乡村旅游社区居民主观幸福感变迁机理——聚焦发展期到巩固期的幸福拐点
Mechanism of change in residents’ subjective well-being in rural tourism communities: The turning point of happiness from the development stage to the consolidation stage
收稿日期: 2023-01-16 修回日期: 2023-03-7
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Received: 2023-01-16 Revised: 2023-03-7
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作者简介 About authors
李燕琴(1971— ),女,河北香河人,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为民族旅游、乡村旅游、可持续旅游。E-mail:
主观幸福感是居民生活质量的重要表征,探究旅游地“幸福拐点”的形成机理可为旅游助推乡村振兴提供科学依据。论文基于社会表征理论与唤醒激活理论,分别选取处于旅游发展期(内蒙古额尔古纳市恩和村)和巩固期(额尔古纳市室韦村)的两个相似村落开展同时性横断设计,运用模糊集定性比较分析法(fsQCA)考察价值观与旅游感知价值对居民主观幸福感的影响组态路径。研究发现:① 居民主观幸福感受感知价值与价值观的共同影响,其既源于外在旅游影响刺激,也受居民内在社会表征系统调节;② 旅游发展期和巩固期居民主观幸福感前因条件存在差异,感知价值驱动因素由“经济+传统文化生活”向“经济+外向社会关系”转变,水平集体主义价值观作用在经营大户中有所减弱;③ “幸福拐点”的产生源于第I阶段居民“物质+独立自我”的价值追求对主观幸福感作用有所减弱,而第II阶段“非物质+互依自我”的价值追求未被充分唤醒和支撑。研究认为打造文化价值共振核、拓展价值共创圈、提升旅游价值功能和遵循现代化价值转型规律是乡村旅游治理中超越“幸福拐点”的有效途径。
关键词:
Rural tourism development is an important force to promote the rural revitalization strategy and can realize people's aspiration for a better life and improve their quality of life. Subjective well-being is an important representation of residents' quality of life. This study aimed to explore the formation mechanism of the "turning point of happiness" phenomenon in tourism destinations, and thus provide a scientific guidance for tourism to boost the realization of rural revitalization strategy. Based on the social representations theory and arousal modulation theory, this study selected two villages in the development stage (Enhe Village, Ergun City, Inner Mongolia) and consolidation stage (Shiwei Village, Ergun City, Inner Mongolia) to apply a simultaneous cross-sectional design, and used the fsQCA method to investigate configuration paths of the impact of values and perceived value on residents' subjective well-being. Based on comparison, we found that: From the development stage to the consolidation stage, the subjective well-being of residents in the tourism community showed a downward trend. There were significant differences in the social, cultural, and functional value perceptions of residents in the two places, and there were also significant differences between individualism and horizontal collectivism. Each dimension of perceived value and the values were not the necessary condition for forming residents' high-level subjective well-being. In the development stage (Enhe), the perceived economic and cultural value and horizontal collectivism played a more prominent role in forming residents' high-level subjective well-being. In the consolidation stage (Shiwei), the role of perceived economic and social values and individualism in forming residents' high-level subjective well-being was more prominent. The results show that: 1) Residents' subjective well-being is influenced by both perceived value and values. It is not only stimulated by external tourism impact, but also regulated by residents' internal social representation system. 2) There were differences in the antecedents of residents' subjective well-being between the development stage and the consolidation stage. The driving factors of perceived value changed from "economy + traditional cultural life" to "economy + extroverted social relations", and the effects of horizontal collectivism values weakened in the large enterprises. 3) The "turning point of happiness" resulted from the weakened effect of "material + independent self" on residents' subjective well-being in the first stage, while the "non-material + interdependent self" has not been fully awakened and supported in the second stage. The research holds that creating cultural value resonance core, expanding value co-creation circle, enhancing tourism value function, and following modern value transformation patterns are effective ways to transcend the "turning point of happiness" in tourism village governance.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
李燕琴, 施佳伟, 罗湘阳.
LI Yanqin, SHI Jiawei, LUO Xiangyang.
