粤港澳大湾区一体化过程中存在跨社会制度、跨法律体系、跨行政等级的复杂性,必然会遭遇一系列的摩擦。发掘粤港澳之间合作与冲突的焦点与关键时间节点,是对粤港澳大湾区一体化研究的重要补充。本文通过GDELT全球新闻事件数据库梳理了粤港澳大湾区一体化发展的历史和现状,对粤港澳三地互动关系进行研究。结果发现：① 内地与香港关系呈现出“M”型波动,两者之间的冲突被新闻媒体有所强化。② 内地与澳门之间的政策与民意表现为较高的一致性,两者之间的言语合作是互动关系的主导因素。③ 内地与港澳之间的互动关系总体上变得更加紧密,合作与冲突的频率都在上涨,内地—香港关系在粤港澳互动关系中的重要性不断被凸显。④ 粤港澳大湾区一体化建设的推进过程中,实际合作项目相对短缺,缺少多元化的抓手。粤港的经济和科技的竞合关系和香港局势的发展是粤港澳互动关系的主要影响因素。未来,粤港澳大湾区区域协调发展不仅要关注区域政策在空间上的投影,更要关注其在社会舆论与新闻媒体上的投影,促进一体化建设从实体空间建设向虚拟、话语空间的综合引导转变,强化“硬联通”与“软联通”的互动。

The integration of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area will inevitably encounter a series of frictions because of the cross-social system, cross-legal system and cross-administrative hierarchy. Research on the cooperation and conflict between Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao is an important supplement to the integration study of the area. This paper reviews the process of integration development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area from 1997 to 2019 through the global news event database GDELT. The results show that: (1) the relationship between China's mainland and Hong Kong presents a "M" type fluctuation, and the conflict between them has been amplified by the news media compared with the mainland-Macao relationship. (2) The policy and public opinion between China's mainland and Macao are highly consistent, as the verbal cooperation between them is the leading factor of the interaction. (3) The interaction between China's mainland, Hong Kong and Macao has generally become closer, along with the increasing frequency of cooperations and conflicts. The importance of the mainland-Hong Kong relationship in the interactive relationship between Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao has been increasingly highlighted. (4) Material cooperation projects are still insufficient in the process of the regional integration of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, and there is an urgent need for diversified cooperation. The economic and technological competitions and cooperations between Guangdong and Hong Kong are the main factors affecting the interactive relationship between Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao, as well as the tensions in Hong Kong. In the future, the coordinated development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area should focus on not only the projection of regional policies on space, but also its projection on social public opinion and the news media. It is necessary to combine the integration of physical space and virtue/discourse space, and strengthen the interactions between "hard connection" and "soft connection".

Based on the theory of relative prices, this paper evaluates the degree of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regional market integration from the perspective of commodity markets. All of the data applied in the models in this study are obtained in the period of 1985~2007, coming from three areas, which are Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei Province. These panel data cover nine categories of the most important commodities. The study found that, in the period of 23 years, the level of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regional market integration experiences a course of "Smooth - Fluctuating - Smooth". Specifically, from 1985 to 1988, the regional variance of relative price changes in a small range. This implied that the regional markets of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei are in the state of integration. From 1989 to 1997, the relative price variance is in the trend of fluctuations, indicating that in this period, the problems of regional market segmentation are more serious. The study based on time series data also revealed that since the end of the 20th century, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei market integration has developed rapidly and stably. Overall, the level of this regional market integration improves year by year. The analysis of market integration between any two areas showed that internal imbalances exist in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan region. The leading rank of regional market integration is Beijing-Tianjin, followed by Beijing-Hebei, and Tianjin-Hebei. It is worth noting that the regional market of Beijing-Tianjin is a key factor to the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regional market integration. The conclusions of the research enriches the current theoretical studies on the market integration of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei. Further efforts will be made to strengthen the stage of regional integration and policy analysis of how to accelerate the pace of regional market integration.

