 times in average, with almost half of candidates migrate only once, which proves that the residents in Dalian City show a lower mobility. This characteristic of migration is tightly correlative with the causes of moving, that is, most of the migration in the research areas results from the achievement of home from DANWEI (working unit). There is a long way to go before Dalian City get into the stage when the resients are voluntarily to migrate to suburban area, because only about ten percent of candidates migrate voluntarily by house-purchasing or by pooling money to build houses. But what we should pay attention to is that the ratio of voluntary migration is rising in newly constructed residential area, such as Paoya. In the view of the spatial pattern of migration, the type of moving from the core area to the suburban areas is dominate. The tendency of suburbanization of residence can be drawn out from the investigation of intention of residential migration towards the suburban areas and the analyze of its potential motives. About 86 percent of candidates prefer to the core and the adjacent areas if possible, and none of them want to move to the outer suburban towns or villages. Therefore, Dalian City will suffer a hard time to guide residents to live scattered. In the future, the most important potential motives for Dalian City’s residents to migrate towards suburban areas consist of the dissatisfaction with the housing itself and its environment. In shore, Dalian City has already had some signs of suburbanization of residence since 1980s’ the renewal of the old city. The main characteristics of such suburbanization are most of the intra-urban migrations be forced or organized by DANWEI(working unit) and government but not voluntary for the residences themselves, and the destinations are the inner suburbs instead of the outer, then it can be said that now, Dalian City is in a transitional period of the urban internal residence structure. The process of moving from the older built-up area to inner suburb can be seen the first stage of suburbanization of residence. According to the master plan of the city, the process would be continuing till about 2010. When the constructions of newer residential areas in inner suburb be completed in future, the destinations of intra-urban migration should be the new city proper, and the distances of such moving will be prolonged and most migrations will be voluntary. The author considered that the new process would begin roughly at 2010 is the second stage of suburbanization of residence in Dalian City.

基于上海市人口地理信息库与2000年、2010年两期人口普查分居村委统计数据,采用局部分异指数及空间分析方法,从职业和户籍两个维度刻画全球化、市场化背景下上海城市社会空间的演化特征。结果表明：中观尺度上,上海市在职业和户籍两个维度的居住分异特征明显,“中心—边缘”的社会空间结构特征较为稳定,中心城绅士化、白领化发展,普通白领阶层、跨省移民居住空间边缘化发展。在中观尺度上职业维度的居住分异较之户籍维度的居住分异更为明显,微观社区尺度上存在超越职业身份的户籍维度居住分异现象,居住隔离程度快速攀升。弱势群体在边缘社会空间集聚可能进一步加剧社会不公平问题,应重视空间维度上的城市治理。

In the study of urban socio-spatial evolution, the residents committee could be taken as the basic unit of analysis because it has a relatively similar socio-economic status. It might be more accurate to assess the residential differentiation and segregation degree and reduce the underestimation effect using the data of residential committees. Based on the Shanghai population geographic information database and census data obtained from 2000 and 2010 with statistical units of the residents committee, the present study used the local differentiation index and spatial analysis methods to describe the characteristics of urban residential differentiation and social space evolution in Shanghai under the background of globalization and marketization in dual dimensions of the Hukou and the occupation. The results demonstrated that in Shanghai, the residential differentiation characteristics were apparent and the "core-periphery" socio-spatial structure formed before 1949 was largely unchanged. Consequently, inner city of Shanghai experienced rapid gentrification and white-collar gathering during the last two censuses. The residential space of the elite class was closer to the city center, and the residential space of ordinary white-collar social classes were further marginalized with urban expansion. This confirmed other scholars' opinions on the marginalization of white-collar workers and the differentiation of the middle class based on case studies. The inter-provincial immigrant residential areas shifted from the edge of the central urban area to the area outside the central city, and further to the outer suburbs. Transnational and native elites dominated the space production - the reproduction of social relations, which brought about long-term stability of urban social space in Shanghai. At macro-scale, the residential differentiation in the occupation dimension was more obvious than that of the Hukou dimension. At micro-scale, the urban residential segregation index climbed quickly, while the residential differentiation in the Hukou dimension truly existed, which was independent of the occupation difference. The disadvantaged group gathered in the marginal social space and social inequality might be more severe in the future. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the social equality governance in the urban space and further analysis should be made on the social space characteristics, space power relations, and space logic of Chinese large cities.

