Now that Jane Jacobs' ideas are seen as urban planning orthodoxy, it is unclear how her institutional goal of progressive change for the field will carry forward. In the 1960s, Jacobs created the conditions for institutional change by offering a thorough critique of the "Radiant Garden City Beautiful" orthodoxy of urban planning and presenting a solution for the problems that she saw with this approach. She argued that the top-down, design oriented planning of her time hurt the lives of individual residents and diminished society as a whole. Her solution was a new way of seeing the city: as a functional and efficient social system. Since the 1990s, a global planning orthodoxy - of which Jacobs' ideas are part - developed around the "Smart Sustainable Resilient City." This orthodoxy has been subject to critique, but Susan Fainstein's Just City theory offers tools for comprehensively challenging the approach and a solution for addressing the problems. In order to demonstrate the need for institutional change within the Smart Sustainable Resilient City orthodoxy, I use the Just City theoretical perspective to interpret the results of an analysis of green gentrification in New York City between 1990 and 2014. I argue that the over-valuation of Jacobsian diversity within the current urban planning orthodoxy generates unjust outcomes. The just green city, then, requires de-emphasizing Jacobs' intellectual project in favor of her far more important institutional project.

Over the course of the past two decades, bicycling has become increasingly popular in the USA. Although the rate of bike trips made in the USA has more than tripled since 1977, it is relatively low compared with many European cities (Pucher et al., 2011a). In urban areas throughout the USA, bicycling is increasingly being touted as an environmentally friendly way to enhance transit choice as public transportation budgets are slashed and automobile infrastructures remain congested. Discourse around the proliferation of bicycling infrastructure development in American cities often obscures complex aspects of community-level choice regarding transit, including the placement and implementation of bike lanes.

旧城区绿地作为关键的社会—生态系统载体,是城市高质量发展与转型治理亟需关注的问题。构建广州旧城区绿地服务基本单元,引入适应性循环理论的潜力—连通度—恢复力三维框架,构建表征生态、社会与经济服务的绿地景观指标体系,综合评估2000—2018年广州旧城区绿地的空间恢复力水平及适应性转化特征。研究结果显示：旧城区绿地的恢复力演化具有明显的核心区与外围区的时空分异,在拆除重建阶段呈现快速开发—快速释放—重组的转化,在微更新阶段主要呈现开发—保护的提升,并具有提升型、稳定型和更替型的社会—生态系统服务适应性。由此说明,城市更新具有调节社会—生态系统服务治理的效果。其中,绿地形状指数、5 min可达绿地率以及土地利用混合度对核心区绿地恢复力具有显著的促进作用,为外围区治理提供参考。同时,进一步探讨了更新政策与城市绿地空间恢复力演化的关系,为促进旧城区绿地空间更新治理提供社会—生态系统适应性的理论与实证案例研究。

As a key carrier of social-ecological systems, the green space in the old urban communities is a critical issue for urban high-quality development and transformation governance demands. This study constructs the basic units of green space service in old urban areas of Guangzhou. We introduce the three-dimensional framework of potential-connectedness-resilience of adaptive cycle theory to construct a green space landscape index system representing ecological, social, and economic services. This index system evaluates the spatial resilience level and adaptability transformation characteristics of green space in old urban areas of Guangzhou from 2000 to 2018. Results show that the spatial resilience evolution of the old urban green space has apparent spatiotemporal differentiation in the core and peripheral areas. In demolition reconstruction phase we witness the fast development-quick release-restructuring; in micro renewal stage mainly emerges the development-protection, which consists of three types of improvement, stability, and alternation in social-ecological system services adaptability. The results indicate that urban renewal can regulate the governance of social-ecological services. Among them, green space shape index, green space rate within a 5-minute range, and land use mix degree have significantly promote the resilience of core green space, which provides successful examples for the governance in the peripheral areas. Meanwhile, this paper discusses the relationship between renewal policy and the spatial resilience evolution of green space, which provides a theoretical and empirical study of social-ecological system adaptability for promoting green space renewal governance in old urban areas.

公园绿地是城市中重要的绿色基础设施。针对传统可达性分析微观尺度研究不足和交通成本估计失真等问题，以深圳为例，采用公园绿地矢量数据和基于手机SDK（Software Development Kit，软件开发工具包）定位的人口数据作为供需数据源，基于住房分类数据以城中村、保障房、商品房居民划分社会群体，利用改进的高斯两步移动搜寻法计算得到居住小区尺度的公园绿地可达性社会公平情况。研究发现：① 深圳公园绿地可达性存在社会分异：商品房和城中村可达性较好；公租房和安居房社区公园可达性差；人才住房仅对社区公园可达性高；② 驾车可达性最均衡，公共交通方式下不同住房群体间的可达性差异较大。研究补充了中国城市公园绿地可达性社会公平研究的不足，改进了小尺度可达性研究的数据与方法，为公园绿地规划体系提供反思，并可为深圳城市发展提供政策依据。