This paper brings forward the concept for the first time based on central place theory and fractal theory by creating the model of centricity exponent firstly, and then integrates centricity exponent and fractal dimension with each other to measure the stability. Before the assessment, we select K = 4 as a parameter to calculate centricity exponent and fractal dimension, and suppose that it is right to select central place system as the frame of reference. The Result shows that spatial structure stability is in direct proportion with the value of central index, the number of nodes, the value of network dimension, and comparability of urban agglomerations' spatial structure with that of central place structure system. We classify urban agglomerations in China into five types according to the value of centricity exponent and the spatial contact direction, and then divide the level of stability into five grades according to the value of semi-trapezoid fuzzy membership function. According to the number of urban agglomerations in different grades of stability, we find that the degree of spatial structure stability is low for urban agglomerations in China on the whole. This study is valuable to promote the development and exertion of spatial operation efficiency for urban agglomerations following on reasonable spatial allocation of nodes.

在既有理论基础上扩展了城市群多中心网络的度量工具,考察中国12个城市群总部—分支机构的企业关联网络,比较梳理了地级城市空间联系的拓扑结构。实证研究发现：①包括长三角、珠三角和京津冀三大典型城市群在内,中国城市群内部网络系统的拓扑结构依然发育不完善,在联系数据方面均呈现出一定的稀疏矩阵特征,空间组合关系均为树状结构。②总部区位(出度)的层级性差异均高于分支机构区位(入度)的层级性差异,显示出城市群内部空间“流”的不对称性。③针对12个城市群内部网络的拓扑结构聚类分析表明：长三角、珠三角、京津冀、山东半岛、海峡西岸地区的城市群内部网络联系较为紧密,呈现出一定程度的一体化网络特征;其中三大典型城市群存在明显的企业总部集聚核心,其余城市群内部的网络联系松散,跨城企业联系比重较低,在拓扑结构上大多呈现出以省会或副省级城市为指向的向心式联系。

This study puts forward a systematic analysis tool of urban agglomeration polycentric networks according to the space of flow theory, investigates the enterprise association networks of the twelve urban agglomerations in China empirically, and identifies the basic patterns of prefecture-level cities' spatial relationships through classification. The result indicates that the internal network topology of Chinese urban agglomerations, including the three most typical urban agglomerations (Yangtze River Delta-YRD, Pearl River Delta-PRD, and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region-BTH), is still far from reaching maturity. Specifically, the data of connection to some extent constitute a sparse matrix and the spatial association shows a tree structure. The hierarchy of headquarter locations (outflow) is more concentrated than that of branch locations (inflow), which shows asymmetry of the flows within the urban agglomerations. At the urban agglomeration level, two basic network connection patterns can be identified using cluster analysis of the twelve urban agglomerations internal network topology. The first type including the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, Shandong Peninsula, and the western side of the Taiwan Straits, is internally closely connected urban agglomeration networks and shows characteristics of integrated networks. The three most typical urban agglomerations (YRD, PRD, and BTH) are distinct headquarter hubs. The other type containing the rest of the urban agglomerations is internally loosely connected networks and the percentages of cross-city connections are lower than the first type. Most of them show a centripetal structure around the provincial capital or sub-provincial cities topologically.

铁路客流是城市群内经济社会联系的重要反映,也是区域流空间的关键体现。本文依据流空间理论,采用复杂网络方法和2018年中国铁路班次OD数据,从全国尺度分析城市群社区结构特征,并从城市群尺度比较分析了5个主要城市群的空间结构、规模结构和网络节点结构。结果显示,从铁路客运班次联系来看,城市组团片区与国家规划方案中的城市群在范围上存在一定的空间错位。5个主要城市群具有不同的局部特征：① 长江三角洲城市群呈网络状的空间形态和相对集聚的规模分布,主要问题为局部节点的枢纽作用与规模的匹配性有待提高;② 珠江三角洲城市群呈放射状的空间形态和相对集聚的规模分布,主要问题为与全国其他城市群的联系相对薄弱;③ 京津冀城市群呈放射状的空间形态和相对集聚的规模分布,主要问题为存在边缘化的节点;④ 长江中游城市群呈组团状的空间形态和相对分散的规模分布,主要问题为内部结构较为松散;⑤ 成渝城市群呈哑铃状的空间形态和相对集聚的规模分布,主要问题为与全国其他城市群的联系薄弱。随着区域一体化进程,需要根据不同城市群网络结构发展阶段的差异,补足城市群内和城市群间的联系短板,促进规模位序结构与网络结构的耦合协调,推动建设层次分明、枢纽协作、网络化发展的客运服务网络,支撑城市群一体化发展。