采用2014年国家卫生计生委&#x0201C;流动人口社会融合及心理健康调查&#x0201D;专题数据,基于流动人口对城市和家乡的身份认同情况,结合多项分类Logistic模型等计量分析,探讨了流动人口身份认同的模式、特征及其主要影响因素。研究发现：①流动人口身份认同分为融合型、同化型、分离型和边缘型,总体上流动人口对流入地的城市身份认同较低;②除了个人因素以外,流动人口的身份认同还受到城市和家乡的双重影响,例如城市住房、社区类型、城市歧视感知、城市行为观念适应、乡愁情感以及家乡土地等因素;③存在从分离型到融合型、再到同化型的衍化路径,但部分流动人口会从分离型转化为边缘型;④ 同化型流动人口的心理健康水平和生活满意度高于其他类型流动人口。基于实证结果提出,在促进流动人口社会融合的制度设计中,需从城乡两个方面同时着手,并积极推进其实现身份认同上的同化。

In the context of citizenization, the research of migrant identity is of great significance to promote social integration and people-oriented urbanization. The existing studies have paid little attention to the dual identification mode of migrants, that is, identification with the city is not necessarily separated from the identification with their hometown. This study, drawing data from the Survey of Social Integration and Mental Health of Migrants in 2014, analyses migrants’ identification patterns, characteristic and influence factors based on the migrants’ identification of hometown and city. Firstly, the results show that migrants have four identification patterns including integration, assimilation, separation and marginalization, and in general migrants have low identification with the city. Secondly, migrants’ identity is significantly affected by the factors related to the city where they live and their hometown, such as urban housing, neighborhood type, urban discrimination experience, adaptation to urban life, nostalgia emotions and hometown lands. Thirdly, our study identified that a developmental path for different identification patterns, which is from separation to integration and then to assimilation, but some migrants’ identity also would change from separation to marginalization if without policy intervention. Last but not the least, assimilated migrants are healthier and happier than the other types. According to above findings, we suggest that policy makers should consider both city and hometown factors to promote social integration for migrants, and try the best to achieve assimilation in terms of migrants’ identification with the city.

社会空间分异是城市研究的经典议题。在人类移动性不断增强的背景下,传统的基于居住空间汇总的社会空间分异测度方法表现出一定的局限性,对于居住空间外的日常活动空间隔离的探讨相对缺乏,对于不同活动和不同时段间分异格局差异的考虑有所不足。因此有必要从&#x0201c;基于人&#x0201d;的视角出发,探索社会空间分异测度的新方法,探讨不同时空间维度的社会分异格局。本研究基于上海市郊区10个典型镇的活动日志调查数据,构建&#x0201c;个体时空邻近指数&#x0201d;,聚焦户籍这一反映中国城市特征的重要维度,以不同户籍类型人群之间的分异程度为研究对象,分析其时空间特征,并对结果进行可视化。研究表明：上海市不同户籍人群在活动、时间和空间维度上存在明显的社会空间分异。本研究创新了基于活动空间的社会空间分异测度方法,从活动与时空间结合的视角探讨了户籍维度的社会空间分异,为更好的理解在中国大城市日益凸显的社会空间分异问题提供了新的视角。