Park green space, which is important green infrastructure in the city, can provide opportunities for physical exercise, social communication, nature exposure and emergency hedge. Spatially fine-grained evaluation of accessibility to park green space has been limited by data availability. This study fills the research gap by using mobile SDK positioning data in Shenzhen. It uses this data to obtain population distribution; it uses the improved Gaussian two-step floating catchment area method to calculate park green space accessibility of neighborhood scale; it uses open source map API to calculate the travel time of different transportation modes. The accessibility indicators are analyzed by different housing groups: Urban villages, affordable housing and commodity housing. The results show first a social disparity in the accessibility of park green space in Shenzhen. The accessibility of urban villages is good and balanced. Public rental housing and economic and comfortable housing have poor accessibility to neighborhood parks, while the former has high accessibility to urban parks and the latter to natural parks. In addition, the accessibility of talent worker housing is the lowest. Talent housing has high accessibility to neighborhood parks, but poor accessibility to urban parks and natural parks, resulting in low overall accessibility. Third, Transportation mode has great influence on the accessibility to green space. Accessibility by driving among housing groups is nominal, but transit accessibility among them shows significant variation. Based on these findings, our study makes the following suggestions, including 1) improving the presence of neighborhood parks around public rental housing and economic and comfortable housing. 2) prioritizing transit service improvement for low-income residential areas, and 3) changing the planning requirement for green space supply in land development. Our study enriches existing literature by helping readers to understand park green space accessibility from the perspective of social equity in Chinese cities and by establishing a better connection to planning practice with spatially fine-grained data and evaluation indicators.

This systematic literature review identifies and critiques methodological trends in green gentrification research (focusing on studies of vegetative greening) and provides suggestions for advancing this field. Findings reveal (1) research has largely focused on U.S. case studies; (2) early work employed qualitative methods but quantitative analyses have become more common; (3) little attention has been paid to the influence of greening characteristics/functions and non-greening factors on gentrification; (4) the mechanisms through which greening leads to gentrification are not well understood, particularly on the demand side; and (5) despite being the main concern of green gentrification, displacement has not been well-documented.© The Author(s) 2022.

生态空间是维护城市化地区生态安全、改善人居环境的重要保障。现有城市化地区生态空间的研究侧重生态保护,存在不足和认知局限,难以满足当前社会和实践需求。如何实现生态空间可持续利用,增加其社会与文化服务功能,成为社会经济转型时期人文与经济地理领域的紧迫课题。为推动城市化地区生态空间可持续利用的综合分析与系统研究,在界定城市化地区生态空间的基础上,阐述了其可持续利用的涵义,并建构了包括研究目标与指导理念、研究趋向与重点内容、研究尺度等在内的研究框架,指出：① 研究总体目标是注重可持续多元化利用,改善人居环境,增进人类福祉;② 城市化地区生态空间可持续利用模式、评价与调控机理、规划与治理方面的研究亟待加强;③ 需要加强生态空间可持续利用的区域分析、空间分析和综合集成分析;④ 不同空间尺度的城市化地区的生态空间可持续利用模式具有差异性,也具有不同的研究需求,需有针对性地开展研究。通过对城市化地区生态空间可持续利用研究范式和重点的审视与思辨,为今后相关研究的拓展和深化提供参考。

Ecological space plays an important role in ensuring the ecological security and good living environment in urbanized areas. Sustainable ecological space utilization (SESU) in urbanized areas is an important research subject during the period of urban social and economic transformation development in the human-economic geography domain in China. In order to make a systematic and comprehensive study on SESU, the concept of SESU is introduced into the human-economic geography based on the connotation of ecological space in urbanized areas. Then, a research framework including research objectives, research contents, analytical orientation and scales is proposed based on the research progress and inadequacies in the field. The framework further points out that: (1) Research goal on SESU in urbanized areas is to enhance human well-beings; (2) It is suggested that the future research should focus on spatial pattern, evolution mechanism, evaluation and regulation mechanism, as well as planning and governance of SESU in urbanized areas; (3) Regional analysis, spatial analysis and comprehensive analysis of SESU in urbanized areas should be strengthened; (4) Research requirements for different urban scales are different and targeted researches of the scale should be conducted. The paper provides new research perspectives and references for future studies on SESU in urbanized areas.

Recent research shows that the establishment of new parks in historically disinvested neighbourhoods can result in housing price increases and the displacement of low-income people of colour. Some suggest that a ‘just green enough’ approach, in particular its call for the creation of small parks and nearby affordable housing, can reduce the chances of this phenomenon some call ‘green gentrification’. Yet, no study has tested these claims empirically across a sample of diverse cities. Focusing on 10 cities in the United States, we run multilevel logistic regressions to uncover whether the location (distance from downtown), size and function (active transportation) of new parks built in the 2000–2008 and 2008–2015 periods predict whether the census tracts around them gentrified. We find that park function and location are strong predictors of gentrification, whereas park size is not. In particular, new greenway parks with an active transportation component built in the 2008–2015 period triggered gentrification more than other park types, and new parks located closer to downtown tend to foster gentrification more than parks on a city’s outskirts. These findings call into question the ‘just green enough’ claim that small parks foster green gentrification less than larger parks do.

A number of recent studies have examined the socioeconomic functions and side effects of environmental amenity in urban development. In this study, an urban green space is viewed as both a positive and negative environmental externality because it could be a potential contributor to gentrification. Employing the difference-in-differences method at the public use microdata areas and census-tract level, this study examines the effects of new green space characteristics on multiple gentrification indicators in New York City. Unlike previous studies, we examine the causal inference of multiple green space types and characteristics on gentrification indicators jointly, estimating a relatively short- and mid-term gentrification effect in a homogeneous institutional and geographical setting. The empirical results indicate that newly added green spaces potentially foster gentrification, influencing the replacement of the poor with wealthier inhabitants; more importantly, the gentrification effects differ depending on the type and characteristics of green spaces. A strong green gentrification effect has been observed in passive, natural and medium-sized green spaces. Taking these short-term and local-level gentrification effects of green space characteristics into consideration allows for more inclusive development and equitable outcomes.