乡村旅游是乡村振兴战略的重要抓手。2019年以来,文化和旅游部会同国家发展和改革委员会先后推出4批共计1399个全国乡村旅游重点村,它们成为助力全面推进乡村振兴、满足人民美好生活需要的重要力量[1]。但以旅游发展推进乡村振兴与现代化进程并非一路坦途。研究发现,从旅游地生命周期的参与期到发展期,居民生活满意度和生活质量不断提高,而进入巩固期则有回落趋势[2-3],中国的相关案例研究也证实了上述结论[3];从发展期到巩固期,居民主观幸福感不升甚至反降[4],出现了“幸福拐点”现象。如何超越幸福拐点以更好地推进乡村现代化进程、确保实现乡村居民美好生活?有必要深入考察其产生机理以便提出有效的破解之道。
近年来,关于主观幸福感的复杂形成机制研究受到重视[5],主观幸福感由认知主观幸福感(生活满意度)和情感主观幸福感(快乐)两部分构成[6],研究亦可从两个方向展开。目前,关于居民生活满意度的研究多从旅游影响感知角度构建模型,而从Deery等[7]提出的“社区旅游社会影响感知层次”看,作为旅游发展终极目标的生活满意度位于感知核心,而旅游影响(拥挤、垃圾等)作为表层现象则位于感知最外层。主观幸福感的研究应回到其本身的结构进行探讨,至少应回到与其最接近的居民价值观层次,需通过对居民价值观和内在特征更深入的研究来解释“为什么”某些影响对某些居民来说比其他影响更重要[7]。习近平总书记也曾指出,“价值观念在一定社会的文化中是起中轴作用的”[8]。但限于理论局限,目前仅有部分研究将价值观纳入概念模型[9-10]。
基于上述分析,本文拟通过在同一时间选择处于旅游地生命周期发展期(内蒙古额尔古纳市恩和村)和巩固期(额尔古纳市室韦村)的2个相似社区进行同时性横断设计研究,采用以案例研究为导向的集合研究法[14]——模糊集定性比较分析法(fsQCA)来考察从发展期到巩固期居民的价值观与旅游感知价值对其主观幸福感的影响组态发生了哪些变化,由此不仅从外在旅游影响角度,也从居民内在社会表征系统角度,双向探究巩固期“幸福拐点”出现的可能机理。新视角可更好地洞悉主观幸福感变迁机理,从而为旅游业助推乡村振兴、实现中国式现代化提供有效的政策工具。
1 研究回顾与模型构建
1.1 乡村旅游社区的幸福拐点:从发展期到巩固期
社会表征理论视域下,价值观和感知价值是居民主观幸福感的重要前因。在社会表征的“中心—边缘”结构中,位于中心系统的价值观尤其被关注[19],其次是位于边缘的感知价值。感知价值不仅是独立自我的个体反应,还体现了互依自我的社会文化反应。如果说社会交换理论遵循的是“刺激—个体—反应”的认知逻辑,而在社会表征理论视角下,刺激到达个体之前首先会受到社会表征的调节,即“刺激—社会表征—个体—反应”,所以对价值观和感知价值如何影响个体主观幸福感的关注有助于破解其内在的机理。因此提出如下命题:
命题1:旅游社区居民主观幸福感受旅游感知价值和居民价值观的共同影响。
1.2 居民价值观与旅游感知价值
态度和行为是价值观和感知价值共同作用的结果[21],价值观可影响个体感知价值,而感知价值可发挥价值观探测器的功能。价值观是一种生活指导原则[22],是个体做出评价性判断的基础[23]。心理学家常用个人主义与集体主义这一价值观框架,Triandis[24]将其与Hofstede[25]提出的权力距离概念相结合又做了水平与垂直的划分,形成基于“个人—集体”“水平—垂直”的双维度价值观分析框架。个人主义社会强调个体的自我管理,而在集体主义社会中人们更乐于融入强大而有凝聚力的群体当中;“水平”则意味着群体内成员身份平等,而“垂直”意味着认可群体内成员具有等级的社会身份[24]。中国文化历来被视作注重人与人之间、群体之间和谐关系的集体主义文化[26],因此,个人主义与水平集体主义、垂直集体主义组成的价值观三分法,不失为更适合中国情境的实用方案。
顾客感知价值研究兴起于20世纪90年代的营销领域[27],社会交换理论视域下感知价值被认为是一种基于利益与成本权衡的价值判断[28],而社会表征视域下感知价值指顾客对产品或服务多维属性达到其目标和意图的综合效用评价[29]。旅游影响感知与感知价值关系密切,Kim等[30]发现旅游的经济、社会、文化、环境影响可预测居民的物质、社区、情感、健康安全幸福感的价值感知,而Uysal等[2]据此做了物质和非物质(社区、情感、健康安全)生活领域价值的划分。与“个人—集体”这一价值观框架相对应的是独立自我和互依自我构念,这2种框架被大多数跨文化心理学家互换使用[31]。关于中国人自我的研究也发现了个人导向和社会导向(类似于独立自我和互依自我)共存的证据[32]。所以,感知价值也可做独立和互依自我价值的划分,前者如个人层面的经济价值(收入、工作机会)、文化价值(生活方式、旅游情感,侧重具体而微的文化生活价值),后者如依存关系中产生的社会价值(人人关系,侧重软环境)、功能价值(人地关系,侧重硬环境)。由此,图1从“物质—非物质”“独立自我—互依自我”两个维度构建了居民旅游感知价值十字分析框架。
图1
图1
居民旅游感知价值十字分析框架
Fig.1
An analytical framework of residents' perceived value of tourism
1.3 唤醒激活理论与模型构建
唤醒激活理论也被称作最佳唤醒水平理论,是探究刺激和认知关系的重要理论[33],“唤醒”指人体总的生理性和心理性激活程度,是个体对刺激做出的反应。研究表明,唤醒水平会影响主观幸福感[34],Warr[35]认为唤醒水平和愉快一起构成了工作幸福感,因此,居民主观幸福感可以被看作个体唤醒水平的表征。唤醒理论有三大原理:一是人们偏好最佳唤醒水平,刺激水平和偏好之间的关系为倒U形曲线;二是简化原理,即重复进行刺激会使唤醒水平降低;三是富有经验的个体偏好复杂的刺激,经验会帮助个体更好地组织刺激[36]。据该理论推测,巩固期居民主观幸福感未随旅游发展同步增长的可能原因是:发展期居民在个体价值偏好刺激下,达到最佳唤醒水平,即最高水平主观幸福感;之后,居民发展期偏好价值虽然进一步增长,但重复刺激会使唤醒水平进入临界范围,甚至降低;富有经验的居民于是开始寻求更复杂的刺激并有效组织这些刺激,即寻求更多元价值以实现对美好生活需求的满足。因此,可假设从发展期到巩固期居民价值偏好发生了较大变化,进而提出命题2并构建概念模型(图2):
命题2:从发展期到巩固期,旅游社区居民高主观幸福感的前因条件发生较大变化。
图2
2 研究设计、研究区域及方法
2.1 研究设计
人类学功能学派大师布朗[37]主张考察社区变迁最理想的方法是在若干年间持续关注一个乡村,或选择若干受到相同因素影响但影响程度不同的社区进行研究。前者需要长时间跟踪,难度更大,目前的纵贯研究以后者为主,即在同一时段选择处于旅游地生命周期不同阶段的多个社区进行比较研究[3,30,38],这属于同时性横断设计(simultaneous cross-sectional design),是追踪研究的一种。本文拟以同时性横断设计考察从发展期到巩固期感知价值和价值观影响居民主观幸福感的阶段性特征。定性比较分析技术能够基于个案特征,并深入探究前因条件组合关系及其影响机制,在乡村旅游研究中逐渐得到应用[39]。本文以fsQCA方法探究感知价值与价值观的联合效应和互动关系[40],揭示不同阶段感知价值与价值观的因果组态变化趋势,从而透视居民主观幸福感变迁的内在机理。