随着现代交通、通信以及信息技术的发展,基于网络社会的“流空间”成为研究城市群空间结构的重要理论前沿。借助珠三角城市群9个城市的人流、物流、资金流和信息流数据,对珠三角城市群空间结构的现状和发展趋势进行综合性判断。研究发现：① 珠三角城市群的空间结构现状在“点-线-网-面域”4个层面均呈现出明显单极化态势,广州市是“流空间”视角下珠三角城市群的核心,区域网络结构呈现出“缺位型金字塔形结构”;② 珠三角城市群网络的未来发展中位于不同层级的城市将起着不同的作用,其中广州、深圳、东莞等城市对空间结构发展起着导向性作用,而佛山、中山等城市将承担着联系中转站功能;③ 珠三角各城市的流度辐射区一体化明显,各城市辐射影响区的空间形态也表明了各城市的功能圈和势力范围。未来随着全球化趋势和区域一体化政策的加强,珠三角城市群的集聚效应将不断转化为扩散效应,将极大提升珠三角城市群对全球范围内资源的吸聚和配置能力,助力珠三角城市群走向网络化的发展时代。

With the development of modern transportation, communication and information technology, the "space of flow" based on network society has become an important theoretical frontier for studying urban spatial structure. Based on the passenger flow, material flow, fund flow and internet information flow in nine cities of the Pearl River Delta, this paper makes a comprehensive judgment on the present situation and development trend of spatial structure of urban agglomeration in this region. Research findings are as follows: (1) The present situation of urban spatial structure in the Pearl River Delta presents obvious unipolarization, and Guangzhou is the core of the delta based on the "space of flow". (2) Cities at different levels will play different roles in the future development of the urban agglomeration network. Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Dongguan play a leading role in the development of spatial structure, while Foshan, Zhongshan and other cities will assume the function of connecting transit stations. (3) The urban areas of the Pearl River Delta are well integrated. The spatial form of the radiated area of each city also indicates the functional circle and sphere of influence of each city. In the future, with the strengthening of globalization and regional integration policies, the agglomeration effect of the Pearl River Delta region will be transformed into diffusion effect, which will greatly improve the ability of the delta to absorb and allocate resources on a global scale.

基于企业网络联系构建城市网络研究是近年来的研究热点。以往研究多运用企业总部与分支机构的空间位置关系建立企业内部联系，以构建城市网络，缺少从企业间实际联系层面对城市网络的研究。本文利用企业间跨城市投融资关系建立城市联系并探究其驱动机制，为中国城市网络研究提供了新的思路。研究发现：①2013—2016年全国企业间跨城市资本流动数量不断增加，全国范围内投融资覆盖面越来越广，资本越发集中于大城市。②中国资本流动城市网络基本形成了以京津冀、长三角、珠三角、成渝地区以及武汉等城市为重要节点相互联系的空间结构，京深、京沪和深沪是网络中最重要的城市联系对。③长三角城市群内部联系最为密切，形成的城市网络最为复杂，资本活跃程度高；京津冀、珠三角城市群内部城市间联系相对较弱，“核心-边缘”结构分化较为严重。④中国城市网络嵌入在独特的制度环境中，市场和政府作用共同导致了城市网络空间结构演化。

In recent years, it has been an increasing number of studies on the construction of urban networks based on network of firms, in particular, using intra-firm links established by spatial location of headquarters and branches to build urban networks. Different from previous researches, the article builds interurban capital flow network based on the inter-city investment and financing relationship of companies, and finds that:1) The number of interurban capital flows among enterprises increases from 2013 to 2016, and the cover range of investment and financing is becoming wider. Capital is increasingly concentrated in large cities.2) Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Chengdu-Chongqing area and Wuhan area stand out in the urban networks shaped by China’s capital flows. The capital flows among Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen are the most important connections in the network.3) Compared with the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region and the Pearl River Delta, the internal links of the Yangtze River Delta are more complex and stronger, with a higher level of activity of capital.4) The interurban capital flow is embedded in China's unique institutional environment. The market and the government have influenced the evolution of spatial structure of urban network together.