Geographic research on parks has been wide-ranging but has seldom examined how and why people use parks, leaving these questions to leisure science, which privileges socio-demographic variables over urban socio-spatial explanations (eg, historical, political-economic, and location factors). This article examines recent geographic perspectives on park use, drawing upon environmental justice, cultural landscape, and political ecology paradigms to redirect our attention from park users to a more critical appreciation of the historical, socio-ecological, and political-economic processes that operate through, and in turn shape, park spaces and park-going behaviors. We challenge partial, user-orientated approaches and suggest new directions for geographic research on parks.

While certain US cities are still depopulating, others have experienced a reversal of aggregate out-migration patterns. Some scholars, politicians and real estate boosters celebrate this urban population influx, as it will likely increase property values and municipal tax bases; however, we know little about the social costs associated with the back-to-the-city movement. This study investigates the consequences of the back-to-the-city movement through a four-year (2009–2012) ethnographic case study of the revitalisation of Washington, DC’s Shaw/U Street neighbourhood. The redevelopment of this African-American neighbourhood is associated with the city’s 5.2 percent population increase, which occurred between 2000 and 2010. While affordable housing efforts help to keep a portion of long-term, low-income residents in place, political and cultural displacement is occurring as upper-income newcomers flock into this neighbourhood. This article contributes to the urban literature by highlighting that population influx, and associated neighbourhood revitalisation, can have important social implications.

Green regeneration has become a common strategy for improving quality of life in disadvantaged neighborhoods in shrinking cities. The role and function of new green spaces may change, however, when cities experience new growth. Set against this context, this paper analyzes a case study, the Lene-Voigt-Park in Leipzig, which was established on a former brownfield site. Using a combination of methods which include an analysis of housing advertisements and interviews, the paper explores the changing role of the park in the context of urban regeneration after the city’s turn from shrinkage towards new growth. It discusses whether the concept of green gentrification may help to explain this role. As a result of our analysis, we argue that Lene-Voigt-Park has indeed operated as a trigger for structural, social, and symbolic upgrades in the growing city of Leipzig, but only in combination with real estate market developments, which are the main drivers of change. The concept of green gentrification does help to better understand the role of different factors—first and foremost that of green space. We also discovered some specifics of our case that may enrich the green gentrification debate. Leipzig serves as an example for a number of regrowing cities across Europe where green gentrification might represent a challenge.

An urban agriculture park (UAP) is a mixture of various kinds of urban agriculture and has a group of administrators to plan and manage its landscapes. Thus, the relationships between users and the ability of the UAPs to provide services are crucial. This study investigated the user profiles of three kinds of UAPs in Beijing, China. Investigation of 345 interviewees suggested that most of the users have an upper-middle level income and are well educated. Social connections vary across different types of UAPs. An assessment matrix of landscape services was introduced for a pioneer of UAP, Little Donkey Farm, based on questionnaires, a field survey, and indicators of landscape patterns. Pearson correlations between service demands and users’ characters showed age, companions, and education level were significantly correlated to the needs of scenery and education services. The landscape with the highest supply value was the vegetable plots planted by members. The scenery service was not adequately supplied, and 31.5% of the areas did not meet the demand. Based on the budgets of supply and demand, six types of landscape should be optimized. This study provides an approach to understand the path of landscape service provision in UAP and supports basic knowledge on how to better involve urban agriculture in sustainable development.

采用理论和案例分析相结合的方法探讨了农业多功能性对都市区土地利用管理的意义和实现途径。论文从农业多功能性的多尺度嵌套层级结构出发,构建了基于农业多功能性评价的都市区土地利用管理框架,然后基于高清卫星遥感影像解译、文献资料整理等分析了北京市海淀区1968—2014年间土地利用、农业多功能性和土地利用管理措施的变化及相互作用。研究指出：都市区土地利用管理者应该在区域尺度和农户/农园尺度农业多功能性评价的基础上,围绕农户/农园与区域、国家等各级社会经济系统的相互作用,从改进土地用途管制分区和发展多功能农业两个方面进行区域的农业用地管理。最后,展望了未来的研究方向,希望优化都市区土地利用管理,推动都市型现代农业建设,并促进区域可持续发展。

The contradiction between agricultural land conservation and urban development is one of the most important problems in metropolitan areas. The purpose of this study is to explore the value and ways of considering agricultural multifunctionality (MFA) to improve land use management in metropolitan areas of China. This paper begins with a brief introduction to the nested multi-scale hierarchies of MFA and a theoretical analysis of the relationship between MFA and land use management. Then, it provides a framework integrating the assessment of MFA for land use management in metropolitan areas. After that, a case study is conducted in Haidian District of Beijing in order to test and further develop the framework. The case study includes an analysis of the land use changes in Haidian from 1968 to 2014 based upon the interpretation of high resolution remote sensing images, and an analysis on the interaction between the transformation of MFA and land use policies in Haidian in the same period. We find that the concept of agricultural multifunctionality should not be equated with land use or landscape multifunctionality. Agricultural functions are the benefits from agricultural activities, which directly influence on stakeholders’ decision-making; while land use functions refer to the outputs from the land, which can develop into different agricultural functions. The assessment of agricultural multifunctionality can provide scientific basis for the management of agricultural lands. The nested multi-scale hierarchies of MFA also provide ways to coordinate the interests of the stakeholders at different scales. The framework integrating MFA is built on the basis of the actual land use management system in China, in which, the managers at the regional level play a dominant role in the formation of land use pattern in metropolitan areas. The regional land use managers mainly rely on two types of instruments, namely, land use zoning and agricultural policies. The framework integrating MFA requires, firstly, the assessment of MFA at the farm and regional scale; secondly, to implement land use zoning based upon MFA and policies that focus on promoting multifunctional farming, such as taxes, compensation, training and others. Attentions should be paid to the creation of mechanisms that convert the interests at the regional and national scales to the motivation of farmers. The case study in Haidian suggests that the framework is feasible and valuable for the improvement of land use management in metropolitan areas. Finally, future research is needed in the following aspects, namely the quantitative assessment and mapping of MFA, analysis on the influence of geographical conditions or urbanization level on the supply and demand of agricultural functions in metropolitan areas, and land use optimization incorporating the multiple roles of agricultural lands. Land use management based upon MFA is meaningful in terms of the conservation of land resources, the development of urban agriculture and the maintaining of regional sustainability in metropolitan areas.

