传统村落活态化价值认知与多维弹性评估模型研究——基于陕北地区案例实证
A flexible multidimensional evaluation model for the dynamic values of traditional villages: Empirical study of cases in Northern Shaanxi
收稿日期: 2022-05-10 修回日期: 2023-01-19
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Received: 2022-05-10 Revised: 2023-01-19
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作者简介 About authors
魏峰群(1971— ),男,陕西咸阳人,副教授,博士,主要从事城市规划、旅游管理与文化遗产研究。E-mail:
乡村振兴过程中,全面系统地认知传统村落活态化价值,对其进行客观有效地评估,具有重要的社会现实意义。面对类型多样且动态演化的传统村落,传统标准化的评价体系已难以适应不断变化的发展现实,因此构建一个更具弹性的评估模型是目前亟待解决的一个关键技术问题。论文从功能空间、景观意象和人文精神3个逻辑层面重新认知活态化价值的构成、关联及特征,据此构建出包括资源价值、要素延续、活化条件、功能适应、活化影响、发展潜能的多维评估框架,形成由3种类型和50项指标所构成的弹性评估模型,并以陕北地区54个国家级传统村落为案例进行模型验证。结果表明:① 传统村落活态化价值具有多元性、交融性、动态性、脆弱性和适应性5个显著特征;② 维度分析,运用多维弹性评估模型对传统村落展开评价,评价结果基本符合陕北地区的现实情况,且在不同评价维度上呈现出明显的结果差异,突显了不同类型传统村落的自身价值特征;③ 综合分析,陕北地区54个国家级传统村落活态化价值水平分值处于42.42~83.60区间内,平均为62.55分,活态化价值较高及以上的传统村落占比为39%左右,活态化价值一般及以下的传统村落占比61%左右,由此可见,陕北地区仍存在很多传统村落活态化价值发展水平不足的问题。传统村落活态化价值多维弹性评估模型兼具普适性和典型性的特点,适用于类型多样的传统村落,适应现阶段乡村振兴和遗产保护的现实需求。研究通过探索从单维静态评价向多维动态评估的技术提升,可进一步丰富和推动传统村落价值评估的理论研究和社会实践。
关键词:
In the process of rural revitalization, it is of great social relevance to comprehensively and systematically identify the dynamic values of traditional villages and evaluate them objectively and effectively. In the face of the diverse and dynamically evolving traditional villages, the traditional standardized evaluation system can hardly adapt to the changing development reality, so the construction of a more flexible evaluation model is a key technical problem that needs to be solved. This study aimed to identify the composition, relationships, and characteristics of dynamic values from three aspects: spatial functions, landscape imagery, and humanistic spirit. A multidimensional evaluation framework including resource value, element continuity, dynamic conditions, functional adaptation, dynamic effects, and development potential was constructed, and a flexible evaluation model consisting of 3 types and 50 indicators was formed. The study used 54 national-level traditional villages in Northern Shaanxi as cases for validating the model. The study results show that: 1) Five characteristics of the dynamic values of traditional villages are distinctive, which include multiplicity, integrity, dynamicity, vulnerability, and adaptability. 2) The flexible multidimensional assessment model results basically conform to the development reality in Northern Shaanxi, and show significant differences in different evaluation dimensions, highlighting the unique values of different types of traditional villages. 3) In a comprehensive analysis, the dynamic values of the 54 national-level traditional villages in Northern Shaanxi are in the range of 42.42-83.60, with an average score of 62.55, and the percentage of traditional villages with high dynamic value and above is about 39%, and the percentage of traditional villages with average dynamic value and below is about 61%, so the problem of insufficient level of development of the dynamic values of a large number of traditional villages still exists in the region. The flexible multidimensional evaluation model of the dynamic values of traditional villages has the characteristics of wide applicability and representativeness, is applicable to the actual situation of traditional villages of various types, and can accurately and objectively reflect the value assessment in multiple dimensions, which is better adapted to the realistic needs of rural revitalization and heritage conservation at the present stage. This research enriches and promotes the theoretical study and practice of the value evaluation of traditional villages by exploring the technical improvement from unidimensional static evaluation to multidimensional dynamic evaluation.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