2.2 研究区概况
选取同处于内蒙古自治区额尔古纳市的恩和村、室韦村作为案例地(图3)。室韦村地处呼伦贝尔草原,毗邻中俄边界,俄罗斯风情浓郁,自2004年启动俄罗斯民俗游项目、2005年被评为“中国十佳魅力名镇”以来,旅游业逐渐发展起来。恩和村与室韦村相距约70 km,同样拥有浓郁的俄罗斯风情,旅游发展稍晚。
图3
图3
研究区区位
注:本图基于自然资源部标准地图服务系统网站下载的审图号GS(2019)1822号的标准地图绘制,底图无修改。
Fig.3
Location of the study areas
表1 案例社区基本特征
Tab.1
特征 | 恩和村:发展期 | 室韦村:巩固期 |
---|---|---|
旅游资源 | 原生态自然景观(如天然草场及河畔景观)、传统民族风情(如巴斯克节、俄罗斯族民俗馆、俄罗斯族民俗体验活动) | 原生态自然景观(如天然草场及河畔景观)、传统民族风情(如巴斯克节),出现特色休闲景观(如界河大舞台、文化休闲广场) |
旅游市场 | 受室韦村旅游发展的带动,2006年开始家庭游试点;2018、2019年接待人次稳定在每年70万左右,2020年受疫情影响降至36万 | 2004年试点家庭游,2005年被CCTV评为“中国十大魅力名镇”,知名度快速增加;2018年和2019年接待人次稳定在每年100万左右,2020年受疫情影响降至40万 |
接待设施 | 床位3700张 | 床位6698张 |
发展模式 | 主体为“政府主导+居民自发”,企业引入相比室韦村较晚较少,外来投资开始增加并逐渐控制供给 | 主体为“政府主导+居民自发”,企业引入相比恩和村更早更多,外来资本进一步增加并占据主导地位 |
注:数据于2021年获取自恩和村与室韦村村委会。
恩和、室韦村地理位置相邻,行政区划上曾属同一乡镇;社会文化、旅游资源相似,人口统计特征相近;旅游业皆为村中支柱产业且客流量基本相当,适宜采取同时性横断设计;同时恩和、室韦村旅游发展时间存在先后、发展速度存在快慢,且两地当前处于不同的旅游发展阶段,空间距离上也相距约70 km,满足社区独立的基本条件,可以采用独立样本t检验分析方法。
2.3 数据收集
2021年6—7月在恩和、室韦村进行了2个星期的调研。课题组成员具有问卷调查经验,并再次接受培训,可熟练使用面对面调查技术确保受访者正确完成问卷。调研对象选择18~70岁、在社区连续居住3年及以上的居民为样本,采用便利抽样,通过入户调研和在社区广场、交通节点等人员聚集处随机采访等方式进行“一对一”调查。每份调查问卷的平均作答时间约为30 min,共收集564份问卷,除去填写不完整及明显未认真填答的问卷后,有效问卷489份,占比86.7%。调研过程中课题组成员每天会以调研日志的方式记录见闻,同期还对村委会有关工作人员及村民进行了访谈,作为本研究补充材料,以便更好地理解数据分析结果。另外,本团队10余年来长期跟踪恩和、室韦村并开展了多次调研,熟悉2个村落的旅游发展历程。
2.4 变量测量和信效度检验
问卷变量测量题项源于该领域相关研究和前期访谈(表2),问卷包括4个部分:① 主观幸福感测量参考了第7轮世界价值观调查(WVS)中国地区问卷相关题项[43];② 感知价值在现有文献研究基础上[30,44⇓-46],基于图1的感知价值分析框架考察居民经济、文化、功能、社会4大维度的价值感知,居民对每一题项既回答“同意”程度,也回答“在意”程度,采用5点李克特量表,用1~5表示“非常不同意/非常不重要”到“非常同意/非常重要”,最后通过Andereck等[45]所使用的方法将每个维度的感知价值赋值为1~20;③ 价值观测量在现有量表[47]基础上根据案例地情境简化,采用水平集体主义、垂直集体主义和个人主义三维分析框架;④ 人口统计信息。
表2 居民感知价值、价值观与主观幸福感比较
Tab.2
维度 | 测量题项 | 测量题项得分均值M | t检验 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
恩和村(n=247) | 室韦村(n=242) | t值 | P值 | |||
经济价值感知 | 收入、工作机会、经济地位 | 12.055 | 12.117 | -0.175 | 0.861 | |
文化价值感知 | 业余生活、文化生活、文化自豪感 | 11.961 | 12.955 | -2.977 | 0.003* | |
功能价值感知 | 居住环境、安全状况、基础设施 | 15.306 | 14.388 | 3.268 | 0.001* | |
社会价值感知 | 家人关系、村民关系、主客关系 | 12.845 | 12.061 | 2.664 | 0.008* | |
垂直集体主义 | 如果我的家人获得嘉奖,我会感到光荣; 我会为了家庭/集体的利益而努力 | 4.700 | 4.649 | 1.296 | 0.195 | |
水平集体主义 | 对我来说,与朋友共享时光是快乐的; 与他人合作会让我感觉很好 | 3.804 | 3.981 | -2.598 | 0.010* | |
个人主义 | 能完成他人实现不了的目标,我为自己而自豪; 对我来说,表现得比别人好是重要的 | 3.753 | 3.961 | -2.735 | 0.006* | |
主观幸福感 | 快乐、生活满意、掌控感、 家庭收入满意度、经济地位 | 3.679 | 3.654 | 0.443 | 0.658 |
注:*表示在5%水平差异显著。
采用SPSS 24.0软件对问卷进行信效度检验。信度方面,问卷总体Cronbach's α系数为0.701,除价值观外,其余所有维度的Cronbach's α系数均高于0.5,符合社会科学研究的可接受临界值。由于价值观各维度仅包含2个题项,采用Spearman-Brown系数作为信度指标[48],所有价值观维度在0.01级别(双尾)的相关性显著,表明价值观维度的测量题项具有较好的信度。组合信度方面,所有维度CR值均超过0.7,能够较为一致地解释问卷设计的维度。效度方面,问卷用于正式调研前经过3位旅游领域专家评估、补充,并通过预调研进行筛选,具有良好的内容效度;问卷KMO值为0.731,Bartlett球体检验显著性水平<0.001,适宜开展因子分析,且在探索性因子分析中各维度题项因子载荷接近或大于0.5,表明具有较好的聚敛效度。
3 结果与分析
3.1 人口统计学特征分析
表3 样本人口统计学特征
Tab.3
变量 | 类别 | 恩和村 (频数) | 室韦村 (频数) | 变量 | 类别 | 恩和村 (频数) | 室韦村 (频数) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
性别 | 男 | 130 | 114 | 教育程度 | 小学及以下学历 | 53 | 32 |
女 | 117 | 128 | 初中学历 | 102 | 106 | ||
