城市与乡村是一个有机体,只有二者可持续发展,才能相互支撑。依据人地关系地域系统学说,城乡融合系统、乡村地域系统是全新认知和理解城乡关系的理论依据。针对日益严峻的“乡村病”问题,全面实施乡村振兴,既是推进城乡融合与乡村持续发展的重大战略,也是破解“三农”问题,决胜全面建成小康社会的必然要求。本文探讨了新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴的基础理论,剖析了乡村发展面临的主要问题,提出了问题导向的中国城乡融合与乡村振兴科学途径及研究前沿领域。结果表明：① 城乡融合与乡村振兴的对象是一个乡村地域多体系统,包括城乡融合体、乡村综合体、村镇有机体、居业协同体,乡村振兴重在推进城乡融合系统优化重构,加快建设城乡基础网、乡村发展区、村镇空间场、乡村振兴极等所构成的多级目标体系。② 中国“三农”问题本质上是一个乡村地域系统可持续发展问题,当前乡村发展正面临主要农业生产要素高速非农化、农村社会主体过快老弱化、村庄建设用地日益空废化、农村水土环境严重污损化和乡村贫困片区深度贫困化等“五化”难题。③ 乡村是经济社会发展的重要基础,城乡融合与乡村振兴战略相辅相成,乡村振兴应致力于创建城乡融合体制机制,推进乡村极化发展,按照产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效、生活富裕的要求,构建乡村地域系统转型—重构—创新发展综合体系。④ 乡村振兴地理学研究应着眼于乡村地域系统的复杂性、综合性、动态性,探究以根治“乡村病”为导向的新型村镇建设方案、模式和科学途径,为实现新时代中国乡村振兴战略提供理论参考。

Cities and villages are components of a specific organism. Only the sustainable development of two parts can support the prosperous development as a whole. According to the theory of man-earth areal system, urban-rural integrated system and rural regional system are the theoretical bases for entirely recognizing and understanding urban-rural relationship. To handle the increasingly severe problems of "rural disease" in rapid urbanization, accelerating rural revitalization in an all-round way is not only a major strategic plan for promoting the urban-rural integration and rural sustainable development, but also a necessary requirement for solving the issues related to agriculture, rural areas, and rural people in the new era and securing a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. This study explores the basic theories of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization and analyzes the main problems and causes of rural development in the new era, proposing problem-oriented scientific approaches and frontier research fields of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in China. Results show that the objects of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization is a regional multi-body system, which mainly includes urban-rural integration, rural complex, village-town organism, and housing-industry symbiosis. Rural revitalization focuses on promoting the reconstruction of urban-rural integration system and constructs a multi-level goal system including urban-rural infrastructure networks, zones of rural development, fields of village-town space and poles of rural revitalization. Currently, the rural development is facing the five problems: high-speed non-agricultural transformation of agriculture production factors, over-fast aging and weakening of rural subjects, increasingly hollowing and abandoning of rural construction land, severe fouling of rural soil and water environment and deep pauperization of rural poverty-stricken areas. The countryside is an important basis for the socioeconomic development in China, and the strategies of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization are complementary. The rural revitalization focuses on establishing the institutional mechanism for integrated urban-rural development and constructs the comprehensive development system of rural regional system, which includes transformation, reconstruction and innovation in accordance with the requirements of thriving businesses, pleasant living environments, social etiquette and civility, effective governance, and prosperity. Geographical research on rural revitalization should focus on the complexity and dynamics of rural regional system and explore new schemes, models and scientific approaches for the construction of villages and towns, which are guided by radical cure of "rural disease", implement the strategy of rural revitalization polarization, construct the evaluation index system and planning system of rural revitalization, thus providing advanced theoretical references for realizing the revitalization of China's rural areas in the new era.

传统的乡村现代化发展范式和地理学关于乡村的区域差异研究之间存在缝隙,不足以为快速演化分异的乡村地域发展提供直接理论支撑。本文引入西方近20年来逐渐兴起的多功能农业与多功能乡村理论,从新的视角观察思考中国乡村多元化发展的目标、路径及对策。首先从经济、社会和环境三个方面反思中国乡村现代化的基本历程与得失,以及西方国家乡村现代化产生的问题,指出传统的农业农村现代化发展在很大程度是以牺牲乡村环境和乡村社会机理脆弱化为代价的,也造成了乡村经济对外部支持的过度依赖,仅仅强调“现代化”发展范式显然是不够的;然后简要介绍了国外多功能农业与多功能乡村理论;在此基础上,从功能角度提出中国农业农村发展的多元目标,推演探讨农业农村发展的区域差异化路径及对策。

There is a big gap between general rural modernization paradigm and huge empirical rural geography studies. This gap results in impotent development strategies on regionally differentiated countryside. Based on multifunctional agriculture theory and multifunctional rural theory which emerged in Western World as a new paradigm, this paper discusses the multiple objectives, differentiated pathways and policies of agriculture and rural development in China. Firstly, this paper reflects the problems and challenges caused by modernization paradigm in rural China on economic, social, and environmental aspects, as well as that of western developed countries. It can be concluded that conventional agricultural and rural modernization is developed largely at the expense of rural environment, social fabric and economic viabilities. Obviously, "modernization development paradigm" alone is not enough for healthy agricultural and rural development in such booming economy as China. A better paradigm should be developed which takes economic development, social justice and environmental sustainability into account at the same time. After a brief review of multifunctional agriculture theory and multifunctional rural theory overseas, the multiple objectives of agriculture and rural development in China are put forward. These multiple objectives, however, should not and could not be a burden on rural space indiscriminatingly due to the enormous differentiation of natural and socio-economic conditions. Thus, the final but main part of this paper envisions the differentiated pathways and policy portfolios of agricultural and rural development in China from the perspective of territorial division.