魏峰群, 马文硕, 杨蕾洁.
WEI Fengqun, MA Wenshuo, YANG Leijie.
传统村落作为中国农耕文明的活态化遗产,具有一定的历史、文化、科学、经济、生态等多方面价值,应予以重视和保护[1]。目前关于传统村落保护的研究仍处于不断探索与形成的过程中,总体看来以价值认知和评价为主[2]。学者基于自身资源[3]、景观特征[4]和保护对象[5]等视角,建立了对传统村落价值的基本认知,主要表现在历史文化、艺术审美、游憩体验、教育和市场价值,以及人文、地理和民俗等综合价值等。在价值评价方面,国外通常采用联合国教科文组织发布的世界文化遗产六条认定标准对古村落予以评估[6];国内将传统标准化的评估体系作为传统村落价值评价的重要技术手段,评价体系内容全面宏观,可测度不同地区传统村落的综合价值及发展水平[7-8]。然而,实践证明,统一的标准化评估体系评价准则粗泛,不能全面反映出不同地域传统村落的特征,基于此,徐峰等[9]、周铁军等[10]、周立军等[11]提出将传统村落的地域性特征融入评价体系之中。一般情况下,评价结果多用于村落分级分类、保护传承和提升策略的制定实施[12]。“活态化”是指在文化遗产生成和发展的环境中进行保护和传承[11],目前将“活态化”理念运用于动态变化的文化聚集系统保护工作中,已得到各界学者的认可[13-14],并取得良好的效果。
处于不同地域的村落之间有着不同的经济、政治、社会和文化背景,其孕育着不同文化形式之间的相互关系,以及人与社会之间的相互关系,并呈现出千差万别的特点。由上可知,前人根据研究视角的不同对传统村落价值的认知、解读和评价逐渐趋向多样化,研究过程多采取静态要素分解的方式进行,不仅便于理解价值的构成及内涵,具有良好的逻辑合理性,同时积累了丰富的经验与成果[15⇓-17];但是传统村落是一个处于动态变化的系统,以静态视角对其价值进行认知和评估,在一定程度上无法兼顾传统村落价值的多样性和复杂性,易产生特色文化缺失、文化识别错位等问题,进而必然会影响到对传统村落价值的当代阐释及针对性策略的实施。因此,传统村落作为物质文化遗产和非物质文化遗产的重要载体,需在对其进行价值认知、精准评价的过程中注入“活态化”理念,在其生成和发展的环境当中进行保护和传承,以使其得到有机延续和更新,从而达到乡村可持续发展的目的。
综合以上研究,随着中国乡村振兴战略实施的不断深入,亟需在原有的研究基础上,从传统村落发展的整体观、动态观和发展观出发,重新认识、阐释和评估其综合价值。“弹性”通常被理解为某一系统适应环境变化的能力。面对类型多样化且动态发展的传统村落,本文基于“活态化”视角对传统村落价值进行重新认知,将“弹性”与标准化评价体系结合,创新性地提出兼顾规范性和灵活性的多维弹性评估模型,探索从单维静态评价向多维动态评估的提升,可丰富和完善传统村落价值评估的技术思路与方法,以期全面挖掘传统村落的活态价值,为传统村落的保护和传承提供更具针对性的建议和策略。
1 对传统村落活态化价值的认知
乡村文明作为人类聚落文明的重要组成部分,自身具有丰富而独特的价值,能够为未来社会发展提供特殊的价值贡献。中国是世界农耕文明发展最为悠久的国家,传统村落是农耕文明依附的基本社区单元,蕴含着传统社会乃至现代社会的社会品质、正统文化以及政治精神等宝贵文化遗产[18]。对于乡村文明的演化,博厄斯认为,文化发展的动力,一方面是各种文化形式之间的相互关系;另一方面是个人与社会之间的相互关系[19],即一切事物的发展演化都是随社会环境的变迁而嬗变的,是否消亡、延续或迭代,都取决于传统文化构成元素中的活性成分。在城市化快速发展时期,乡土文化影响力持续衰弱,传统村落所特有的文化价值与社会发展具有一定程度的不适应性,但仍旧遗存着蕴涵国家和民族最本原文化基因的活态化发展要素。综上,在中国大力实施乡村振兴战略的当下,深刻理解传统村落的活态化价值,并使其保持鲜活的生命力,是实现传统村落适应性发展和可持续发展的关键。
1.1 价值构成
本文将传统村落置于当代社会发展的时空背景中,认为传统村落作为延续发展的动态有机系统,所蕴含的活态化要素与价值是多样繁杂的。依据“物质—情感—精神”逻辑,结合三生空间理论、凯文·林奇理论以及马斯洛需求层次理论,从功能空间、景观意象和人文精神3个方面出发,对传统村落的活态化价值进行系统阐述。
(1) 功能空间价值
传统村落是人类与自然相互作用的空间场所,是当地村民世世代代生活的重要空间载体,是由物质、文化以及社会等多个组成单元相互交叉融合,共同构成的一个多层次、多维度的有机功能空间[20]。功能空间在不同的领域发挥着重要作用,不仅为当地村民的日常生活提供了基础的物质支持和供应,而且还是传统技艺、民风民俗以及节日庆典等传统风貌传承和中华文脉延续的载体,亦是“人与人,人与自然、人与乡村”所交织而成的复杂关系网络和生产生活等社会组织秩序的承载空间。
传统村落功能空间是村落物质及非物质景观的承载体,不仅为我们展现出典型的乡村景观风貌,而且原真、完整地反映出乡土文化内涵。国际古迹遗址理事会与国际景观设计师联盟共同推出的《关于乡村景观遗产的准则》倡导将乡村景观作为一种值得珍视的遗产予以保护[21],因此,应提高对乡村景观承载体——“功能空间”的保护和发展的重视程度。在城镇化进程中,为了实现对传统村落景观的保护和活态化发展,首先要将传统村落功能空间置于现代发展的语境下进行分析和评估,不断创新、更新传统村落文化基于空间的表现形式,才能更好地实现村落传统文化的传承和可持续发展。
(2) 景观意象价值
传统村落作为人类历史发展中最基础的社会结构单元,不仅包含多样的景观、文化、符号和文本等表现形式,同时也承载着人类丰富的情感体验。相关统计显示,近年来传统村落数量锐减[22],这些传统村落的消失意味着传统村落所蕴含的原真性和特殊性逐渐消解,进而导致人们对村落的景观意象逐渐淡化,随之更深层次的乡土情感逐渐消散。
乡村景观是区别于城市化地区而言的,是以农业为主的生产景观、粗放的土地利用景观以及乡村特有的田园生活和田园文化[23],其中悠闲得意的生活方式是乡村景观最为独特的魅力[24];意象则是指个体头脑对外部环境归纳出的图像,是直接感觉和过去经验记忆的共同产物[25]。乡村景观意象体现了人们对乡村景观的主观感知[26],包含着人们对乡村建设发展的意向态度,是人地情感建立的纽带。通过景观意象,修补残缺的传统文化景观,恢复村落原始风貌,增强本地村民的地方感和归属感,以及游客对村落悠闲田园生活、独特乡村景观的向往之情,将成为传统村落管理、保护和可持续发展的重要途径。综上,景观意象价值是传统村落活态化价值的重要组成部分,其中蕴含的非物质化的情感体验,作为活态化价值的深层次核心要素,在现代社会中必须被珍惜、理解和尊重。
(3) 人文精神价值
传统村落幽静深邃,人们自古在此栖居谋生,保留着原汁原味的农耕文明,承载着乡音乡韵、乡土人情以及千年传统美德[27],涵盖了一个时代特定群体的生活方式和价值理念[28]。究其根本,这些独特而又美好的元素皆来源于传统村落本体的人文精神。例如传统村落整体空间营建与组合形式以及古民居的建筑结构、艺术风格、观念寓意,它们不仅反映着人的生理、心理需求,同时映射着地区的宗教信仰、风俗习惯和人文精神。从国际文化发展视野看,中国的传统村落中处处体现着人类与自然和谐相处的智慧,例如“天人合一”“耕读传家、精文尚武”“一方水土养一方人”等,无不蕴含着深刻的人文精神价值。目前,人类已步入新的历史发展阶段,传统村落蕴含的部分精神理念与当代发展步调产生矛盾,但这些独特的文化精粹能够折射出中华民族悠久的历史渊源,仍具有跨越时代的文化价值。中国传统人文精神是中华子孙永不舍弃的文化之根和生命之根,面对现代文化的冲击,我们亟需以活态化的视角,将现代化文化因子创新性注入其中,提高适应力和生命力。从某种意义上讲,传统村落的可持续发展,其本质就是在活化和复兴其所蕴含的“人文精神与智慧”。
1.2 价值特征
当代社会发展实践表明,发展资源与资产的价值往往在于其流动性与可交换,即一个事物价值的高低并不完全取决于其自身,更体现在交易和兑现的过程中事物自身的属性特征。本文基于对传统村落活态化价值构成的认知,采用关系图谱的方式阐释传统村落活态化价值关联系统[29],以期揭示活态化价值的构成特征和相互联系。