年龄 | 18~24岁 | 4 | 9 | 高中及大专学历 | 70 | 86 | |
25~34岁 | 31 | 40 | 本科及以上 | 22 | 18 | ||
35~54岁 | 104 | 118 | 是否参与旅游经营与服务 | 个人或家人参与 | 168 | 185 | |
55~64岁 | 72 | 54 | 未参与或已放弃 | 79 | 57 | ||
65岁及以上 | 36 | 21 | 家庭年收入 | 低于5万元 | 86 | 90 | |
民族 | 俄罗斯族 | 78 | 55 | 5万~ 20万元 | 143 | 132 | |
汉族 | 134 | 162 | 高于20万元 | 18 | 20 | ||
其他 | 35 | 25 |
3.2 居民感知价值与价值观比较
采用独立样本t检验判断恩和、室韦两村居民的感知价值与价值观是否存在显著差异(表2)。结果发现,相比于恩和村,室韦村居民的主观幸福感较低,但差异并不显著,原因可能是恩和村已进入发展期晚期,加之疫情影响使两村差距收窄。除经济价值感知外,恩和、室韦村居民的社会、文化、功能价值感知差异均显著,恩和村居民的社会、功能价值感知高于室韦村,文化价值感知则低于室韦村。具体看,室韦村的家人关系、村民关系价值感知在减弱、主客关系价值感知在增强,开始呈现外向型社会特征;室韦村居住环境在改善,而旅游业快速发展带来安全状况恶化、基础设施压力增大;同时,旅游业使室韦村居民的业余生活和文化生活更加丰富多彩,传统与现代交融的生活方式使居民文化价值感知有所增强。
价值观层面,两村居民均最为秉持重视家庭的垂直集体主义价值观,总体差距不大(M恩和村=4.700,M室韦村=4.649,P=0.195),但“我会为了家庭/集体的利益而努力”方面有明显降低(M恩和村=4.745;M室韦村=4.595)。从情感共鸣增强而志愿行为弱化角度看,垂直集体主义价值观已出现弱化特征。重视朋友与合作的水平集体主义价值观有明显增加(M恩和村=3.804,M室韦村=3.981,P=0.010),结合两村社会关系层面的变化,水平集体主义价值观已逐渐从村民间互动与合作向主客间互动与合作转化。恩和村居民大多仍采取传统家庭经营方式,而在室韦村房屋转租现象更为普遍,更多外来经营者参与到旅游发展中,与本地居民发生多种形式的合作。个人主义价值观在室韦村居民中也日渐凸显(M恩和村=3.753,M室韦村=3.961,P=0.006),以往研究认为个人主义价值观畅行是现代化的一个重要标志[50],本文数据分析结果也支持该结论。
3.3 fsQCA分析
3.3.1 单个条件的必要性分析
同主流fsQCA操作步骤一致,本文首先检验是否单个条件(包括其非状态)能够成为高主观幸福感的必要条件。若单个条件的一致性数值大于0.9,表明它是导致结果发生的必要条件,在fsQCA充分性分析时需单独考虑其作用。对影响居民主观幸福感的4类感知价值和3类价值观条件进行必要性分析,结果显示,所有条件的一致性水平均不高于0.9(表4),没有条件是构成高主观幸福感的必要条件,需进一步考察条件的组合作用。
表4 必要性条件分析
Tab.4
前因条件 | 恩和村(发展期) | 室韦村(巩固期) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
一致性 | 覆盖度 | 一致性 | 覆盖度 | ||
经济价值感知 | 0.780 | 0.782 | 0.782 | 0.793 | |
~经济价值感知 | 0.618 | 0.757 | 0.631 | 0.740 | |
功能价值感知 | 0.768 | 0.746 | 0.800 | 0.796 | |
~功能价值感知 | 0.613 | 0.783 | 0.621 | 0.745 | |
社会价值感知 | 0.724 | 0.808 | 0.783 | 0.818 | |
~社会价值感知 | 0.672 | 0.733 | 0.672 | 0.763 | |
文化价值感知 | 0.793 | 0.835 | 0.767 | 0.780 | |
~文化价值感知 | 0.646 | 0.749 | 0.642 | 0.750 | |
垂直集体主义 | 0.847 | 0.653 | 0.798 | 0.663 | |
~垂直集体主义 | 0.407 | 0.791 | 0.487 | 0.767 | |
水平集体主义 | 0.758 | 0.751 | 0.779 | 0.740 | |
~水平集体主义 | 0.617 | 0.768 | 0.628 | 0.800 | |
个人主义 | 0.786 | 0.760 | 0.786 | 0.713 | |
~个人主义 | 0.617 | 0.791 | 0.584 | 0.793 |
注:~表示逻辑运算的“非”。
3.3.2 条件组态的充分性分析
表5 高主观幸福感的前因组态比较
Tab.5
组态 | 恩和村 | 室韦村 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E1a | E1b | E2a | E2b | E3 | S1a | S1b | S2a | S2b | S3 | ||
经济价值感知 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||
文化价值感知 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | × | · | · | · | · | |
功能价值感知 | ● | ● | × | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||
社会价值感知 | ● | ● | · | × | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |
垂直集体主义 | · | · | · | · | · | · | ⓧ | ||||
水平集体主义 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||
个人主义 | · | · | · | · | × | · | |||||
一致性 | 0.962 | 0.960 | 0.965 | 0.957 | 0.956 | 0.954 | 0.952 | 0.917 | 0.935 | 0.949 | |
原始覆盖度 | 0.429 | 0.413 | 0.424 | 0.352 | 0.427 | 0.421 | 0.371 | 0.513 | 0.506 | 0.300 | |
唯一覆盖度 | 0.019 | 0.015 | 0.008 | 0.044 | 0.029 | 0.052 | 0.006 | 0.010 | 0.011 | 0.023 | |
整体解的一致性 | 0.944 | 0.917 | |||||||||
整体解的覆盖度 | 0.544 | 0.633 |
注:“●”表示核心条件存在,“·”表示辅助条件存在,“ⓧ”表示核心条件不存在,“×”表示辅助条件不存在,空白表示条件可有可无[