Socio-spatial segregation is a critical issue of urban studies. With the increase of human mobility, the traditional measurements of residential segregation based on aggregated data show limitations. Few studies have explored the segregation in residents' daily activity space outside their living spaces, or the spatiotemporal patterns of segregation level in different periods of a day. Thus, it is necessary to study the individual-based socio-spatial segregation in various geographic and temporal contexts. Using data from a household travel survey in 10 typical towns of the suburbs of Shanghai in 2017, this study researched the spatiotemporal characteristics of household registration segregation in people's daily life based on a creative individual-based proximity index, which measures the proximity of various groups in different geographic contexts with various activity types and time periods. We divided a day into eight periods and used the i-STP index to measure the spatiotemporal pattern of segregation of four kinds of household registered residents. By dividing Shanghai into hexagonal grids with an actual area of 5 km 2, the average value of i-STP within each grid was calculated. Then Arcscene 10.2 was used to visualize the results. Results show that the average i-STP is higher in work activities during weekdays and is lower in recreation activities on weekends, indicating the distinctions of segregation levels in different activity contexts. Results also show that lower i-STP is detected during commuting time (6:00-9:00) and leisure time at night (18:00-21:00) on weekdays and the average i-STP reaches the minimum in the afternoon (15:00-18:00) on weekends. We also found that residents with different household registration types have different spatiotemporal segregation patterns and that the working place and activity place of residents in day time shows higher segregation level than the living place at night. The study provides a new measure of segregation from an individual-based and dynamic perspective, which can fill the gap in the existing research on segregation based on activity space. The results of the study indicate that attention should be paid to the segregation of different types of registered population in work and leisure activities in large cities of China to enhance the interaction between different groups.

Since the reform and opening up, with the deepening reform of urban land and housing market, the process of rapid suburbanization and urban sprawl as well as the disintegration of danwei system, great changes have taken place on jobs-housing spatial origination of Beijing, which has already led to commuting problems and changes of urban commuting pattern. Based on the survey of 600 households in ten typical residential areas of Beijing, this paper describes basic features of commuting behavior of Beijing citizens, and focuses on the comparison of the disparity of commuting pattern by four types of residential areas, trying to reflect the micro process of jobs-housing relationship changes. Our study shows that, firstly, besides the obvious differences in different socio-economic groups, they also lie in different types of residential areas. Secondly, significant differentiation has existed between different danwei communities. The vicinity of home and work has gradually been broken with the non-danwei employees moved into danwei community and the moving out of danwei production function, which has made the commuting pattern more complicated. Thirdly, the facts that about one fourth surveyed residents in hutong community in central city who are experiencing long distance outward commuting, as well as a higher proportion of residents in commercial housing community and subsidized commercial housing community in suburbs experiencing long distance inward commuting, may show that the separation of home and work has already come into being.

The relationship between the jobs and residents changed rapidly with the development of the suburbanization.The balance between jobs-housing locations in China was disintegrated and reconstructed during the periods of reform and rapid economic development. Beijing, the capital of China, was also faced with the urbanization and suburbanization during the past 30 years.This study chose Wangjing and Tiantongyuan, which are two huge residential districts located in suburbs of Beijing, as the cases, and tried to find out the commuting behavior in Beijing based on the data from two questionnaires answered apart in 2005 and 2010.The Geographic Information System (GIS) and spatial analysis were used to compare the commuting behavior.The questionnaires include the information about the residents, employment and commuting.The results of the questionnaires show that the residents at Wangjing and Tiantongyuan spent more than 40 minutes on the signal way to work places.So the long time commuting is the common characteristic of the residents in suburban districts.But for different functions for the residential districts, Wangjing is a more mixed district than Tiantongyuan.And the departure time in the morning, the choice of the traffic ways and the commuting flow are different between Wangjing and Tiantongyuan.The main factors that cause these differences include the location of the residential districts, the traffic system and the functional planning of the districts. Mixed land use in suburban areas, and the well planned road system will be helpful to reduce the separation distance between jobs and housing developed with the suburbanization

随着城市的扩张,人们的就业—居住空间跨度不断扩大。通勤方式的多样化和通勤效率的提高会对就业者的职住状况产生影响。以通勤时间作为通勤成本能从就业者的角度辨析个体的职住失衡状况。本文基于贝叶斯-tobit的统计分析方法,结合北京市7个街道和地区的问卷调查数据,分析了慢行交通、机动车、轨道交通、地面公交等4种通勤方式与职住失衡的相互关系。同时,引入就业可达性和用地混合度作为调节变量,考察其对不同通勤方式与职住失衡之间原有关系的影响。研究发现：①慢行交通的通勤方式与职住失衡程度存在负相关性;②机动车、轨道交通和地面公交的通勤方式与职住失衡程度存在正相关性;③就业可达性和用地混合度会弱化慢行交通、轨道交通、地面公交通勤方式与职住失衡程度的原有关系,即在低就业可达性和用地混合度条件下,慢行交通通勤者的职住失衡度更低,而轨道交通和地面公交通勤者的职住失衡度更高;④就业可达性和用地混合度的差异对机动车通勤与职住失衡之间的关系没有影响。上述结果表明：低就业可达性和用地混合度能够缓解慢行交通通勤者的职住失衡程度;但对于轨道交通和地面公交的通勤者来说,低就业可达性和用地混合度会加剧其职住失衡的程度。此外,机动车通勤者不易受外部客观因素的影响而改变出行方式。