非首都功能疏解作为京津冀协同发展战略的核心,对解决北京大城市病、实现京津冀可持续发展具有重要意义。论文构建了一个“四位一体”的产业投资网络演化分析框架,以京津冀中部核心区为研究对象,利用工商企业投资大数据测度了非首都功能的3类重点行业在2010、2014、2018年的资本流动特征,并从“节点—路径—格局”3个层面分析了功能疏解背景下产业投资网络演化过程。研究结果表明,非首都功能疏解背景下,北京市各行业对外投资增强,投资集聚中心逐渐向外围转移,但不同行业演化格局存在差异。制造业呈现由邻近扩散向等级扩散转变的演化路径,并向着多中心格局发展;批发零售业在资本净流动层面显示出扩散特征,在骨干路径层面呈现集聚现象,分布格局由北京单极放射状向京津双核联动演化;交通运输仓储和物流业向郊区物流园区所在地集聚,但网络整体发育滞后。研究结果能够为科学认识首都功能疏解情况、了解中部核心区产业结构及产业发展的变动态势提供参考。

As the key of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development strategy, non-capital function transfer is of great significance for solving the problem of a congested Beijing and achieving the sustainable development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. This study constructed an analytical framework of change of industrial investment networks, which include the intrinsic attributes of industries, resource endowments, market mechanisms, and governmental response mechanisms. Taking the central core area of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region as a sample, the study used the big data of industrial and commercial enterprise investment to measure the capital flow characteristics of the three key industries with non-capital functions in 2010, 2014, and 2018, and analyzed the process of change of industrial investment networks from the three levels of node-path-pattern under the background of functional dispersal. The research results show that the spillover trend of various industries' investment in Beijing has increased, and industrial agglomerations of non-capital functions are gradually shifting to the periphery of the central city under the background of non-capital function dispersal, but the pattern of change of different industries varies. The manufacturing industry presents a path of change from neighborhood diffusion to hierarchical diffusion, and is developing towards a multi-center pattern; the wholesale and retail industry shows the characteristics of spillover at the level of net capital flow, and agglomeration at the level of backbone path, which evolves from the single centric pattern around Beijing to the dual core linkages between Beijing and Tianjin; the transportation, warehousing, and logistics industries are clustered around the locations of suburban logistics parks outside the city, but the overall development of the network is lagging. The results of this study can provide a reference for understanding of the capital's functional transfer and the dynamic change of industrial structure and industrial development of the central core area of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.

工业生产对城市环境质量的影响具有空间溢出效应，但鲜有研究从城市网络的视角探讨城市工业基于产业投资联系对环境污染影响的溢出效应。论文使用2004—2018年京津冀城市间制造业企业投资数据，分析京津冀制造业投资城市网络特征，并创建城市间制造业投资联系矩阵，结合空间计量模型，实证检验基于制造业投资城市网络的京津冀城市工业对雾霾污染影响的溢出效应。研究发现：京津冀城市间制造业互投资中污染型制造业投资增长最显著，且相比于其他类型的制造业投资，污染型制造业投资城市网络更加分散，是造成城市工业对雾霾污染影响溢出的重要渠道。从时空演变来看，京津冀城市间污染型制造业投资城市网络不断扩张，可能造成城市工业对空气质量更广泛的跨地区影响。实证结果验证了城市工业通过制造业投资城市网络带来雾霾污染的空间溢出，这种溢出的传输机制是通过城市间的产业投资联系，且和投资的产业类型有关。相比于其他类型的制造业投资，污染型制造业投资联系造成的雾霾污染溢出效应最强。因此，城市群地区需要统筹协调好城市间的产业发展，才能更有效地应对区域环境挑战。

In urban agglomerations, the environmental impact of urban industries may spillover between cities not only through the pollution diffusion, but also through the inter-city linkages of industrial investment and transfer. The spillover effect of urban industries on air quality through the urban industrial investment network has been largely ignored in the literature. Due to the urban network externality, the air quality in a city is not only influenced by its own industrial activities, but also closely related to the industrial development of other cities connected through the industrial investment in the urban network. By applying the investment data of manufacturing enterprises among cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from 2004 to 2018, this study investigated the characteristics of the inter-city manufacturing investment network in the region. This study created inter-city manufacturing investment network matrices under a spatial econometric model to empirically test the spillover effect of urban industries on haze pollution via the inter-city manufacturing investment network in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. The findings suggest that the investment in polluting manufacturing has increased significantly under the mutual investment in manufacturing between cities in the region. Furthermore, compared with other types of manufacturing investment, the polluting manufacturing investment network among cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region is more dispersed. Those extensive investment linkages in polluting manufacturing industries between cities in the region are important channels for the spillover effect of urban industries on haze pollution. From the perspective of spatiotemporal evolution, our results indicate that the gradual expansion of the network of polluting manufacturing investment between cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region is more likely to generate extensive cross-city environmental impacts. Our empirical results confirm the spillover effect of urban industries on haze pollution via the inter-city manufacturing investment network. The transmission mechanism of this spillover effect is based on the investment linkages between cities and depends on the types of invested industries. Specifically, the polluting manufacturing investment linkages result in more significant and stronger spillover effects of urban industries on haze pollution through the urban network. Therefore, the coordinated development of urban industries among cities in the urban agglomeration is necessary for meeting the regional environmental and sustainability challenges.