传统村落活态化价值关联系统以文化景观研究中的“胞—链—形”结构为依据[30],设立构成要素、关联结构以及价值链图示探究价值系统内部构成机理,分析结果显示,不同类型的活态化价值系统所依附的元素在本质上存在紧密联系和相互作用,为了深入了解活态化价值系统的整体特征,将研究上升为对整个活态化价值系统的关联性分析,我们发现以下5个典型特征:
(1) 多元性:多元性即一个系统有多个组成部分,且各部分有不同的性质特点,是衡量价值活态化程度的关键点之一。传统村落是一个“活态”的自然博物馆,在其独特的乡村生产生活方式中蕴含着综合多元化价值[31],例如历史记忆、建筑工艺、空间格局以及节庆民俗等。本文依据“物质—情感—精神”逻辑将传统村落活态化价值整合划分为3个层面,各个价值层面都包含了显性与隐形等诸多要素,整体上呈现多元性特点。
(2) 交融性:交融性即交汇融合之意。传统村落是自然和人文相互融合作用而成的一个复杂系统,相似的元素组合出了千变万化的文化形态。由表1构成要素及价值链图示分析框架可知,活态化价值类型虽然不同,但其所依附的要素却有所重复且相互链接、映射与交织,相互交融,共同构成复杂网络体系。
表1 传统村落活态化价值关联系统
Tab.1
价值构成 | 价值属性 | 类型识别 | 构成要素 | 关联结构 | 价值链图示 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
功能空间价值 | 物质层面 | 物质空间 文化空间 社会空间 | 农田、林地、草地、住宅、 祠堂、邻里宗族、社会 秩序等不同功能要素 | “面—面”组合与套嵌关系 | ![]() |
景观意象价值 | 情感层面 | 节点 道路 区域 边界 标志景观 | 街巷、桥梁、水系、围墙、 农田、公共建筑、绿植、 广场绿地、池塘水井等 景观要素 | “点—线—面”树枝状链接关系 | ![]() |
人文精神价值 | 精神层面 | 生理需求 安全需求 社交需求 尊重需求 自我实现需求 | 衣食住行、宗祠社庙、 村规民约、乡土依赖等 精神文化依附要素 | 金字塔型等级关系 | ![]() |
(3) 动态性:动态性即一个系统不仅作为一个功能实体存在,而且作为一种运动存在。传统村落作为一个动态系统,其村落内外空间与环境处于不断演化和发展的状态。随着时代迅速发展,价值要素在延续过程中不断经历更新、衰败、扬弃等阶段,其蕴含的活态化价值随之发生动态演化。
2 活态化价值评价
系统认识传统村落活态化价值及关联特征,有助于对复杂价值系统进行全面理解,为进一步准确评价传统村落活态化价值奠定基础。目前,价值评价研究多采用AHP层次分析法、CVM条件价值评估法、CAPM与复合期权混合法、TCM旅行成本法、历史脉络评估法等,整体上评价方法丰富多样[37⇓⇓⇓⇓-42]。其中,对于以复杂系统为对象的价值评价多采用AHP层次分析法,AHP方法简洁明了,操作性较强。但对于传统村落活态化价值评价而言,以往的评价模型仍有几点缺陷需要克服: 评价目标缺乏对文化发展潜力与社会适应性等方面的评估; 评价指标相对固化,缺乏一定的弹性与开放性; 评价过程中缺失对价值认同群体的态度测评;④ 评价方法标准化导致特殊价值或典型性价值被低估的情况。本文基于上文对于活态化价值构成与特征的认知,通过2个方面对传统评价模型进行进一步完善和优化:一是根据多元性、交融性和适应性等价值特征,集成包括资源价值、要素延续、活化影响、活化条件、功能适应、发展潜能等多个评价维度;二是针对不同类型的传统村落,创新性地提出弹性技术方案以应对复杂的现实情况,即在标准化的基础上增强灵活性(图1)。
图1
图1
传统村落活态化价值多维度评估框架示意
Fig.1
Evaluation framework of traditional village dynamic values
2.1 评估模型
课题组通过文献梳理和实地调研,建立传统村落活态化发展水平评估模型[43],虽然可以综合测评传统村落的活态化发展水平,但该评价体系评定较为宏观,评价指标具有普适性,无法对具有显著特色的传统村落进行针对性评估。在此基础上,本文加入拓展指标项和特殊指标项,以深掘传统特色文化,达到对传统村落精准化保护的目的。
将课题组成果作为基础参考[43],结合案例地概况,初步确定多维弹性评价指标体系中的A类基础指标项;与此同时,参考游憩系统质量评价指标[44]、中国历史文化名镇名村评价指标体系、传统村落活态性定量评价指标[45]、文物建筑开放导则[46]等前人研究成果,遵循SMART原则(明确性、可测度、可实现、相关性、时效性),结合地域特色,将传统生产工具利用以及传统建筑传承等指标分类纳入各维度指标层,另外新增产业利用发展价值、特色产业延续状态以及外来投资强度3类指标层,进一步突出传统村落的个性;以指标层为导向,进一步遴选数据层,获得初始指标库。经过多次的专家研判和实地调研验证,将初选62项数据层指标按照重要性、获取率和有效率均大于50%的原则进行整合,最终形成由A、B、C三种类型指标构成的(A基础指标项;B拓展指标项;C特殊指标项)传统村落活态化价值多维弹性评估模型(表2)。与原有传统村落活态化价值水平评价体系相比,多维弹性评估模型创新性加入拓展指标项和特殊指标项,可在最大程度兼顾到普适性和特殊性。
表2 传统村落活态化价值多维弹性评估模型
Tab.2
![]() |
注:修改自课题组成果《传统村落活态化发展水平评估研究》[
2.2 技术方案
本文拟将多维弹性评估模型和传统评价体系的评价结果进行对比研究。首先,依据课题组对传统村落的调研资料及分级分类成果,将研究案例地分为4种技术方案:基础方案、拓展方案、典型方案和全谱方案。其次,运用多维弹性评估模型对各技术方案村落的价值再次评价,按照方案的适用范围和数据特征,将技术方案与弹性评价指标进行对应组合(表3):① 基础方案(A),包含20项指标;② 拓展方案(A+B),包含40项指标;③ 典型方案(A+C),包含30项指标;④ 全谱方案(A+B+C),包含50项指标。
表3 4种技术方案的适应情况及特点
Tab.3
技术方案 | 指标构成 | 适用范围 | 数据特征 | 案例示意 |
---|---|---|---|---|
基础方案 | A | 满足传统村落成立的基本条件的普通型传统村落 | 具备基础统计数据 | 寺沟村、响水村 |
拓展方案 | A+B | 满足传统村落成立的基本条件,且基础设施完善“三生”产业有所发展的拓展型传统村落 | 统计数据类型多样且丰富 | 贺一村、张峰村 |
典型方案 | A+C | 满足传统村落成立基本条件,且某项要素特色极为显著的典型传统村落 | 特殊性或典型性发展方面的统计数据较为丰富和突出 | 泥河沟村、甄家湾村 |
全谱方案 | A+B+C | 满足传统村落成立的基本条件,且各项要素发展水平均衡和全面 | 相关统计数据较为全面、系统且连续完整 | 沙坪上村、郭家沟村 |
2.3 权重参数
针对弹性评价指标,运用Yaahp 12.3软件进行权重计算,计算步骤如下:① 梳理目标层、指标层和数据层,建立层次结构模型;② 构造两两比较判断矩阵;③ 专家组对指标判断矩阵进行打分;④ 计算权向量并做一致性检验;⑤ 检验一致性较高,获得4套各自完整的指标权重参数(图2)。
图2
图2
各技术方案对应弹性评价指标权重
Fig.2
Weights of the corresponding indicators of the flexible evaluation indices for the four technical solutions
2.4 数据来源与处理
课题组成员于2021年10月1—7日在陕北地区开展主要调研工作,于2023年1月12—15日前往第六批新增陕北地区国家级传统村落开展补充调研,主要采取半结构化访谈和抽样调查的方法收集数据,共发放问卷310份,收回272份,有效数量为258份,有效率为83.2%,部分数据来自政府统计公报和统计年鉴。采取极值标准化的方法对原始数据进行处理,消除原始数据之间数量级和方向的差异。极值标准化公式如下:
式中:
最后,采取加权平均法计算活态化价值的综合分值,综合分值T计算公式如下:
式中:
3 案例实证研究
3.1 案例选取