处于旅游业发展阶段的恩和村,高主观幸福感居民多为本地居民,秉持水平集体主义价值倾向,享受与他人合作,垂直集体主义和个人主义价值观则多起辅助作用;感知价值方面,独立自我角度的经济与文化价值感知发挥了主要作用。居民高主观幸福感形成呈现3类因果组合解释路径:① E1含E1a、E1b子组态,E1组态居民可感知到经济、功能、社会、文化多维旅游发展价值,故命名为“综合价值感知型”。E1a、E1b原始覆盖度分别为0.429和0.413,表明因果路径可解释约42.9%和41.3%的高主观幸福感居民样本;唯一覆盖度分别为0.019和0.015,即有1.9%和1.5%的高主观幸福感居民仅能被该路径解释。具体案例分析看,E1组态居民多为收入稳定、年龄偏大的旅游从业者或非旅游从业者(如农牧场工人),具有随遇而安和旁观者特点,如外面有更好工作机会,他们也可能选择离开,多不期望子女继续从事旅游业,代表了恩和村相对保守、低旅游业参与度居民的幸福感形成路径。② E2含E2a、E2b子组态,E2组态居民可感知到独立自我范畴的经济、文化价值,忽视或不在意功能、社会价值,故命名为“独立自我价值感知型”。E2a、E2b因果路径分别可解释约42.4%和35.2%的高主观幸福感居民样本,0.8%和4.4%的高主观幸福感居民仅能被该路径解释。E2组态居民较E1年轻,多自己经营旅游业且旅游收入在家庭收入中占比较高,他们地方依恋程度较高,愿意让子女继续从事旅游业,代表了恩和村积极参与旅游业发展居民的幸福感形成路径。③ E3组态居民不太在意经济价值,可感知到旅游发展带来的文化、社会等非物质价值及功能价值提升对生活的影响,故命名为“非物质价值感知型”。E3因果路径可解释约42.7%的高主观幸福感居民样本,2.9%的高主观幸福感居民仅能被该路径解释。E3组态居民年龄偏大、教育程度较高、俄罗斯族占比高,全部为本地户籍,愿意长期留在村中,地方依恋程度高。他们虽然多为旅游自营业主但旅游收入在家庭收入中占比不高,但愿意让子女继续从事旅游业比例最高,代表了恩和村少数文化传承者的幸福感形成路径。总的来看,处于发展阶段的恩和村居民通过获取更高的综合价值、实现自我价值、激发社会文化自豪感而获得了更高的主观幸福感。
处于旅游业巩固阶段的室韦村,高主观幸福感居民仍以本地人为主,但非本地居民开始增多。价值观影响呈现多元化特征,多秉持水平集体主义价值观,但其内涵已从村民间合作共赢向主客合作共赢转变;S3组态出现非垂直集体主义为核心条件的现象。感知价值方面,经济价值感知仍发挥主要作用,社会价值感知作用在强化,文化价值从传统向交融文化价值转变,居民整体感知有所增强,但对幸福感作用有所减弱。居民高主观幸福感形成呈现3类因果组合解释路径:① S1含S1a、S1b子组态,S1组态居民可感知到物质范畴的经济、功能及社会价值,特别是主客互动的社会价值。S1组态居民参与旅游业时间较长、经营规模较大,故命名为“物质价值感知I型(大户)”。S1a、S1b因果路径分别可解释约42.1%和37.1%的高主观幸福感居民样本,5.2%和0.6%的高主观幸福感居民仅能被该路径解释。S1组态居民家庭参与旅游业较早、经营得相对较好,旅游收入在家庭收入中占比较高,年纪较轻,愿意让子女继续从事旅游业比例较高。一方面,S1组态居民有了足够的经济积累,可离开室韦村继续生活;另一方面,室韦村作为他们脱贫致富的家乡,若旅游业发展环境好,也愿意留下来,因此他们对未来是否会留在村里表现出最大的不确定性。物质价值带来的满足感是S1组态居民幸福感的源头,传统文化、“家”感知对他们的滋养在减弱,过度商业化带来的疲惫感开始显现,有居民表示“经营旅游这些年的记忆深刻,因为太累了”。② S2含S2a、S2b子组态,S2组态居民可感知到经济、社会价值,秉持水平集体主义价值观,希望在合作共赢中发展,相比S1组态居民较晚参与旅游发展,规模也较小,故命名为“物质价值感知II型(中小户)”,代表了室韦村多数旅游自营业主的幸福感形成路径。S2a、S2b因果路径分别可解释约51.3%和50.6%的高主观幸福感居民样本,1.0%和1.1%的高主观幸福感居民仅能被该路径解释。他们认可旅游业带来的积极影响,认为“室韦村整体在向好的方向发展,生活满意度较高”,加之年龄较大,多愿意继续生活在室韦村;但同时他们也感受到多年奋力经营带来的疲惫感,有人表示“不喜欢现在室韦村的生活方式,觉得太累了”,所以多不愿意子女继续从事旅游业,希望子女在外边寻找更好的发展机会。③ S3组态居民可感知到互依自我范畴的功能、社会价值,较在意文化价值,不太在意经济价值,故命名为“互依自我价值感知型”。S3因果路径可解释约30.0%的高主观幸福感居民样本,2.3%的高主观幸福感居民仅能被该路径解释。S3组态居民年龄较轻、教育程度较高,非本地户籍占比高,全部为非俄罗斯族,多秉持非垂直集体主义价值观,地方依恋程度不高;他们多从事小规模旅游经营或有稳定收入的工作,旅游收入在家庭收入中占比不高,可享受旅游经营本身的体验,3类组态中最愿意子女继续从事旅游业。总的看,处于旅游业巩固阶段的室韦村居民主要通过物质价值获取获得更高的主观幸福感,少部分外来及本地居民通过适度经营、合作共赢的模式提升了幸福感。
3.3.3 稳健性检验
借鉴相关范例[54],采用调整一致性阈值和案例频数进行稳健性检验。首先,将原始一致性阈值由0.8提高到0.9,变化前后条件组态保持一致。其次,在保证纳入分析的案例数超过50%的前提下,将案例频数阈值从2提高至3,条件组态的辅助及核心条件基本不变,且各组态及整体解的一致性和覆盖度也未发生显著变化。因此,判定研究结果具有较好的稳健性。
3.4 命题验证与理论解释
综上所述,旅游感知价值与价值观作为核心条件,在恩和、室韦村的主观幸福感所有组态中均有体现,表明它们皆受感知价值和价值观的共同影响,命题1得到验证,证实居民主观幸福感的变化既来自于个体外部环境影响,也来自于内部社会表征系统作用。从发展期到巩固期,经济价值、强调合作的水平集体主义始终是居民高主观幸福感组态的核心条件。在发展期的恩和村,独立自我范畴的经济、文化价值是居民高主观幸福感的重要条件;伴随旅游发展,巩固期的室韦村由封闭的传统乡村走向开放的旅游乡村,内与外、传统与现代交融的文化使居民拥有更高的文化价值感知,但文化因素对高主观幸福感的作用已减弱为辅助条件,取而代之的是更高主客关系价值感知带来的社会感知价值。从发展期到巩固期,从“经济+文化”到“经济+社会”组态的转变,物质价值感知发挥更重要的作用,社会关系外向型特征日益突出,旅游社区居民高主观幸福感的前因条件发生较大变化,命题2得到验证。
伴随旅游发展,居民首先被唤醒的是第I层次的“独立自我+物质”价值感知追求(图4),相关价值实现会带来主观幸福感提升;到巩固期“独立自我+物质”价值追求的重复刺激会使主观幸福感进入临界范围A,甚至降低到C,这就可以从个体价值感知角度来解释为什么从发展期到巩固期旅游业在不断发展,而居民主观幸福感不升甚至反降。同时,也发现发展期和巩固期都有部分富有经验、物质条件较好的居民开始寻求更复杂的刺激并有效组织这些刺激,即寻求更多元价值以实现对美好生活的满足,如E3组态代表了更看重传统文化价值的内向型居民,S3组态代表了可享受现代旅游关系价值的外向型居民,他们开始追求非物质价值与互依自我价值。在新的内在需求刺激下,外部发展如能更好满足居民第II层次的“互依自我+非物质”价值需求,居民主观幸福感也就有可能跃升到更高层次的B。