The spatial span of residents' job-housing places is increasingly expanded with urban sprawl. The diversity of commuting modes and improvement of commuting efficiency will affect commuters' previous job-housing imbalance. Commuting time as cost of commuting will contribute to better analyzing job-housing condition from commuters' perspective. Based on the statistical method of Bayesian-tobit and individual survey data of 7 sub-districts in Beijing, this study examined the interaction between four kinds of commuting modes (slow traffic, automobile, urban rail transit, and bus) and job-housing imbalance. Meanwhile, this study set employment accessibility and land use mix as moderator variables and explored their impacts on the relationship between varies commuting modes and job-housing imbalance. The study findings indicate that: (1) There is a negative relationship between commuting mode of slow traffic and job-housing imbalance. (2) By contrast, there is a positive dependency among automobile, urban rail transit, and bus and job-housing imbalance. (3) Employment accessibility and land use mix would weaken the original relationship among slow traffic, urban rail transit, and bus and job-housing imbalance. Specifically, under relatively low employment accessibility and land use mix conditions, the job-housing imbalance degree of slow traffic commuters is lower, while the job-housing imbalance degree of urban rail transit and bus commuters is higher. (4) Nevertheless, the relationship between commuting modes and job-housing imbalance will not be affected by employment accessibility and land use mix. These results suggest that (1) worse condition of employment accessibility and land use mixt can alleviate jobs-housing imbalance of commuters who use slow traffic. (2) However, lower value of employment accessibility and land use mix degree will aggravate job-housing imbalance of commuters. (3) In addition, the commuting behavior of automobile users will not be easily influenced by external factors.

It is of great importance to analyze urban commercial spatial structure from the viewpoint of consumers' behavior. During the latest ten years, with the development of suburbanization, the spatial structure of urban commerce in Beijing has greatly changed. Under this background, Beijing residents' shopping behavior has greatly changed. Based on more than five hundred questionnaires, the authors try to analyze the features of the evolution of spatial structure of shopping behaviors of Beijing's residents in the latest 10 years and their mechanisms. The average distance of residents' shopping trip was shortened in Beijing in the latest 10 years. The change of the spatial structure of shopping behavior of each kind of goods differs from each other. So does that of the shopping sites of each kind of goods in Beijing. The change of the hierarchical structure of shopping behaviors of Beijing's residents is also very interesting, for the hierarchical structure of the inner suburban residents descended while that of the core residents had little change. In a word, the features of the changes of the spatial structure and hierarchical structure all reflect the tendency of decentralization and polycentric urbanization of the development of Beijing's commerce. It should be pointed out that Beijing's residents tend to buy goods of low hierarchy near where they live, such as vegetables and the daily use articles, while they tend to buy goods of high hierarchy in shopping malls, large supermarkets and shopping centers for electric equipments, for these places are more attractive. The change of macroscopic environment, that of shopping suppliers and that of consumers are all significant factors propelling the evolution of the spatial structure of Beijing residents' shopping behaviors. Based on these factors, the authors put forward a theoretical frame of the mechanisms of the evolution of urban commercial spatial structure.