陕北地区,一般是指乔山以北、长城以南、子午岭以东、黄河以西的黄土高原中北部地区,主要包括陕西省的榆林市和延安市。陕北地区发展历史悠久,自古就是农耕文明和游牧文明的“交融区域”。目前拥有国家级传统村落54个(图3a)。由于受到复杂地形地貌和气候的影响,其村落呈现出散点分布的格局,地域特征鲜明。近年来,随着陕北地区经济社会的快速发展,区域内的传统村落受到地区南北发展水平差异的影响,不同的传统村落活态化发展也呈现出明显的差异,具有较为典型的研究价值(图3b)。根据课题组数据以及实地调研情况,定性研判传统评价体系下各传统村落所适用的技术方案,基础方案包括石窑台村在内的23个村落,拓展方案有石村等16个村落,典型方案和全谱方案村落数量分别为9和6个。
图3
图3
陕北地区国家级传统村落分布分级分类
Fig.3
Distribution and classification of national-leval traditional villages in Northern Shaanxi
3.2 评估结果分析
表4 活态化价值分级标准
Tab.4
活态化价值等级 | 分级区间 | 传统村落数量/个 |
---|---|---|
高 | (74.48, 83.60] | 9 |
较高 | (63.53, 74.48] | 12 |
一般 | (56.08, 63.53] | 14 |
较低 | (48.85, 56.08] | 15 |
低 | (42.42, 48.85] | 4 |
3.2.1 多维评价
(1) 维度内容分析
如图4所示,运用多维弹性评估模型对陕北地区54个传统村落开展评价,不同的评价维度呈现出明显的结果差异。具体分析如下:
图4
图4
陕北地区54个国家级传统村落活态化价值评价维度得分分布
Fig.4
Distribution of scores of 54 national-leval traditional villages in Northern Shaanxi for the evaluation of the dynamic value dimensions
资源价值维度得分最高为张寨村。张寨村环境清新、人杰地灵,并且对当地的历史遗迹、街巷建筑以及村落空间形态保存较为完善。该维度排名最低的为杨家沟村、常家沟村和岳家岔村,物质资源与非物质资源在产业发展过程中遭到破坏,亟需对村落目前已有的宝贵的传统文化资源予以保护,挖掘传统的特色文化元素。
要素延续维度得分最高的为贺一村,该村位于陕北地区黄土丘陵沟壑区,整体呈现出“枕山—环水—面屏”的风水格局,不仅保留了清代所建文昌庙、党氏庄园等多处历史悠久的建筑庙宇,同时传承了多项陕北传统艺术,例如陕北剪纸、唢呐、秧歌和石雕等,多样传统文化要素经由当地村民不断传承并发展。
活化影响维度和功能适应维度得分较高的皆为沙坪上村、凉水岸村、王皮庄村、菜园沟村和郭家沟村,表明传统村落价值活态化发展呈积极态势。村落发展遵循“原真协调、因地制宜”的原则,不仅对历史遗迹进行修复和修补,并且按照协调统一原则将现代功能性建筑及基础设施融入村落之中,在不影响村落原始风貌的前提下满足村落主体及其他群体的当代需求,在整体上提高了村落自身韧性,降低了外界侵扰对村落本体的影响。
活化条件维度得分最高的是梁家河村,该村于2015年建成的延延高速中设有直通梁家河村的出口,极大提高了梁家河村的可进入性,由于自身独特的“知青”历史,村落在紧抓“枣、果、畜”3项产业的同时,大力发展旅游业,吸引大批青年人返乡创业,不仅扩大了人口规模,同时使人口结构得以优化,活化条件得天独厚。
发展潜能维度分值较高的为贾大峁村,贾大峁村广泛分布着仰韶、龙山文化遗迹,是一座人文历史深厚的村落,在政府的正确带领和当地村民的积极参与下,该村集生态建设、旅游文化协调发展和特色农业产业化于一体,带动周围村落发展绿色富民产业,呈现出良好的发展前景。而该维度排名靠后的响水村在动员居民参与积极性和环境发展建设方面仍有较大提升空间。
(2) 整体特征分析
如图5所示,运用多维弹性评估模型对陕北地区54个国家级传统村落进行评价,所得结果与传统评价体系的评价结果有显著差别。从整体看,全谱方案所属村落的总分值大部分高于其余3种方案,但仍存在基础方案总分值大于拓展方案和典型方案的情况;同时,从各个维度展开分析,可得出以下特征:
图5
图5
弹性评价模型与传统评价体系评价结果对比分析
注:图中纵坐标为实际得分通过以10为底数的log函数进行转化后的结果。
Fig.5
Comparative analysis of evaluation results of the flexible evaluation model and traditional evaluation system
第一,资源价值维度得分线段同总分线段的变化趋势有较高的相似度,该项特征与资源价值维度平均权重(0.2330)在维度权重占比最高相对应,不仅符合村落资源是村落活态化发展的基础的实际情况,而且说明资源价值维度分值在总分分值中有主导作用。
第二,要素延续和发展潜能维度中,基础方案和拓展方案部分村落得分优于全谱方案和典型方案,该方案村落基础设施完善,因生活生产有所发展但程度不高,受外界影响小,传统文化要素得到有效保护和传承。
第三,活化影响和功能适应2个维度变化趋势相似度达到94%,这2项维度测度了传统村落活态化发展对村落自然环境、社会环境及经济环境产生的影响,性质相同,虽测评维度不同,但变化趋势相似,证明了收集数据的可靠性。
第四,活化条件这一维度中,各个村落得分情况差异较大,即使处于同一方案的村落得分差异亦出现参差不齐的情况,原因在于每个传统村落的经济社会背景不同,例如图5中各村落在资源价值维度和要素延续维度线条起伏较大,得分差距显著,突出了个性特征。
综上,通过对不同维度下各个村落得分情况进行分析,基础方案和拓展方案中部分村落维度得分较高,有较大的发展潜力,村落受外来文化冲击影响小,保留原汁原味的特色传统文化,亟需在提高基础设施建设的基础上,将特色文化要素与时代发展需求相结合,使村落发展进入积极循环状态,达到可持续发展;反之,典型方案和全谱方案中存在村落得分低于平均分(62.55)的现象,说明村落整体发展势态良好,但是活态化发展的过程中存在保护不力和适应性不足的问题。以上分析不仅证明多维弹性评估模型具有科学性和可行性,同时佐证了该模型深挖个性、兼顾共性、精准识别、全面评估的优势。
3.2.2 综合评价
总体评价结果显示(图6),陕北地区国家级传统村落活态化价值水平分值处于42.42~83.60区间内,平均为62.55分。其中,活态化价值较高及以上的传统村落21个,占比为39%左右,其中最高分为神泉堡村;活态化价值一般的传统村落有14个,占比为26%左右;而活态化价值较低及以下的传统村落19个,占比约为35%。由此可见,陕北地区仍存在大片传统村落活态化价值发展水平不足的问题,一半以上的传统村落亟需加大对传统村落文化元素的保护及开发力度,积极发展地域特色产业,增加村落发展活力,进一步提升其活态化价值的当代适应性水平,推动传统村落可持续发展。
图6
图6
陕北地区54个国家级传统村落活态化价值评价结果
Fig.6
Evaluation results of the dynamic values of traditional villages in Northern Shaanxi
3.3.3 评估模型分析
总体上,采用多维弹性评估模型所获得的评价结果,与实际调研情况相符合,说明多维弹性评估模型基本达到了全面、客观和可靠的评价目的,能够综合地反映出区域内传统村落活态化价值水平。若采用传统标准化的评价体系,受到指标、权重、赋分的固化影响,多数特色传统村落的综合评价分值将可能在一定程度被低估,无法凸显其典型性和特殊性;但若将极为典型的特征指标纳入标准化模型中,又会对大部分传统村落产生较为不合理的评价结果。然而,本文提出的多维弹性评价模型,不仅进一步提升了活态化价值丰富的传统村落的价值评分,而且又充分考虑到特殊传统村落部分指标的重要影响、适当的权重侧重,凸显其典型的活态化价值,评价结果更为合理公平,有效地解决了普适性与特殊性相结合的难题,更易识别共性与个性存在的差异。因此,运用多维弹性评估模型对传统村落活态化价值进行评价,根据村落发展的实际情况选择相应的评价指标,可以解决传统村落由于地域和文化差异产生的普适性和特殊性结合问题,评价不仅可以呈现精确有效的结果,而且在掌握宏观总体价值水平、中观价值特征和微观价值细节的基础上,还可以根据实际情况提出更具针对性的发展策略和实施建议。总体来说,本文提出的传统村落活态化价值多维弹性评估模型具有较强的系统性、科学性和可操作性。
4 结论与展望
4.1 结论
传统村落是一个具有丰富流动性和关联性的复杂有机整体,活态性是其最突出的特征,对传统村落活态化价值的准确评估是传承文化的基础工作。本文从新的视角出发去重新解读和阐释传统村落文化的活态价值与特征,并从资源价值、要素延续、功能适应、活化条件、活化影响、发展潜能6个维度建立多维弹性评估模型,以响应复杂的现实情况。