图4
图4
居民旅游感知价值演变框架
注:实线、虚线分别表示居民主观幸福感的上升、下降状态。
Fig.4
Evolution of residents' perceived value of tourism
4 结论与政策启示
4.1 研究结论
本文聚焦旅游发展期到巩固期这一居民主观幸福感的拐点时刻,选取处于分别处于发展期(恩和村)和巩固期(室韦村)的2个相似村落,采用fsQCA法分析了价值观与旅游感知价值对居民主观幸福感的影响组态变化规律,系统探究了巩固期“幸福拐点”的形成机理。主要结论如下:
(1) 旅游感知价值与价值观对发展期和巩固期居民的主观幸福感皆有重要影响。证实了居民主观幸福感变迁既源于外在旅游影响刺激,又受到居民内在社会表征系统作用调节进而形成多样化的幸福感寻求路径。
(2) 从旅游发展期到巩固期居民高主观幸福感的前因条件发生较大变化,重视互助合作的水平集体主义价值观对居民主观幸福感的重要支撑作用有所减弱。由发展期“经济+传统文化生活”组态主轴向巩固期“经济+外向社会关系”主轴转变,经济价值感知始终发挥了重要作用,发展期传统生活方式是居民幸福的重要源泉,而巩固期主客关系与居民幸福关系则更为密切。
(3) 提出感知价值十字分析框架,并通过fsQCA法对案例地的分析揭示出从发展期到巩固期常常出现“幸福拐点”现象的内在机理,即第I阶段居民“物质+独立自我”价值追求对主观幸福感作用减弱,而第II阶段“非物质+互依自我”价值追求未被充分唤醒和支撑。
4.2 政策启示
在旅游业助推乡村现代化进程中,如何超越幸福拐点更好地实现乡村居民对美好生活的向往,其核心是要及时唤醒居民对第II层次“非物质+互依自我”价值的追求,使更多居民如E3和S3组态居民那样以更为多元而丰富的要素支撑主观幸福感由发展期向巩固期平稳过渡。基于上述思考并结合研究结果,提出以下政策建议:
(1) 打造文化价值共振核,以点带面吸引居民参与并使居民体验到文化保护的幸福价值。本文发现,文化价值感知是发展期居民高主观幸福感的核心条件,同时伴随旅游发展,从发展期到巩固期居民文化价值感知明显提升。因此,在乡村文旅融合的过程中不仅要关注游客要什么,更要关注居民要什么,“要强化非遗融入生产生活”[55],以具体而微、可亲可感、独具特色的地方文化生活型态滋养主人与客人。文化价值共振核可以是重要的文化传承人或新乡贤、传统文化节庆活动、非遗数字化共享平台等多样化的形式,无论是以人、活动还是数字技术为载体,共同特征是要能够散发出强烈的地方文化价值主张,吸引有共同记忆和共同偏好者融入文化价值共振圈,推动文化的创造性转化、创新性发展、有机活化传承。
(2) 拓展价值共创朋友圈,平稳实现内向型社会关系向外向型社会关系的过渡。从发展期到巩固期,居民高主观幸福感的前因条件发生较大变化,社会价值感知成为重要的核心条件。人与人之间的关系在很大程度上决定了社会中个体的生活质量[56]。从发展期到巩固期,居民社会关系从传统家庭、村民关系向现代社会更为多元的关系过渡,传统关系弱化的同时,新型关系的物质化倾向会降低居民的幸福感。因此,要建立机制促进村民、主客、商民、政民等多元主体,以乡村旅游可持续发展为共同的愿景展开多维的互助合作,使居民感受到互助相依带来的幸福价值。
(3) 提升社区旅游功能价值,在基础设施、公共保障、营商环境等方面提供更优平台。破解“幸福拐点”现象的关键在于实现居民由追求物质价值向非物质价值的转变。因此,旅游业快速发展进程中需要充分发展公共服务,使居民减少运营的后顾之忧,从而减弱由不安全感带来的对物质价值的过度追求,从而有能量寻求更高层次的幸福价值。如室韦村S1组态大户多可通过自行发电供水解决停电停水困局,而S2组态中小户只能依赖公共服务,功能价值提升、公共服务保障更有利于提升他们的幸福感。
(4) 遵循价值观现代化转型基本规律,有序重塑居民价值观,明确新阶段幸福的新意义。本文发现,从发展期到巩固期,垂直集体主义价值观有所削弱,而水平集体主义价值观和个人主义价值观有所提升。现代化既带来人的自主性、独立性,同时资本介入也使人的关系发生异化[57]。值得注意的是,S1组态大户个人主义价值观提升的同时其水平集体主义价值观有所减弱,外来户籍占比较大的S3组态居民垂直集体主义价值观也较弱。因此,有必要引导居民更多关注互依自我价值实现对幸福的意义,通过适当的制度安排使旅游大户在回馈社区中感受到更高层次的幸福,同时以更为开放包容的态度接纳新乡民,以共创共享的社区氛围提升集体认同。
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Under the institutional background of China, the development of rural tourism is closely related to the change of policies. In this study, the dynamic mechanism of rural tourism policy change was explored by using the clear set qualitative comparative analysis method of multivariable interactions. This method emphasizes that through the continuous dialogue of empirical data and relevant theories, the possible causality of the research target can be mapped out from small and medium sample data. This method was used due to the following considerations: First, the main feature of the clear set qualitative comparative analysis method is its treatment of dichotomous variables, especially phenomena "occurring" and "not occurring", thus it is suitable for examining whether there is a change in policy in this study. Second, the core of the qualitative comparative analysis method of clear set is not to consider each condition variable as an independent variable, but