With the improvement of people's living standards and enhancement of public awareness, people's concerns and demands for a more healthy life are becoming increasingly stronger. Hence, stimulated by frequent media reports on food safety problems and bad cases in recent years, nowadays food security issue has become the hottest topic in society, particularly about vegetable and milk products. Urban agriculture, with its great advantage of "shorter-distance supply and less intervention chains", should be an important channel for urban residents in their vegetable supply and play a key role in improving their vegetable safety. Taking Beijing as a case, this paper conducted an analysis and study on the typologies of vegetable production in peri-urban Beijing in its pursuit of food security driven by urban agriculture development. This paper firstly analyzed the supply sources of fresh vegetables in Beijing, and identified the various disadvantages of "longer-distance supply with more involving chains" in providing high quality vegetable products compared with those from urban agriculture. Then this paper summarized 5 typical urban agricultural development models in vegetable production in peri-urban Beijing, including their background, operation and management characteristics. Based on these studies, this paper lastly put forward some policy-oriented protection mechanisms for promoting the development of urban agriculture.

Urban-agricultural parks could have some advantages to wildlife because of less intensive agricultural procedures, absence of hunting pressure, and reduced human disturbance. In this study, the breeding and wintering bird communities and the small mammal community in an urban-agricultural park of Rome were compared to those of a close urban park and a close agricultural area just outside the city. The aim was to assess the best destination and management of wildlife in natural areas at the urban-rural interface. Richness and diversity of bird communities were higher in the urban-agricultural park. Due to habitat features and probably human disturbances, but not to urbanization, predation, and competition factors, the urban park drastically reduces the abundance of decreasing open-land bird species. Abundance of these species was not significantly different in the urban-agricultural park and in the agricultural area. In the urban-agricultural and urban park, bird and mammal pest species were more abundant than they were in the agricultural area. Regarding decreasing abundance of small mammal species, no significant difference among the study areas was observed. Urban-agricultural park is a better choice than urban park for wildlife. Thus, a higher number of preserved urban natural areas should be devoted to urban-agricultural parks. However, to increase the abundance of open-land species and in general wildlife, a less intensive management of cultivated and pasture patches is necessary.

Gentrification is a growing concern in many urban areas, due to the potential for displacement of lower-income and other vulnerable populations. This process can be accelerated when neighborhood “greening” projects are undertaken via governmental or private investor efforts, resulting in a phenomenon termed environmental or “green” gentrification. Vacant land in lower-income areas is often improved by the existing community through the creation of community gardens, but this contributes to these greening efforts and paradoxically may spur gentrification and subsequent displacement of the gardens’ stewards and neighbors. “Is proximity to community gardens in less affluent neighborhoods associated with an increased likelihood of gentrification?” Using Brooklyn, New York as a case study, we examined this question using Geographic Information Systems and two spatial methods: a census block group proximity analysis, and a hot spot analysis, to determine the potential impact of proximity to community gardens in lower-income areas. The results of the analyses suggest that proximity to community gardens is associated with significant increases in per capita income over the five years study period, which is indicative of areas undergoing gentrification. This has implications for environmental justice because existing lower-income residents are likely to be displaced after their community is improved environmentally.

绅士化是一个基于社会阶层向上变化与演替的社会空间重构过程,以城市拆除建新为主要形式的新建绅士化是中国各大城市最主要的绅士化模式。当前对新建绅士化的研究大多从政府主导的生产端进行解析,而基于居民行为动机的消费端解析则相对较少。因此,论文以北京市宣武门新建绅士化为例,从消费端出发,分析居民的住房选择和社会空间效应,以期更好地理解中国绅士化及城市更新的多元动力和影响机制。研究发现,新建绅士化在中西方存在较大差异,这主要源于中国城市的发展背景、特殊的土地制度以及特定的社会文化环境。在绅士化群体特征方面,中国新建绅士化在社会经济特征上虽然与西方基本趋同,但在年龄和家庭结构上呈现多样化和复杂化;在住房选择上,中国绅士化群体的住房选择比较务实,都集中在追求生活便利、子女教育、改善居住环境等,这与西方追求文化要素的结果有很大不同。在社会空间效应方面,低收入阶层的原住居民在绅士化过程中被置换与动迁,虽然住房条件得到一定改善,但动迁使原住居民在日常生活和情感等方面都遭受了负面影响。文章最后呼吁,深入探讨和研究中国绅士化“本土”理论框架的建立是今后应该重点关注的主要课题。

As a process of social and spatial change, gentrification results from class upgrading and transformation. New-build gentrification, characterized by demolition and subsequent residential development involving direct or indirect residential displacement and landscape change, has become the main type of gentrification in contemporary urban China. Academic literature on Chinese city cases has studied this issue from the perspective of supply, which stresses the leading role of state power, while the demand side has seldom been researched in China. Therefore, this study examined the process of new-build gentrification in urban China from the perspective of the demand side. Empirical material was based on in-depth interviews and questionnaires sent to the inhabitants of the ZS neighborhood (a new-build gentrification area) in Xuanwumen, Beijing. In particular, the main questions in this study underline the housing choice of gentrifiers and the social and spatial effects on displaced local residents. According to the empirical research, the new-build gentrifiers highlight the importance of factors relating to proximity and accessibility to services and convenience of life, irrespective of their household type. Nuclear family gentrifiers stress the factor of children's education as well. However, gentrification has the opposite effect on the displaced residents. Through the investigation on the displaced residents who previously lived in the location of the case study site and now are relocated in the planned resettlement housing located in urban periphery, it is found that although their housing condition has been improved, gentrification brought serious negative effects to these local residents in terms of quality of life and emotional aspects.