通过对陕北地区54个国家级传统村落进行案例验证研究,得到以下结论:
(1) 在乡村振兴战略背景下,中国致力于把村落建设成为生态宜居、产业兴旺、文化振兴、治理有效、生活富裕的新时代村落。本文认为中国的传统村落其核心活态化价值主要由功能空间价值、景观意象价值和人文精神价值所构成,并围绕“物质—情感—精神”的逻辑框架,通过关系图谱的方式构造了传统村落价值关联系统,发现活态化价值具有多元性、交融性、动态性、脆弱性和适应性5个典型特征,这表明传统村落活态化价值水平是随着时空差异和现实环境而不断改变的。
(2) 面对不同价值类型和特征的传统村落,本文创新性地提出兼顾普适性和特殊性的多维弹性评估模型,并对陕北地区54个国家级传统村落活态化价值进行评价和验证,评价结果充分说明了该模型具有良好的有效性和操作性,不仅为中国传统村落活态化价值认知和评价提供了技术工具借鉴,也进一步丰富了乡村可持续发展和建设的理论实践。
(3) 以传统村落活态化价值内涵和特征为基础,用发展的眼光看待传统村落发展价值,真实全面地展现出传统村落文化传承、遗产保护、空间环境、人居环境和产业发展等多方面的发展状况。我们研究发现陕北地区仍存在大片传统村落活态化价值发展水平不足的问题,众多传统村落亟需加大对传统村落文化元素的保护及开发力度,积极发展地域特色产业,进一步提升乡村可持续发展能力。
4.2 讨论与展望
本文将传统村落的活态化价值置于现代发展背景中予以全面客观地认知,并创新性地提出由不同数据指标集成为一个具有基准体系的、系统化的多维弹性评估模型,面对千差万别的传统村落,尽最大可能兼顾普适性和特殊性进行活态化价值评价与研究。通过实践验证,认为仍有一些问题值得进一步探讨:首先,鉴于传统村落活态化价值构成的复杂性,对于活态化价值评价指标与数据来源需要进行进一步优化和调整。考虑到目前中国大多数传统村落相关统计数据缺乏的现实情况,需要不断探寻更为丰富的表征指标与参数,使其达到全面性、客观性、多样化和替代性,即“1个目标对应X个可替代指标”,“1个指标也可以对应Y个参考数据”,不断提升弹性评估的开放性和可操作性。其次,由于多方面的受限情况,仅对陕北地区54个国家级传统村落进行了模型检验,若想进一步验证多维弹性评估模型的普适性和实效性,需对更多情况特殊和具有不同发展特点的传统村落进行实证研究;最后,传统村落中各类组成元素会随着时空变化不断改变,下一步的研究应更关注时空变化因素对多维弹性评估模型的影响。为了适应国家发展战略的不同阶段,多维弹性评估模型应与时俱进、因地制宜地进行动态调整,为传统村落文化传承和产业振兴提供有效的技术工具。总之,从当代传统乡土文明的传承和国家文化复兴意义的高度,对中国传统村落活态化价值的认知和评价,需要不断探索创新性的认识角度,提升评价技术方法的科学性和可行性,为下一步决策制定提供符合发展需要的准确依据。
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作为中华文明重要载体的传统村落具有丰富多元的价值,虽然政府与学界进行了大量保护与研究工作,但其可持续发展之路仍任重道远。因此建立中国传统村落可持续发展评价体系,准确评估其可持续发展水平具有重要理论与现实意义。通过对传统村落的长期实地调研,本文提出社区和遗产两个基本属性间协调关系是传统村落可持续发展的关键。本文使用层次分析法和德尔菲法构建社区发展和遗产保护子系统指标体系,采用专家判断矩阵和德尔菲法确定子系统指标权重,并构建详细的数据收集、赋分与标准化方法。为了更好的评价中国传统村落可持续发展水平,在采用综合评价指数评估传统村落综合发展水平的基础上,进一步引入耦合协调度模型构建可持续发展类型评价体系。最后,通过测评广东省广州市、佛山市和中山市10个岭南传统村落,检验该套指标体系具有较好效度,并进一步对指标体系进行修正。该评价体系不仅可以推进传统村落、耦合度、可持续发展评估研究范式,也可以广泛指导与应用于中国传统村落保护实践。
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新型城镇化背景下,中国传统村落人居环境面临着严重的人地关系危机,对其进行有机更新显得尤为重要。立足于有机更新的科学内涵及传统村落人居环境系统的演变特征,辨析了传统村落人居环境有机更新的理论认知,进而构建了传统村落人居环境有机更新的路径机制。研究结果表明:① 将传统村落人居环境系统的问题困境归类为物质空间、文化空间与社会空间,提出以三生空间为空间载体、景观基因为文化核心、社会场域为基础脉络的传统村落人居环境有机更新理论认知。② 以更新优化物质空间、文化空间与社会空间为着力点,构建了传统村落人居环境有机更新“物质-文化-社会”三维路径机制,包括物质空间更新:主导功能优化与三生空间重塑;文化空间更新:隐性基因修复与显性基因修补;社会空间更新:关系网络织补与社会秩序重构。以实现传统村落人居环境可持续发展为目标,通过建立“多维度优化-多目标统筹”的传统村落人居环境有机更新理论与路径,以期为中国传统村落人居环境有机更新提供科学参考与实践借鉴。
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Under the background of new urbanization, the human settlement environment in Chinese traditional villages is facing a rigorous crisis of the human-land relationship, and the organic renewal of it is particularly important. Based on the scientific connotation of the organic renewal and the evolution characteristics of the human settlement environment in Chinese traditional villages, this paper analyzed the theoretical cognition of the organic renewal of the human settlement environment in traditional villages, and constructed the path mechanism of the organic renewal of the human settlement environment in traditional villages on this basis. The results show that: (1) By summarizing the problems faced by the human settlement environment in traditional villages, the dilemma is classified as material space, cultural space and social space, and the theoretical cognition of the organic renewal is proposed with living-production-ecological space as the spatial carrier, the landscape gene as the cultural core, and the social field as the basic context. (2) Focusing on the renewal and optimization of material space, cultural space and social space, the three-dimensional path mechanism of "material-culture-society" for the organic renewal of the human settlement environment in traditional villages is constructed, including the renewal of the material space: the optimization of dominant