生活圈建设是新时代国土空间规划的关键内容之一,生活圈内服务设施配置是做好生活圈规划的首要基础,居民生活圈与服务设施的空间匹配关系也是地理学“人地关系”在城市社区尺度的重要体现。学术界对生活圈与服务设施的匹配关系已有研究,但主要采用问卷调查数据,该类数据存在样本量少、地域覆盖范围小等不足。论文将采用手机信令数据和POI(point of interest)数据等大数据,以北京为例,测定居民生活圈范围和服务设施可达性,并分析两者间的空间匹配关系及其地域分异特征。结果表明：① 居民生活圈呈现多中心结构,其半径由市中心和新城中心至非中心地区递增;服务设施可达性则呈现圈层结构,其水平则由市中心至郊区递减。② 设施可达性水平与生活圈半径的匹配关系整体呈现显著的负相关,即综合设施可达性水平越高则居民生活圈半径越小。③ 空间匹配模式呈现明显地理分异特征,在中心城区、新城中心,服务设施可达性水平与生活圈半径以“高—低”空间匹配关系为主,但中心城区和新城的边缘地区则以“低—低”“低—高”空间匹配关系为主。④ 不同类型设施之间也存在差异,文体和休闲设施的可达性水平与生活圈范围的空间匹配度显著偏低。研究结论可为完善生活圈理论研究提供新实证案例,并可为生活圈空间规划提供决策参考。

Residents' daily life circle is one of the key issues in relation to the national spatial planning in the "new era". Supply of public service facilities is the primary condition for plan-making of this type of circle. Spatial match between residents' daily life circle and public service facilities reveals the human-environment relationship at the community level. There exist many studies on spatial match between residents' daily life circle and public service facilities. However, the existing findings are mainly based on survey data, which have disadvantages such as insufficient samples, small geography coverage, and so on. This study investigated the spatial match between residents' daily life circle and public service facilities in large cities by taking Beijing as an example. Using mobile phone data and point-of-interest (POI) data collected in 2018, this study measured the spatial range of residents' daily life circle and accessibility of public service facilities, and analyzed the relationship between the spatial range of residents' daily life circle and accessibility of public service facilities by the bivariate spatial autocorrelation method. It also analyzed the geographical variations in the relationship. The results of analysis show that residents' daily life circle has a multi-centric structure at the city level. The length of radius of the circle increases from the central areas to the periphery. Accessibility of public service facilities is featured with a zonal structure but its level decreases with the distance away from the centers. The level of accessibility is negatively related with radius of the circle, which means that the higher level of accessibility, the smaller radius of the circle. There are geographical variations in the relationship. The relationship is "high-low" in the city center and new town centers, but dominated by "low-low" and "low-high" pattern in the fringe of the city center and new town centers. There are also variations in the relationship between different types of public service facilities. For the cultural and leisure facilities, the degree of spatial match between residents' daily life circle and public service facilities is obvious lower than other facilities. The conclusion of this research provides new evidence for residents' daily life circle study, and has policy implications for residents' daily life circle planning.

In the process of rapid suburbanization, large-scale affordable housing and new towns have been built in Beijing's suburban areas, which formed a unique suburban living and daily activity space. However, it leads to some urban problems because of the lack of supporting facilities and job opportunities around this kind of suburban mega-communities. For example, the long distance of commuting, transportation congestion and jobs-housing spatial mismatch, which also lower the residents' life quality. With the behavioral turn in human geography, space-time behavior has become one of the important perspectives on studies on urban space. Activity space, which is an important measurement in the study of urban social space, has attracted much attention from scholars at home and abroad. In China, research on activity space has focused its attention on aggregated aspects, using density interpolation based on questionnaire data to measure activity space, which ignores individual differences of residents. Data used in this study are from activity and travel survey based on GPS, which was done in 2010, with two suburban mega-communities of Tiantongyuan and Yizhuang as cases. Methods of case studies, spatial analysis based on GIS and multiple linear regression are used. The study uses standard confidence ellipse to measure individual activity space from a disaggregated perspective. Spatial overlay analysis is used to study residents' activity space of weekdays and weekends, and their use of urban space and community space. The study also analyzes the influencing factors of residents' use of urban space to examine problems emerging in suburbanization of China's large cities.