随着城市间经济联系日益密切,资本跨区域流动逐渐成为影响区域发展的关键因素,企业异地投资是资本流动的微观体现,探讨企业异地投资特征对于区域发展具有重要意义。为此,论文以1998—2018年中国上市企业异地投资数据为研究对象,构建中国异地投资网络,从全国和东中西3大地区角度分析异地投资网络的空间演化特征及影响因素。研究发现：全国和3大地区异地投资网络节点中心性空间集聚特征明显,主要集中在5大城市群地区;异地投资网络空间上表现出明显的层级结构、空间集聚性、路径依赖等特征;投资净流入和净流出城市仍主要位于东部地区,但投资活动存在向中部和西部发展的趋势;城市的经济发展水平、产业结构、金融环境等均对全国和东中西3大地区呈现差异化的影响。

With the increasing economic interaction between cities, capital flow across regions has gradually become a key factor affecting the regional economic disparities. Cross-regional enterprise investment is regarded as the micro embodiment of capital flows. It is of great significance to explore the characteristics of cross-regional enterprise investment for reducing regional economic disparities. Thus, this study examined the cross-regional investment network using the cross-regional investment data of Chinese listed companies in 1998-2018, and analyzed the characteristics of the spatial evolution of China's cross-regional investment network and its influencing factors at the national and regional levels. The results show that: the spatial agglomeration trend of node centrality in China's cross-regional investment network at the national and regional levels is obvious and the cities with high node centrality are mainly concentrated in the five major urban agglomerations. There are obvious hierarchical structure, spatial heterogeneity, and path dependence of the cross-regional investment network; the net investment inflows and outflows are mainly in the eastern region, and the investment activities tend to develop toward the central and western regions; the influence of city economic development level, industrial structure, and financial environment varies across regions and types of cities with different population scales.

多部门创新企业的跨城布局能够增进城市间的知识流动与创新联系,大量创新企业部门关联构成的城市网络是理解国家创新格局的重要认知基础。本文运用1778家国家级创新企业部门关联数据和“总部—分支机构”方法建立中国城市间有向关系矩阵,借助社会网络分析、GIS技术及空间交互模型方法,对创新企业建构的中国城市网络联系特征进行分析。结果发现：① 基于创新企业的中国城市网络联系覆盖广但极不均质,菱形联系格局在次级网络中逐步显现,京津冀、长三角和珠三角城市群是网络联系的核心枢纽。② 城市间创新企业流具有明显的行政中心指向特征与省级边界效应,直辖市及省会城市对创新企业流具有较强吸引力,北京是网络联系最强核心,上海和深圳次之。③ 城市网络区域异质性突出,东部区域“内联外控”与中、西部区域“内弱外强”的联系格局呈现鲜明对比,东部区域内沿海三大城市群网络的联系结构也存在较大差异。④ 城市的行政等级、经济水平和创新环境等属性指标,以及城市间地理、技术、制度的邻近性关系指标,都对城市吸收和输出创新企业流产生了不同程度的影响,外资并不利于促进中国城际创新企业流和网络的形成。