functions and the reshaping of living-production-ecological space; the renewal of the cultural space: the repair of recessive genes and the repair of dominant genes; the renewal of the social space: the darning of relationship networks and the reconstruction of social order. In order to realize the sustainable development of the human settlement environment in traditional villages, the theoretical cognition and practical path of the organic renewal are discussed in depth, and have been established as a "multi-dimensional optimization, and multi-objective overall planning" mechanism, to provide scientific and practical reference for the organic renewal of the human settlement environment in Chinese traditional villages.
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Traditional villages carry the genes and blood of the Chinese nation. Retaining this "nostalgia" in the process of rural transformation and development is very important. From the perspective of landscape gene repair and culture gene repair and taking Zhangguying and Huangdu villages as the research objects, this study explored the changing path and spatial characteristics of the transformation and development of human settlement environment under the self-organization and hetero-organization modes, and constructed a transformation and development model of human settlement environment. The research shows that: 1) Under the self-organization mode, the transformation mechanism of traditional village human settlement environment system is flexible and has high long-term stability. The human settlement environment system under the hetero-organization mode has strong integrity and short-term stability, but lacks certain effectiveness. 2) The leading factor of self-organizing development comes from the endogenous forces dominated by village residents, who have strong ability of innovation and adaptation. Most of the hetero-organizing developments are dominated by external forces, with weak endogenous force and low ability of innovation and adaptation. 3) Under the guidance of self-organization model, the development logic of traditional villages' human settlement environment transformation mostly takes cultural gene repair as the first step, and landscape gene repair as the second step. The development logic of hetero-organization mode is in contrary to self-organization, showing a ladder-like development path. 4) Self-organizing model is easy to produce and preserve cultural genes, and stable cultural genes are also beneficial to maintaining the stable development of self-organizing system. However, the impact of hetero-organization mode is mostly concentrated on the landscape of the villages. It is difficult to form an independent and effective operation mechanism and development concept within the villages, and the ability to repair cultural genes is weak. 5) Self-organization mode is easy to form effective development mechanism and stable cultural atmosphere. The concept of "double-repairs" is easier to implement in the transformation of traditional village human settlement environment. Because of the lack of endogenous motivation, it is difficult to form an independent and effective operation mechanism and development concept within the village with the hetero-organization mode. It is more difficult to implement the concept of "double-repairs". 6) Self-organization mode can continue steadily in the future development of traditional villages. Although hetero-organization mode can continue in a short time, eventually it will be replaced by the self-organization mode with the transformation of internal and external subjects.