对城市人口空间分布的动态把握是了解人口活动规律、认识城市空间结构、配置城市基础设施和公共服务设施及制订城市公共安全应急保障方案的重要依据。由于目前国内缺少系统的人口动态变化统计数据,城市内部层面的人口空间分布和活动的动态特征方面的相关研究难以开展,研究成果较为有限。移动电话是目前普及率最高的通讯终端设备,其用户的动态分布信息可以准确地反应整个城市人口的空间分布与活动的动态特征。利用手机信令数据,以上海市为例,构建“人口—时间—行为”关系的人口空间动态分析框架,分析上海市人口分布和活动的动态特征。结果表明：上海整体人口密度呈单中心的圈层空间分布结构,昼夜空间分布经历“白天向中心集聚、夜晚向郊区分散”的流动过程;人的各类活动（如通勤、消费休闲）会产生人口空间分布的动态变化,职住关系的不匹配和活动对中心的高度依赖使得人口的空间分布不均,形成向心流动模式。消费休闲行为对中心城区的依赖度明显高于就业活动,且集中体现在紧邻中心城区的外围近郊呈圈层分布。

Analysis of the dynamic characteristics of Shanghai's population distribution is an important basis for recognizing people's behaviors, allocating urban infrastructures, and making safety emergency plans. Be short of statistical data of temporal and spatial dynamic distribution of population, research on this topic is limited in China. Due to cell phone is the most popular communication terminal equipment, the distribution of cell phone users is able to reflect the distribution of population accurately. Using datasets of cell phone signaling records from Shanghai, this study builds a framework based on the relationship among population, time, and behavior to analyze dynamic characteristics of Shanghai's population distribution. The results show that: (1) there is a single center where the density of population at daytime and nighttime is the highest; (2) people gather in the center at daytime and flow to the suburbs at nighttime; (3) different types of people's behavior result in dynamic changes of population distribution; (4) spatial mismatch between employment and place of residence, and the dependence on city center cause a large number of people flow to city center; (5) the degree of dependence of leisure consumption behavior on city center is obviously higher than that of employment, especially in the ring areas adjacent to city center.

在互联网络和信息技术的影响下，网上购物、团购等基于电子商务平台的网络消费方式得到极大发展，网络消费逐渐成为城市居民消费选择的重要方式，网络消费市场得到了较快的发展。同时，由于居民社会阶层的差别及相应居住空间的分异，导致网络消费呈现出不同的空间特征，并且对实体空间产生不同程度的影响。通过对南京居民网络消费情况的问卷调查，分析个人社会经济属性、住房状况、交通方式以及移动网络使用等体现居民社会阶层状况的要素对居民网络消费选择的影响，进而分析居民网络消费的空间分布特征，研究城市不同空间的网络消费构成和网络消费商品类型特征，在此基础上分析不同空间网络消费对交通出行和实体商业空间结构的影响程度。

Online consumption has been developed rapidly under the driving of internet and information technologies, which is increasingly more and more important for urban residents' consumption. Due to the differences of residents' social classes and residential space differentiation, the online consumption has different spatial characteristics and multiple effects on physical space. The researchers have focused on the influencing factors of online consumption and the characteristics of residents' online consumption behavior. When it comes to the influencing factors, they discussed the relationship between the choice of online consumption and internet infrastructure, advertising media, e-commerce as well as residents' social economic attrubutes. Meanwhile, some empirical studies have been focused on the role of online consumption on corresponding physical consumption. The authors would pay close attention to some new factors which affect online consumption, such as living, transportation, logistics and the usage of mobile internet. Then the spatial distribution of residents' online consumption is analyzed. The survey was conducted by face-to-face questionnaire during August of 2011, and the respondents were randomly selected in different urban districts and different residential areas. A total of 1003 questionnaires were delivered and 997 copies were retrieved. Based on the data of the questionnaires, the authors analyzed the influence of social status on the choices of residents' online consumption, and then revealed the spatial characteristics of residents' online consumption through calculating the proportion of online consumption residents in different habitats and the type of online consumption goods. Finally, the effects of online consumption on urban spatial organization and travel behavior were discussed. It is indicated that the socio-economic attributes, such as gender, age, income and education, have significant impact on the online comsumption behavior. Because of the lower goods price, people with lower income and poor housing condition prefer the online shopping. The transportation modes have significant impact on the wholesale (Tuangou) consumption, and the public transportation systems are the basic support for the development of the interaction consumption integrating online and physical ways. The limitation of the fixed information technologies on the online consumption tends to be weaker, while the mobile information technologies gradually affect online consumption. Meanwhile, the proportions of online consumption residents show differentiation characteristics between different urban spaces, such as downtown areas, outskirts and suburbs. So it can be seen that the influences of online consumption on the physical space and travel behavior vary in different urban spaces.