Improving the connectivity of multi-sector enterprises at a cross-regional level can enhance knowledge and technology transfer and stimulate innovation and synergies among cities. Therefore, the study of city networks, which comprise a large number of multi-sector enterprises, can provide an important knowledge base for innovation and development at the regional and national levels. Based on an evaluation of innovative enterprises in China by authoritative institutions, data were collected on 1778 multi-sector enterprises, which included details on the headquarters, the branches (a total of 30,625) and the locations. A city-based network for the country was established, using the data for the multi-sector linkages and a model for the headquarters-branches, to explore the network connectivity characteristics via social network analysis, the GIS method and the spatial interactive model. The results showed that (1) although the network covered 353 cities across China, the spatial distribution of the network was extremely uneven. For instance, a diamond-shaped connectivity pattern emerged gradually as the network hierarchy decreased. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta were found to be the three key hubs of the network. (2) The intercity linkages between innovative enterprise sectors (innovative enterprise flows), had a clear administrative center and a provincial boundary effect. Moreover, the innovative enterprises were strongly attracted to the municipalities and provincial capitals. Beijing was at the heart of the network, followed by Shanghai and Shenzhen. (3) Differences existed in regional connectivity. There was a striking difference between the eastern region and the central-western region. The former had a high connectivity with respect to both the internal and the external networks, while the latter had lower connectivity for the internal network but a higher connectivity at the external level. At the same time, although the network structures for all the three eastern megalopolises showed strong cohesion, their connectivity characteristics were quite different. (4) The input and output of innovative enterprise flows were to varying degrees influenced by the indicator attributes for each city, and these in turn were related to the administrative hierarchy, the economic strength and the innovative environment of the region, as well as proximity indicators, which were related to geographical, technological and institutional factors. Foreign capital was not conducive to innovative enterprise flows and to the formation of innovative intercity company-based networks in China.

知识经济时代城市间的创新关系是新时代城市间相互作用关系的新内涵,研究者尝试采用各种方法探索城市间创新关系及其网络特征。然而,如何从理论上建构知识流动空间的城市间创新关系?如何设计更加合理的城市间创新网络模拟方法?这些问题却少有专门探讨。基于相关研究,本文提出了城市间创新关系构建的理论框架,认为城市间创新网络本质上是区别于“硬网络”的“软网络”,是一种主观的关系建构过程,需要经过异城创新主体间的点—点关系向城—城之间关系的尺度转换,这一转换过程容易发生夸大或偏离城市间客观存在的创新关系,对结果的精确度产生很大影响,应对关系建构给予充分理论论证;本文论述了4种城市间创新关系建构和网络模拟方法,包括科技成果异城合作的城市间无向网络构建方法、科技成果转让转移的城市间有向网络构建方法、高端人才跨城移动的城市间创新网络建构方法和创新企业机构多城分布的城市间创新网络建构方法,并运用相关数据进行了模拟试验与结果展示,来反映城市间创新关系的不同方面。本研究有助于推动从城市地理学视角和城市关系的维度探讨全球/区域的创新空间格局,为城市间创新网络研究提供理论和方法支撑。

The interactive relationships between cities in the knowledge economy era have attracted much attention. Researchers have applied a range of methods to explore intercity innovative relationships and associated network characteristics. It nevertheless remains unclear just how intercity innovative relationships can be theoretically constructed based on knowledge flow space and how further scientific simulation methods can be designed. Research questions in this area have rarely been explored in detail, an issue which has inevitably placed obstacles on further exploration. A framework for the theoretical construction of intercity innovative relationships is presented in this study; the basis for this research is that an intercity innovation network is essentially a 'soft network', distinct from a 'hard network'. These interconnections are founded on a subjective relationship construction process and therefore necessitate scale transformation from 'point-point' connections between innovative subjects in different cities with respect to 'city-city' interactions. At the same time, this transformation process is prone to exaggerations and deviations from objective intercity innovative relationships and therefore exerts considerable influence on the accuracy of results such that constructions must be entirely theoretical. Four construction methods for intercity innovative relationships and network simulation are summarized in this study, including an intercity undirected network based on cross-city co-operations between scientific and technological achievements, an intercity directed network based on the cross-city transfer of scientific and technological achievements, an intercity innovation network based on the cross-city flow of high-end talents, and an intercity innovation network based on the multi-city distribution of innovative enterprises and institutions. Simulation tests were then undertaken using relevant data to reflect aspects of these relationships. The results of this analysis are conducive to further exploration of global and regional innovative spatial patterns from the perspective of urban geography and intercity relationships and provide a theoretical and methodological foundation for further research on intercity innovation networks.