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DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2018.08.011
[本文引用: 2]
以脆弱性理论为基础,提出传统村落景观脆弱性的概念,从“内损性-暴露性”2个维度构建传统村落景观脆弱性定量评价指标体系,通过实地踏勘、文献查阅、问卷调查和访谈等方法获取数据,对湖南省新田县的3个典型传统村落进行定量评价。结果表明:① 3个案例村落的景观脆弱度均为中等脆弱等级:谭文溪村脆弱性最大,河山岩村次之,黑砠岭村脆弱性最小。② 从脆弱度得分贡献来看,系统内部结构是影响传统村落脆弱性的主要驱动因素,暴露性是次要因素。内部结构因素中,民俗文化和传统建筑是主因;外部扰动因素中,旅游开发是主因。③ 从各要素的相对脆弱率看,民俗文化、旅游开发和城镇化分列前3位,是当前传统村落脆弱性最明显、脆弱程度最深的影响因素。④ 评价结果与实际情况比较吻合,说明评价指标体系和评价方法具有一定的可信度。
Landscape vulnerability and quantitative evaluation of traditional villages: A case study of Xintian County, Hunan Province
DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2018.08.011
[本文引用: 2]
Assessment of vulnerability is a new perspective and method of traditional village comprehensive research. Based on vulnerability theories, this article puts forward the concept of the fragility of traditional village landscape. The quantitative evaluation index system of landscape vulnerability in traditional villages was constructed from the two dimensions of internal damage and exposure. And the datum are obtained by spot-surveying, literature searching, questionnaires and interviews, etc. Through the quantitative method, evaluating three typical traditional villages in Xintian County, Hunan Province. The results show that the landscape vulnerability of the three case villages is medium vulnerability level, and disparities are not large. Among them, Tan Wenxi village is the most vulnerable, the Heshan rock village is the second, and the Heijuling village the least. In the course of vulnerability score contribution, the internal structure of the system is the main driving factor affecting the vulnerability of traditional villages, and the exposure is the secondary factor. In the internal structural factors, folk culture and traditional architecture are the main factors. Among the external disturbance factors tourism development is the main factor. From the relative vulnerability rate of each element, folklore culture, tourism development and urbanization are the top three factors, which show these three elements are the most obvious vulnerability of traditional villages. The evaluation results are consistent with the actual situation, and all of this indicates the evaluation index system and evaluation method have certain credibility and can provide important management basis for the protection and sustainable discovery of traditional villages.
乡村旅游背景下传统村落景观适应性设计研究
[J].
Research on landscape adaptation design of traditional villages in the context of rural tourism
基于体制转换的乡村转型时空格局及演变机理: 以甘肃省榆中县为例
[J].
DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2022.12.010
[本文引用: 2]
乡村转型是乡村振兴的关键,也是“三农”转型的重要抓手。论文以黄土高原沟壑区甘肃省榆中县为例,从人口转型、土地转型和产业转型3个维度构建乡村转型指标体系,基于2002—2018年统计数据、农户调研数据、遥感数据等多源数据,运用熵值法、层次分析法、乡村转型度模型和空间分析方法,从县域和农户视角,量化与分析榆中县乡村转型及其时空演变格局,刻画农户生计转型路径;在此基础上,引入体制转换理论阐释乡村转型过程机理,并运用逐步回归分析方法识别驱动乡村转型的关键因素。结果表明:① 2002—2018年榆中县乡村转型度、产业转型度和人口转型度明显上升,而土地转型度稳中有降,乡村转型度和产业转型差异明显且变化较大,在中部川区最为突出。② 乡村转型、人口转型、产业转型均呈现“中部川区较高速和高速转型、北部山区低速转型、南部山区由低速转型向较高速过渡转型的空间格局”,并伴有逐级式和跨级式的变化特点,土地转型空间分布较为分散;乡村转型、人口转型、产业转型和土地转型的热点区主要集聚在中部川区,冷点区主要集聚于北部山区。③ 农户生计表现出多路径转型特征,北部山区为综合型生计转型路径,中部川区和南部山区为兼农型生计转型路径。④ 中部川区实现乡村体制转换,南部山区乡村发展明显升级转型,但未形成新的乡村体制,而北部山区乡村转型不够显著。⑤ 固定资产投资是决定榆中县乡村转型的关键因素。研究结果可为乡村转型提供新的研究视角,也为黄土高原沟壑区乡村振兴与乡村高质量发展提供理论依据。
Spatiotemporal evolution and mechanism of rural transformation: A case study of Yuzhong County in Gansu Province
DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2022.12.010
[本文引用: 2]
Rural transformation is the key to rural revitalization, and it is also an important basis for the transformation of agriculture, rural areas, and farmers. This study constructed a rural transformation indicator system based on population, land use, and industrial transformations, which is applied to a case study of Yuzhong County in Gansu Province in the hilly region of the Loess Plateau. Based on multi-source data such as statistical data from 2002 to 2018, rural household survey data, and remote sensing data, entropy method, analytic hierarchy process, rural transformation degree model, and spatial analysis method were used to quantify and analyze the rural transformation and its spatial-temporal evolution patterns, and to describe the pathways of rural household livelihood transformation from the perspectives of county and rural households. Then, we applied the regime shift theory to describe the mechanism of rural transformation, using the stepwise regression analysis method to identify the key factors driving rural transformation. The results show that: 1) The rural transformation degree, industrial transformation degree, and population transformation degree in Yuzhong County increased significantly from 2002 to 2018, while the land use transformation degree decreased steadily. The difference between rural transformation degree and industrial transformation degree was obvious and changed greatly, especially in the central plain area. 2) Rural transformation, population transformation, and industrial transformation basically showed a spatial pattern of relatively high and high-speed transformation in the central area, low-speed transformation in the north, and transition from low-speed to relatively high-speed transformation in the south, accompanied by step-by-step and cross-level changes, and the spatial distribution of land use transformation was relatively scattered. The hot spots of rural transformation, population transformation, industrial transformation, and land use transformation were concentrated in the central plain area of the county, while cold spots were mainly concentrated in the northern mountainous area. 3) The livelihood transformation pathways of rural households were diverse, which showed comprehensive transformation in the northern mountainous area, and part-time farming in the central plain and southern mountainous areas. 4) Rural transformation regime shift has taken place in the central plain area, while in the southern mountainous area rural development is progressing but a regime shift has not occurred, and rual transformation is not significant in the northern mountainous area. 5) Fixed asset investment is the key factor of rural transformation in Yuzhong County. Finally, the results aim to provide a theoretical basis for rural revitalization and rural high-quality development in the hilly region of the Loess Plateau from the new perspective of rural transformation study.