Urban greening initiatives are often linked to enhanced human health and wellbeing, but they can also be a driver of gentrification. To date, few studies have focused on how green gentrification shapes health. In this scoping review, we analyzed existing peer-reviewed research on how greening initiatives in gentrifying neighborhoods impact health, well-being, and health pathways (e.g., physical activity, affordable housing). Using a multi-step approach to scoping the literature (including searches in PubMed, JSTOR, and Google Scholar), we identified 15 empirical studies that met our inclusion criteria. We found studies focusing on green space use, physical activity, sense of community, safety, and self-reported health. Overall, longtime, marginalized residents are negatively impacted by green gentrification as they experience a lower sense of community, feel that they do not belong in green space, and, in many studies, use green space less often than newcomers. Overall, the research in this area is limited, and more studies on mental health and cardiovascular health markers could advance this literature. Based on the limited available evidence, we suggest that public health, urban planning, and parks professionals could collaborate to enhance the use of green space for marginalized residents and their feelings of inclusion in gentrifying areas.

中国2008年开始推进的城市棚户区改造运动,是一项针对城市住房困难群体的重要民生工程,也是有利于拉动投资与消费需求,推动新型城镇化建设的发展工程,深刻影响着城市社会空间的转型升级与分异重构。根据2008—2020年南京主城区434个棚户区改造前后的社会空间属性差异,在整体掌握南京棚户区改造时空特征的基础上,重点探讨棚户区改造产生的城市社会空间重构效应。研究发现：在多主体、多驱力共同作用下,南京城市棚户区改造发挥着改善棚户居民住房条件、挖潜土地价值、提升城市功能品质等积极作用,但在棚户区空间绅士化重构和城市原低收入群体边缘化、集中化安置过程中,可能产生新的城市社会空间发展不均衡和拆迁安置群体保障不充分问题。

Shantytown, as a type of urban living space with a history of centuries, is a negative space where the function is gradually declining and most of residents are in poverty. It is the collective embodiment of the imbalanced and insufficient development of urban social space. Therefore, it restricts the high-quality and sustainable development of urban society and economy. The shantytown renovation is a livelihood project and development project aiming to improve the living conditions of the low-income groups having difficulties in housing, and to arouse the motive force and vitality of urban development. It is also a space redevelopment process which is intended to pursue the balanced and sufficient development of urban social space, and it deeply affects the living of shantytown residents and the reconstruction of urban social space. With Nanjing as an example, based on the spatial analysis of 434 land plots of shantytown renovation from 2008 to 2020, in combination with the typical cases of Xijie and Nanhe as well as the questionnaire data of demolition and resettlement residents, and based on the overall grasping of the temporal and spatial characteristics of shantytown renovation in Nanjing, this paper mainly discusses the driving mechanism and social space reconstruction effect of shantytown renovation. The shantytown renovation plays a positive role in improving residents' housing conditions, sufficiently excavating the potential land values, and improving the quality of urban functions, etc. However, the reconstruction of spatial gentrification in shantytowns and the centralized resettlement of the poverty-stricken groups on urban fringes have led to the imbalanced development of new urban space and the insufficient social security for the demolition and resettlement groups. Finally, aiming at the social space problems which will possibly be brought about by the agglomeration of poor groups in suburbs, this paper proposes suggestions on the policy formulation and planning adjustment for shantytown renovation, so as to realize the sufficient win-win results of many stakeholders in shantytown renovation, and promote more balanced development of urban social space.

以广州石屋新村为案例地，通过深入访谈、参与式观察以及收集文本材料等方式获取素材，运用扎根理论进行编码分析，探讨旅游发展背景下乡村空间正义主体博弈与协商的维度与过程。研究发现：① 乡村空间正义主体博弈与协商的内容主要包括分配正义、居住正义、边界正义和信仰正义4个维度，贯穿4个维度的核心和焦点是权力正义。② 4个维度彼此交织，相互影响，前2个维度呼应了马克思空间正义思想的部分观点，后2个维度是中国语境下的理论创新。③ 乡村转型发展过程中杂糅了政府、企业、村民各自的诉求，导致不同主体展演了多元复杂动态的空间正义博弈与协商过程。

With the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, ‘utopian’ rural villages are gradually being engulfed by power and capital. How to ensure the fairness and justice of different subjects in all aspects is particularly important. This article takes Shiwu Newly Village in Guangzhou as a case site, acquires materials through in-depth interviews, participatory observations and collection of text materials, uses grounded theory to conduct coding analysis, and explores the dimensions and processes of the game and negotiation of the main body of rural space justice in the context of tourism development. The research found that: 1) The content of the main game and negotiation of rural space justice mainly includes the four dimensions of distribution justice, housing justice, border justice and faith justice. The core and focus of the four dimensions is power justice. 2) The four dimensions are intertwined and influence each other. The first two dimensions echo some of Marx’s ideas on space justice, and the latter two dimensions are the oretical innovations in the Chinese context. 3) In the process of rural transformation and development, the various demands of the government, enterprises, and villagers have been mixed, which has led to the performance of diverse, complex and dynamic spatial justice games and negotiation processes by different subjects. This research is conducive to constructing a theory of spatial justice that conforms to the Chinese context and explaining Chinese phenomena; In practice, it provides a reference governance paradigm for the settlement of tourism-driven rural spatial justice.