鉴于现有的城市网络研究尚没有关注企业间投资这一最重要的经济行为之一,所得认知不全面,本文基于城际创业投资联系这一全新视角,刻画了中国城市网络的结构和组织模式,以丰富城市等级和距离衰减作用下的城市网络研究。从节点看,城际创业投资空间分布不均,高度集中在超大城市和直辖市。从联系看,城际创业投资具有明显的层级性,形成以京沪深为顶点的三角形框架,同时城际投资联系的距离衰减特征不充分,高等级城市不受距离约束,尤其是以京沪深为核心的三大城市群间的远距离联系,在1200 km左右形成投资“热岛”。从子网络看,城际创业投资可分成7个社区,社区分布具有“大集聚、小分散”特征,不同社区内部的组织模式各异,主要包括“单中心”模式、“一核多副”模式、“两核多副”模式和“多中心”模式。本文的创新点不仅在于填补了企业间投资网络研究的空白,还与企业总部分支网络进行了比较,结果发现城际创业投资的距离衰减特征强于企业总部分支网络,而等级联系特征则弱于企业总部分支网络。。

The multi-level perspective city network is of great significance in understanding spatial interaction and linkages. Based on inter-city startup investments data, this study offers a new perspective to identify the spatial structure of China's city networks from node- to linkage-level, and further explore the organization patterns from sub-network-level. This study can deepen the understanding of city network structure under the effects of city hierarchy and distance decay. The results are shown as follows. At the node-level, the distribution of startup investments is uneven and highly concentrated in megacities and municipalities. Moreover, the rank-size distribution of startup investments tends to be more monocentric than that of population and GDP. At the linkage-level, first, the city network based on startup investments has an obvious hierarchical structure, and the connections between Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen are the strongest and form a triangular framework. Second, inter-city startup investments are mainly flowing within the same industry, and the service industry owns the most outflows and inflows. Third, inter-city startup investments display distance decay, but high-hierarchy cities can break the distance constraint. For example, the linkages are close between the three urban agglomerations with Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen as the cores. At the sub-network-level, seven communities are identified through community analysis, and we suggest that the community boundaries have two spatial characteristics including administrative district economy and the spillovers from high-hierarchy cities. Additionally, the organization patterns of communities are various, including single-core; single-core and multi-pairs; double-core and multi-pairs; and multi-core patterns. Compared with the existing research for other perspectives of city network, there are two new findings in our study.

在新时期新背景下,实现粤港澳区域联动发展具有紧迫性、必要性和重大现实意义。本文认为研究粤港澳区域联动发展需要以区域一体化理论体系、“全球—地方”尺度理论、区域空间相互作用理论体系为主要的理论基础。其关键科学问题是研究“一国两制”下粤港澳尺度的区域联动理论,探索粤港澳区域联动的机制、关键因素、模式与路径;提出了粤港澳区域联动发展关注的4个重点议题：①粤港澳区域一体化/协同理论的研究与探索;②粤港澳地位与作用研究;③粤港澳联动的多尺度、多主体影响机制与模式研究;④粤港澳联动发展的实施路径研究。

Given the modern background of economic globalization, regional economic integration, new global economic development trends caused by modern technological reforms, the Belt and Road initiative, and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area development strategy, there is a growing sense of urgency, necessity, and practical significance in achieving the joint development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao region. This requires an in-depth understanding and accurate grasp of the key scientific issues and important topics related to this task. This article argues that research related to the joint development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau region must be based on a regionally unified theoretical framework, "global-local" scale theory, and regional spatial interaction theory as its theoretical basis. In this regard, key scientific issues include the study of the theory of regional linkages of scale in Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macau under the "One Country, Two Systems" framework, and the exploration of mechanisms, factors, models, and pathways governing linkages in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau region. In so doing, this article proposes four important topics that can be considered with regard to the joint development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau region: (1) Research and exploration of unification/coordination theory in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau region under the "One Country, Two Systems" framework; (2) Research related to the location and role of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau region; (3) Research related to the multi-scale and multi-agent impact mechanisms and models for the linkages between Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macau; (4) Research related to implementation pathways for the unified development of Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macau.

The competitive advantages of enterprise clusters in rural areas of central China are resulted from not only the triple factors of the economies of scale, the economies of the division of labor and the network linkage, which is the common characteristic of all clusters, but also from the imitative innovation, the context of the central Chinese culture, the institutional support and the lower production costs. This article takes the example of the steel tape clusters in Nanzhuang Village, Yucheng County, Henan Province to examine the theory in view of the practice.