城市规划实施评价的理论与方法
[J].
Theory and methods of urban planning implementation evaluation
非物质文化遗产知识产权价值评估的理论研究
[J].
A theoretical probe into the intellectual property right evaluation of intangible cultural heritage
历史脉络概念: 美国文化遗产价值评估之方法学基础
[J].
Historic contexts: The conceptual basis of methodology for cultural heritage evaluation in America
基于CVM方法的文化遗产价值评估研究: 以云冈石窟为例
[J].
Research on the value assessment of cultural heritage based on CVM method: The Yungang Grottoes as an example
城市文化遗产价值解构与评估: 基于复合期权模式的研究视角
[J].
Deconstructing and assessing the value of urban cultural heritage: A research perspective based on the compound option mode
聚落“双修”视角下传统村落人居环境活化路径研究: 以湖南省张谷英村为例
[J].
DOI:10.11821/dlyj020190681
[本文引用: 2]
传统村落是农耕文明的重要载体,维持传统村落人居环境的有效更新极为重要。以中国传统村落张谷英村为例,运用景观基因分析法分析了张谷英村显性物质文化景观基因与隐性非物质文化基因特征,从聚落“双修”视角提出了传统村落人居环境活化方案。研究结果显示:① 显性景观基因特征为空间布局空心趋势明显,街巷系统衰退痕迹严重;民居建筑结构秩序紊乱,功能利用主体两极分化;主体建筑链条节点断裂,文明载体内涵挖掘尚浅;山川地势脉络根基平稳,水系网络线条渐趋单一;② 隐性文化基因特征为家风信仰世代传承不息,图腾标志遥相呼应不止;民俗文化延续之途受阻,传统礼仪抗争之路临难;③ 显性基因修补路径为基因建库,恢复原始形态,完善基础系统;微创修补,保留原始功能,再现原真风貌;隐身挖掘,重接本土链条,夯实建筑内涵;“低+高”干预,维持稳定脉络,调适单一线条;④ 隐性基因修复路径为内外熏陶,营造传承氛围,完善解说系统;置身其中,增强居民参与,再现特色场景。从聚落“双修”视角探索传统村落人居环境优化方案,其目的是在保留原有风貌的基础上实现有机更新,完成物质空间和非物质空间的转型发展,推动传统村落人居环境的可持续发展。
Activation path of human settlement environment of traditional villages from the perspective of "double repair": A case study of Zhangguying Village in Hunan Province
DOI:10.11821/dlyj020190681
[本文引用: 2]
As an important carrier of farming civilization, traditional villages are extremely important to maintaining their effective renewal of human settlement environment. Taking Zhangguying, a traditional Chinese village, as an example, this paper analyzed the genetic characteristics of dominant material culture landscape and recessive intangible culture in the village by gene analysis method, and then proposed an activation scheme of human settlement environment of traditional villages from the perspective of settlement“double repair”. The results showed that: (1) the dominant landscape gene features a hollow spatial layout trend, and the street system is seriously degraded; the residential building structure is disordered, and the function utilization subject is polarized; the connection of main building chain is fractured, and the civilization carrier connotation is still shallow. The foundation and venation of the mountains and terrain are stable, and the lines of water system are becoming single. (2) The characteristics of the recessive culture gene are family tradition and belief inherited from generation to generation and the totem signs echo each other at a distance continuously. The continuation road of folk culture is blocked, and the path of resistance to traditional etiquette is difficult. (3) The dominant gene repairing path is to create the gene database to perfect the basic system by restoring the original form, and retain the original function and reproduce the original style by minimally invasive repair. Then we reconnect the local chain and consolidate the architectural connotation by stealth mining, maintain a stable vein and adapt to a single line by “High & Low” intervention. (4) The path of recessive gene repairing is getting edification internally and externally, and creating an atmosphere of inheritance and perfecting the interpretation system, and then working in them, enhancing villagers' participation and reappearing distinguished scenes. The purpose of exploring the optimization plan of human settlement environment of traditional villages from the perspective of “double repair” is to achieve organic renewal on the basis of retaining the original styles and features, complete the transformation development of material space and non-material space, and promote the sustainable development of human settlement environment of traditional villages.
传统村落活态化发展水平评估研究: 以陕西省为例
[J/OL].
Evaluation on the level of development of activation development of traditional villages: A case study of Shaanxi Province
传统村落活态性定量评价研究
[J].
DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2020.06.006
[本文引用: 1]
提出传统村落活态性概念,从物质遗产、非物质遗产和村落居民3个方面构建传统村落活态性评价指标体系。通过实地踏勘、文献查阅、问卷调查等方法获取数据,对湖南省大湘西地区3个不同类型的传统村落活态性进行定量评价。结果表明:① 整体上失活问题较为普遍,东山村活态性最差,小市村次之,地笋苗寨活态性最好。② 从系统层来看,物质遗产是影响村落活态性最为重要的贡献因子,从要素层来看,人口结构、历史建筑和格局肌理是影响传统村落活态性的主要贡献因子。③ 从系统层来看,非物质遗产是导致湘西地区传统村落失活的主要因素,从要素层来看,人口数量、传统技能技艺、自然生态环境是导致传统村落失活的主要因子。④ 总体来看,旅游型传统村落活态性好于城镇化型和传统型村落。但是,不同类型村落的活态性贡献因子和失活因子均存在一定差异。
Quantitative evaluation on the living state of traditional villages
DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2020.06.006
[本文引用: 1]
Based on the theory of living state, this article aims to build an index system of the living state of traditional villages according to material heritage system, intangible heritage system and village residents system. The author obtained these data through literature review, field survey, questionnaire survey and local interview and other methods to quantitatively evaluate the living state of three different types of traditional villages in Xiangxi, Hunan Province. The results shows that: First, the problem of inactivation is relatively common among these villages, and Dongshan village has the worst living state, then Xiaoshi village, and Disun Miao village has the best living state. Second, from the perspective of the system level, material heritage is the most important factor affecting the living state of traditional villages; and from the perspective of the element level, demographic structure, historical buildings and pattern texture are the main factors that affect the living state of traditional villages. Third, from the perspective of system level, intangible heritage is the main factor that leads to the inactivation of traditional villages in Xiangxi area; from the perspective of elements level, population, traditional skills, and natural ecological environment are the main factors that lead to the inactivation of traditional villages. In general, the living state of tourism traditional villages is better than that of urbanized villages and traditional villages. However, there still has some differences between active contribution factors and inactivation factors in different types of villages.
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