Although urban greening is universally recognized as an essential part of sustainable and climate-responsive cities, a growing literature on green gentrification argues that new green infrastructure, and greenspace in particular, can contribute to gentrification, thus creating social and racial inequalities in access to the benefits of greenspace and further environmental and climate injustice. In response to limited quantitative evidence documenting the temporal relationship between new greenspaces and gentrification across entire cities, let alone across various international contexts, we employ a spatially weighted Bayesian model to test the green gentrification hypothesis across 28 cities in 9 countries in North America and Europe. Here we show a strong positive and relevant relationship for at least one decade between greening in the 1990s-2000s and gentrification that occurred between 2000-2016 in 17 of the 28 cities. Our results also determine whether greening plays a "lead", "integrated", or "subsidiary" role in explaining gentrification.© 2022. The Author(s).

以成都市大慈寺社区商业绅士化为例,基于布迪厄的场域理论,从不同行为主体的视角出发,分别分析了地方政府、开发商、绅士化群体、原住居民、周边商户及周边小区各自的利益诉求与资本获取,探寻商业绅士化空间对周边老旧住区的影响。研究发现：商业绅士化空间及其周边住区共同构成了一个绅士化场域,不同的行为主体在场域中获取和积累各自资本从而确立其社会实践地位。特别地,绅士化核心场域由地方政府、开发商和绅士化群体共同构成的利益联合体推动形成,体现一种至上而下的全球化资本逻辑运作;边缘场域由原住居民、周边商户和周边租户在周边小区构建而成,其受到了核心场域的支配和影响,与核心场域内的三类主体形成了动态互哺关系,从而逐渐产生新一轮绅士化进程,呈现一种至下而上的本土化资本发展逻辑。大慈寺社区商业绅士化中的核心场域与边缘场域之间存在着既相互分异又相互融合的复杂特征,构建了两者之间的循环发展路径,带动了中心城区的整体更新发展。研究填补了中国商业绅士化对于周边住区影响的理论空白,同时也对城市中心商业空间更新的良性改造提供一定参考价值。

This paper uses the commercial gentrification space of Daci Temple Community in Chengdu as the case. Based on Pierre Bourdieu's ‘field’ theory, it analyses the interest demand and capital acquisitions from the different actors of local government, developers, gentrifiers, residents, surrounding merchants and tenants. Then, it explores the influence mechanism between commercial gentrification and surrounding old neighborhoods. Using two qualitative research methods of participant observation and semi-structured interview, the empirical research findings show that commercial gentrification and surrounding old residential areas constitute a gentrification field, where different actors acquire and accumulate their own capital to establish social practice status. The gentrification core field composed of high-end consumption space where the local government and private developers unite. Specifically, the former pursuits the symbolic capital brought by beautification image driven by the development of the global city and national central city, while the latter accumulates maximum economic capital. Gentrifiers promote the development and consolidation of commercial gentrification in the process of pursuing a lifestyle consistent with their own social attributes. However, the residents are in a weak position in the process of gentrification, which becomes the subject of capital outflow. In the marginal field, the surrounding merchants begin to reconstruct businesses to cater to gentrifiers. Besides, with the new consumption space in the core field, the surrounding tenants have acquired economic and social capital in the whole gentrification field. Therefore, this paper reveals two important capital logics in the field. The core field of gentrification is promoted by the interest alliance formed by the local government, developers and gentrifiers, which reflects a top-down global capital logic. The marginal field is constructed by residents, surrounding merchants and tenants, which is presenting a bottom-up local capital logic. This is because the marginal field is influenced by the core field, forming a dynamic mutual relationship with the core field. Finally, this research fills the theoretical gap for the impact of China's commercial gentrification on surrounding residential areas, and in light of the practice value for the renovation of commercial space in urban centers.

乡村绅士化是城乡要素双向流动背景下乡村转型与振兴的新型路径。基于对广西巴马盘阳河流域乡村绅士化现象的历时性田野调查,采用行动者网络理论解析乡村绅士化演化的过程、类型与机制。研究表明：在巴马盘阳河流域乡村人类行动者与非人类行动者、“草根”行动者与机构行动者共同缔结的行动者网络的转换过程中,伴随关键行动者从“候鸟人”先锋、屯社精英向地方政府、投资开发商的更替,乡村绅士化路径从“草根”绅士化向机构绅士化演替,乡村产业从接待“候鸟人”、发展旅游转向大健康产业融合发展,乡村绅士化类型从单一的舒适移民绅士化向舒适移民、旅游和地产共构的“一地多类”绅士化演化。关键行动者更替及其功能角色转换、绅士化路径变迁和主导产业更替与融合发展、宏观乡村发展制度与地域自然人文环境共同作用于乡村绅士化的阶段演替与类型共生。行动者网络理论与方法利于呈现乡村绅士化的阶段演替脉络与共生演化特征,并揭示乡村绅士演化的一般机制与地域机制。