to consider it in combination with other variables in different ways. The results of rural tourism policy change in Huangshan depend on different influencing factors at the same time and the use of clear set qualitative comparative analysis method can discover multiple pathways with equivalent results. Third, the relationship between the single factors causing Huangshan rural tourism policy change is not symmetrical and the clear set qualitative comparative analysis method is useful for such analysis. Fourth, the use of qualitative comparative analysis method of clear set can find out multiple pathways with equivalent results. This method can compare different cases in the same area, explore the combination of antecedent conditions in accordance with the theoretical logic, and establish the causal relationship between various combinations of conditions and the interpreted results. Based on the above, this research explored the configuration of the impact of rural tourism policy change, which is composed of organization/leadership change, rural planning policy change, local cultural policy change, host resident participation, and tourism market public opinion. The results show that: 1) Among the individual factors, the change of organization/leadership has a greater influence on the tourism policies at the level of tourism bureau and the participation of host residents has a greater influence on the policies at the city level, but all individual factors are not sufficient for the change of rural tourism policies. 2) Among the 32 alternative path combinations, there are four specific combination pathways with sufficient conditions that affect the changes of rural tourism policies at the municipal level, and there are three specific combination pathways with sufficient conditions that affect the changes of rural tourism policies at the tourism bureau level. 3) For the change of tourism policies at the municipal level, the change of rural planning policy, public opinion of tourism market, and the participation of host residents have similar degrees of influence, and the influence of leadership change of the tourism department is relatively small. 4) For the change of policies at the level of tourism bureau, the change of organization and leadership, the change of rural planning policy, and the change of cultural policy have similar degrees of influence, and host resident participation and public opinion of tourism market have less influence in this pathway.
乡村居民旅游支持度影响模型及机理: 基于不同生命周期阶段的苏州乡村旅游地比较
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Influence model and mechanism of the rural residents for tourism support: A comparison of rural destinations of Suzhou in different life cycle stages
DOI:10.11821/xb201110011
[本文引用: 1]