Current research depicts suburbs as becoming more heterogeneous in terms of socio-economic status. Providing a novel analysis, this paper engages with that research by operationalising suburban ways of living (homeownership, single-family dwelling occupancy and automobile use) and relating them to the geography of income across 26 Canadian metropolitan areas. We find that suburban ways of living exist in new areas and remain associated with higher incomes even as older suburbs, as places, have become more diverse. In the largest cities the relationship between income and suburban ways of living is weaker due to the growth of condominiums in downtowns that allow higher income earners to live urban lifestyles. Homeownership is overwhelmingly more important than other variables in explaining the geography of income across 26 metropolitan areas.

Analysis of trends in the suburbanization of whites, blacks, Asians, and Hispanics reveal that all groups are becoming more suburbanized, though the gap between whites and minorities remains large. Although central cities have made the transition to a majority-minority configuration, suburbs are still overwhelmingly white. Levels of minority-white segregation are nonetheless lower in suburbs than cities. Blacks remain the most segregated group at both locations. Black segregation and isolation levels are declining in cities and suburbs, however, while Hispanic and Asian segregation levels have remained stable and spatial isolation levels have risen. Multivariate analyses suggest that Hispanics achieve desegregation indirectly by using socioeconomic achievements to gain access to less-segregated suburban communities and directly by translating r status attainments into residence in white neighborhoods. Blacks do not achieve desegregation indirectly through suburbanization and they are much less able than Hispanics to use their socioeconomic attainments directly to enter white neighborhoods.

Numerous reports suggest that rising rents in some U.S. metropolitan areas are pushing workers to live further from their workplaces over time and contributing to lengthening commutes. Drawing on data from the last three vintages of the U.S. National Household Travel Survey (2001, 2009,\n and 2017), we test whether the relationship between residential location and commute distance varies significantly between low-income and higher-income workers and has changed over time. The data show that commute distances have increased for both low- and higher-income workers with much of\n the increase occurring in lower density areas. Statistical models show a strong positive relationship between living in a low-density neighbourhood and commute distance for all workers. This relationship appears stronger for low-income than higher-income workers but the strength of the relationship\n has not increased over time. The findings suggest that the growth in commute distance among low-income workers is largely due to a shift in their residential location towards low-density neighbourhoods.

This article analyses the travel behaviour, residential choices and related preferences of 55+ baby boomers in suburban Boston, USA, looking specifically at age-restricted neighbourhoods. For this highly auto-dependent group, do neighbourhood-related characteristics influence local-level recreational walk/bike and social activity trip-making? The analysis aims to discern community (for example, social network) versus physical (for example, street network) influences. Structural equation models, incorporating attitudes and residential choice, are used to control for self-selection and to account for direct and indirect effects among exogenous and endogenous variables. The analysis reveals modest neighbourhood effects. Living in age-restricted, as opposed to unrestricted, suburban neighbourhoods modestly increases the likelihood of residents being active (i.e. making at least one local recreational walk/bike trip) and the number of local social trips. Overall, the age-restricted community status has greater influence on recreational and social activity trip-making than the neighbourhood physical characteristics, although some community–neighbourhood interaction exists.

Critics deride American suburbs as dull, aesthetically displeasing, socially isolating, unhealthy, environmentally unsound, and lacking in accessibility. However, the dramatic shift of the American population to the suburbs in the post-WWII period suggests suburban living may have advantages. Using data from the American Time Use Survey, this paper examines whether residence in a principal city versus the suburbs offers a more emotionally satisfying lifestyle. First, the findings show that demographically similar city residents and suburbanites engage in a very similar amount and composition of out-of-home activities. Second, the ratio of travel time to activity time for specific travel/activity couplets is lower for city residents for a few activities, and lower for suburbanites for others, but on the whole the differences in accessibility implied by these travel time prices are minor. Third, the activities in which city residents and suburbanites engage are associated with very similar degrees of subjective well-being (SWB), including both life satisfaction and affect. The most noteworthy difference between the two geographies is that suburbanites have modestly but measurably higher SWB than demographically similar urbanites in terms of feelings of happiness (hedonic affect), a sense of meaning (eudaimonic affect), and life satisfaction. These findings suggest that there may be advantages to suburban living.