Rural gentrification is a new path for rural transformation and revitalization under the background of two-way flow of urban and rural elements. This paper analyzes the evolution process, type and mechanism of rural gentrification based on actor-network theory (ANT) based on a diachronic field survey of rural gentrification in the Panyang River Basin of Bama County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The following results were obtained. (1) The evolution of rural gentrification is a dynamic actor-network jointly established by human and non-human actors, "grass-roots" actors and institutional actors. The evolution of rural gentrification has experienced a transition from initial to development stage, which has brought a series of changes. The key actors are replaced from the "amenity immigrants" pioneer and local elites to local governments and investment developers, while the OPP (obligatory passage point) has changed from "developing 'migratory bird' tourism and building a longevity village" to "developing comprehensive health industry and building a global longevity town". The path succession of rural gentrification changes from "grass-roots" gentrification to institutional gentrification with the replacement of key actors from "amenity immigrants" pioneers, and the rural gentrified industry has changed from receiving amenity migrants and developing tourism to the integrated development of comprehensive health industry. The gentrification type has evolved from "amenity immigration oriented" to "tourism oriented" and "real estate oriented", and finally formed a mixed rural gentrification pattern of "multiple types in one place". (2) Factors such as the replacement of key actors along with their roles and functions, the path succession of rural gentrification, the replacement and integrated development of leading industry, China's macro rural development system, as well as the regional natural and cultural environment, which jointly affect the stage succession and type symbiosis of rural gentrification. The replacement of key actors along with their roles and functions transformation dominates the stage succession of rural gentrification, while the path succession of rural gentrification as well as the replacement and integrated development of leading industry, which jointly promotes the evolution type of rural gentrification, is the general mechanism of rural gentrification evolution. At present, China's rural macro development strategy (Beautiful Countryside Construction, Targeted Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization) and basic institutional arrangements (rural land collective ownership, homestead system, and regional development dominated by the local government) as well as the regional natural and cultural environment (unique healthy geographical environment, and "migratory immigrants" healthy geographical dependence, combined with the actors' power balance under the comprehensive action comprised by "Bama complex", the Zhuang clan power and the rural nostalgia) shapes the symbiotic characteristics of evolution type, which is the regional mechanism of rural gentrification evolution. (3) Actor-network theory (ANT) is a conducive method to show the stage succession context and symbiotic characteristics of evolution type, and reveal the general mechanism and regional mechanism of rural gentrification evolution.

China’s recent environmental turn in urban development has been marked by a rush of urban green projects. Many city governments have lately focused on green infrastructure of a specific kind – the greenway. This article provides a preliminary assessment of the contributions of greenways to a new, environmentally benign form of urbanisation advocated by the central government. Through a case study of the city of Maanshan, it reveals that Chinese greenways are not just a sustainability fix for the economy’s sake, as many urban green projects in China tend to be conceived. Although the greenways are far from being effective in stimulating tourism, they can promote urban liveability beyond the symbolic and lend material support to active travel. These findings endorse an analytical approach that gives equal emphasis to both the physical and political nature of emerging green infrastructure initiatives to more fully appreciate the logics and functions in their ongoing popularity.

The gentrification research of Europe and North America represents the mainstream and direction of the world's gentrification research. On the basis of an introduction to the tradition and derivational concepts of gentrification, this article analyzed and summarized the main theoretical explanation schools developed since the formation of concept of gentrification, especially on the two leading camps: explanation from production or supply and the explanation from consumption or demand. This article introduced three development tides of gentrification of Europe and America, and divided all gentrification research conducted since half a century ago into four development stages. They are stage of phenomenon description on gentrification, stage of fireworks between two camps, stage of theoretical integration and stage of political reply discussion on gentrification. After a simple evaluation of gentrification serving as a development strategy of the global cities and of main social-spatial effects of gentrification, this article made an investigation into the prospect of the worldwide gentrification research, and pointed out that there was still enormous space for the gentrification research even though much gentrification research has been conducted. This is because, firstly, in the aspect of theoretical research, gentrification has become an important topic in urban research, city planning and urban geography, and has always been a hot topic and academic frontier in other related social sciences. Secondly, in the aspect of empirical research, gentrification was found in almost all the big cities in the world, the process, causes, features and effects of gentrification in different countries or areas are significantly different, as a result of various social, political and economic backgrounds among countries. Therefore, there is plenty of work to do in empirical research in each country or area. Thirdly, in the aspect of expended gentrification research, the research scope and the definition of gentrification has changed remarkably since 1964, and even the concept of gentrification in the 21st century is different from the concept in the 1990s. The construction of“geography of gentrification”should be attributed to the temporaniess and variability of gentrification.

城市滨水空间转型发展是促进城市空间优化和产业结构调整的关键方式,已成为当前国际城市更新与再开发的主要组成部分,相关研究也大量涌现,有必要进行归纳和总结。论文以Web of Science和Science Direct数据库1988—2020年间相关文章为分析对象,从滨水空间转型发展的过程、模式、动因与机制、效应等方面对其研究内容和主要结论进行了归纳分析。结果表明,国外滨水空间转型发展研究多采用定性方法对案例地开展描述性分析,研究主题从关注实践需求转向探讨深层次学术问题并逐渐多元化,研究视角越发强调人本主义和公平理念。最后,结合国外研究经验和中国实际指出：未来中国应转变研究视角和研究对象,重视不同区域多案例的对比研究,再现城市滨水空间转型的过程,模拟城市滨水空间转型的机制,全面评估城市滨水空间转型的效应,以优化和完善中国城市滨水空间的研究体系。

The transformation and development of urban waterfront space is the key way to promote the optimization of urban space and the adjustment of industrial structure, which has become the main part of the current international urban renewal and redevelopment efforts, and a large number of relevant studies have emerged. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize the existing studies. Taking the relevant publications in the Web of Science and Science Direct databases from 1988 to 2020 as the analysis object, this study systematically examined the research results of the transformation and development of urban waterfront space abroad, summarized and analyzed the research contents and main conclusions from the aspects of the transformation process, mode, motivation and mechanism, and effect. The results show that international studies on the transformation and development of waterfront space mostly used qualitative methods to carry out descriptive analysis of cases, the research themes have shifted from paying attention to practical needs to exploring underlying academic issues and gradually diversified, and the research perspective increasingly emphasizes humanism and the concept of equality. Finally, considering the international research experience and domestic reality, this study proposed that in the future, China should change the research perspective and research object, pay attention to the comparative study of multiple cases in different regions, reveal the transformation process of urban waterfront space, simulate the transformation mechanism of urban waterfront space, and comprehensively evaluate the transformation effect of urban waterfront space, so as to optimize and improve the research system of urban waterfront space in China.