Based on the theory such as place attachment, sustainable development, residents participation and stakeholders, this paper chooses five structural variables (place attachment, environmental attitude, participation, residents perception and support degree) to build a structural equation model reflecting their impacts on the support of tourism residents. According to different life cycle stages of Yugang, Wangshan and Jiangxiang villages, the paper authenticates and analyzes the relational model. The paper discusses the influence on support degree of tourism residents in different life cycle stages, based on the structural equation model analysis and factor analysis. The results are shown as follows. (1) The basic dimensions produce different effects on the model in different life cycle stages. The "place attachment" and "environmental attitude" plays a positive role in the support degree in the initial stage, but the "participation" did nothing. All the three factors play a positive role in the stage of rapid and stable development. (2) The "resident perception" produces different effects on the model in different life cycle stages, but did nothing in the initial stage. It plays a negative intermediary role in the stage of rapid development and a positive intermediary role in the stage of stable development. (3) The two-dimensional factors have different effects on the model in different life cycle stages. The "place attachment" and "basic environmental attitude" in the initial stage, and the "place attachment", "sustainable environmental attitude" and "surface participation" in the stage of rapid development as well as the "local dependence", "economic costs of environmental attitude", "deep participation" and "positive impacts and perceptions" in the stage of stable development exert significant positive impacts on support degree.
主人满意还是客人满意? 旅游开发助推乡村振兴的主客价值协同机制
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Is the host or the guest satisfied? The synergistic mechanism of host and guest valuesin promoting rural revitalization through tourism development
World values survey wave 7 (2017-2022)
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DOI:10.1177/0047287510362918
URL
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Research on resident attitudes toward tourism has been under way for many years. Implicit in this research is the precept that tourism influences people’s quality of life (QOL). Few studies, however, have directly investigated residents’ perception of the impact tourism has on their QOL, and relationships between QOL perceptions and support for tourism in the community. This study is an attempt to go beyond attitude research and explicitly consider tourism’s influence on QOL. A mail survey was conducted with a random sample of residents throughout Arizona. The questionnaire included three sets of scales combined into an index to measure perceived QOL impacts of tourism. Eight QOL domains were developed. In addition, further analysis found that perceived personal benefit derived from tourism mediated the effect of the economic aspects of QOL, contact with tourists, and employment in tourism on the perceptions of the role of tourism in the local economy.
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