始于1980年代的环境公平研究近年来重点转向环境资源，尤其是公园绿地在不同族群和不同收入人群中的空间分布。经过对国内外文献的梳理，从绿地空间环境公平研究主题、绿地公平性影响因素及其测度指标和方法进行了系统综述。分析发现：1）国内外关于绿地空间环境公平的研究主要集中在近十年，呈现稳步增长的态势。总体上从环境公平视角来关注城市绿地空间的研究仍不多，案例绝大多数来自发达国家的城市，更多集中在美国；2）研究主题集中在可进入性与环境公平、绿地空间改造与环境绅士化、绿地使用中的文化公平与环境公平问题以及绿地环境公平感知与地方依恋四个方面；3）城市绿地公平性的测度最常用的是可达性、服务面积等绿地供给性指标，近年越来越多研究开始使用绿地供给与使用者需求的综合测度指标。最后，基于中国快速城市化和快速工业化带来日益紧张的土地利用冲突与经济发展压力，再加上中国特殊的人口、环境特征与文化背景，中国城市普遍面临着对绿地空间需求的日益增长，未来应特别重视城市绿地空间的环境公平问题。

The environmental justice literature, which started in the 1980s to document ethnic minority people’s disproportionate exposure to environmental hazards, has more recently focused on the spatial distribution of environmental amenities across different income and ethnic groups, particularly on parks.The paper systematically reviews from topics, influential factors, measure index and methods respectively. Conclusions are as follows:1) Literature on environmental justice of urban green space is increasing in recent ten years and most of the study cases came from developed countries while few scholars have concerned about urban green space from environmental justice perspective.2) The heated topics focus on accessibility, environmental gentrification, cultural justice and environmental justice, perception and place attachment.3) Supply indexes of green space, such as accessibility, service area, are mostly used to measure the environmental justice. However, more and more studies turn to combine green space supply and users’ needs in the recent years. Finally, China has been facing with the pressure between economic development and land use conflict due to quick urbanization and industrialization. Given the specific population, environment and cultural background, China needs to give priority to the study on green space justice.

绅士化已经成为全球城乡发展研究的前沿问题。探究绅士化的理论及其对中国城乡治理的启示,对贯彻落实新型城镇化和乡村振兴的国家战略具有重要意义。通过理论分析和案例比较可见,星球绅士化突破了传统绅士化研究的本体论、认识论和方法论,全球北方与全球南方的差异凸显了中国绅士化研究的价值。结合中国独特的城乡关系、央地关系及其多尺度交互作用,可进行星球绅士化的理论创新。未来中国城乡治理应重视治理模式转型、区域战略转型和城乡关系转型,全球经验、区域差异、城乡融合是治理现代化转型的关键点。对绅士化现象须采取批判性的价值论立场,关注城乡中低收入者权利,为维护空间正义和实现共同富裕做出积极贡献。中国绅士化研究需要加强与国际的对话与对接,并提供本土化经验。

Gentrification has become the frontier of the transformation of rural-urban social space worldwide. Loretta Lees pointed out that gentrification has become the experienced/experiencing process of global urban (re)development and named it as “planetary gentrification”. It breaks the dualism and Anglo-American lens of traditional gentrification studies, and re-discusses the polycentric relations between the global and the local, core and periphery based on the comparative urbanism. In the context of China's new-type urbanization and rural revitalization, the flow of social wealth and the division of social classes provide vertical impetus for gentrification, while the evolution of rural-urban relations provides horizontal tension. China's socialist system and land ownership system will expand the richness of international gentrification research. Thus, it is of great significance to explore gentrification phenomenon and its governance. Based on the theoretical review and case comparison, the planetary gentrification has made a great breakthrough in ontology, epistemology and methodology of traditional gentrification research. Differences between the global North and the global South have increased the scope of gentrification research and the possibility of theoretical innovation. On the one hand, the planetary gentrification theory compares and summarizes the general trend of gentrification research in the world, especially the particularity of gentrification processes in the Global South. On the other hand, it combines the epistemological turn of urban studies to place gentrification research in the larger narrative of global urban and rural transformation. Meanwhile, there are still some limitations in the planetary gentrification theory. It is necessary to investigate the complexity of gentrification processes in China and other Global South countries. Planetary gentrification has good theoretical applicability in the Chinese context. The rise of the new urban middle class in China, the large-scale gentrification process and the multi-scalar interaction of urban and rural space consistent with the planetary gentrification. In the future, we can carry out localized innovation based on the unique rural-urban relations, central-local relations and the multi-scalar interactions in China. In the context of planetary gentrification, attentions should be paid to the transformation of governance mode, regional strategy and rural-urban relations on China's rural-urban governance in the future. Global experience, regional differences and rural-urban integration are the key points for the modernization of governance. Researchers should take a critical axiological stance on gentrification itself, and make contributions to maintaining spatial justice and realizing common prosperity. Paying attention to the planetary gentrification theory will help research of gentrification in China better connect with the international research and provide non-Western experience.