对于多数农村地区而言,贫困是制约乡村发展的重要因素,为摆脱对农业的过度依赖和单一生产功能,乡村多功能逐步进入人们的视野并日渐受到关注,在很大程度上多功能路径有助于减少贫困发生率,并提高农村社区和家庭面对生存压力的能力。论文立足于乡村振兴的时代背景,在阐释乡村多功能概念内涵的基础上,采用实地调研和半结构式访谈等方法,基于多功能视角剖析贫困村域乡村发展的演变特征及驱动因素,总结提炼其创新发展模式,在此基础上进一步探讨贫困村域乡村振兴的路径选择。结果表明：① 在内外部驱动力的作用下,海南省什寒村实现了从弱势的贫困农村向产品多样化的多功能乡村转变;② 乡村农业生产、就业与社会保障、生态保育及文化传承等多项功能的协调发展,对于提高农村社会经济发展水平、增强乡村弹性具有积极意义;③ 驱动乡村多功能演化的因素包含政策支持、市场需求、自然本底、资金技术、行为主体和文化特质等多个方面;④ 针对贫困村域乡村发展存在的制约因素,提出从宏观层面提供乡村振兴外援力、从中观层面促进乡村振兴交互力、从微观层面激发乡村振兴内生力,通过总体谋划、各个击破以实现乡村振兴。最后从多功能视角,对乡村振兴发展的困境与出路进行了探讨。

For most regions in rural China, poverty is an important factor restricting rural development. In order to reduce excessive dependence on agriculture and single production function, rural multifunctionality is receiving increasing more attention. Multifunctional rural development is to a great extent conducive to reducing the incidence of poverty and improving the ability of rural communities and families to face the pressure of survival. Under the background of rural revitalization in China, this study used field investigation and semistructured interview results to analyze the characteristics of change and driving factors of rural development in poor villages from the perspective of multifunctionality. Based on the development model of Zahan Village, we further explored alternative pathways for vitalizing poor rural villages. The results show that: 1) Under the influence of "policy opportunity geography", Zahan Village has experienced a transition from a vulnerable poor rural village to a village with diversified functions. 2) The coordinated development of agricultural production, social security, ecological conservation, and cultural heritage protection in rural areas has positive implications for improving the level of rural socioeconomic development and enhancing rural resilience. 3) Factors driving rural multifunctional transition include policy support, market demand, natural environment, capital and technology, stakeholders, and cultural traits. 4) In view of the constraints of rural development in poor villages, it is proposed to provide external support for rural vitalization from the macro level, promote synergistic interaction from the meso level, stimulate endogenous forces from the micro level, and achieve rural vitalization through overall planning and various breakthroughs. Finally, based on the multifunctional rural development theory, the dilemmas and prospect of rural vitalization and development were discussed.

乡村振兴战略是新时代背景下中国妥善解决三农问题的重大战略决策。村域多功能发展及管理是实现乡村全面振兴的有效契合点和新路径。本文通过系统建立评价指标体系,应用综合评价法对研究区村域各项功能及多功能指数展开评价,利用纵横对比法识别村域主导功能及短板功能,确定各村域的发展类型,并提出了差异化发展路径。研究结果表明：①村域农业生产功能、居住生活功能、社会保障功能及生态保育功能的空间分异明显;②山区村域多功能指数整体不高,且各村域差异不大;③通过识别各村域主导功能及短板功能,建立发展类型划分规则,将研究区划分为极化发展型、主导发展型及综合发展型3大发展类型,并进一步将极化发展型细分为4类发展亚型,将主导发展类型分为3类发展亚型,最终对各类发展类型提出了相应的发展策略。本文从村域多功能视角探索乡村振兴策略,为中国新时代乡村振兴战略提供借鉴,也有利于拓展地域多功能研究视角,进一步丰富多功能研究理论框架。

Under the background of China’s rapid urbanization, rural areas are still facing a severe situation of lagging behind or even backward development. Rural revitalization strategy is a significant strategic decision for China to properly solve the “Three Rural Issues.” The multifunctional development and its management of villages will be a focal point and a new path to realize the overall revitalization of the countryside. This study established a systematic evaluation index to evaluate the multifunctions of village space, and used the horizontal and vertical comparison methods to identify dominant functions and weak functions of each village, determine the development type of the village, and finally put forward different development strategies for the villages. The results are as follows: (1) The agricultural production function, living function, social security function, and ecological conservation function are spatially different in the mountainous rural areas; (2) The multifunction index values are low overall and show little variations for the villages; (3) Through identifying the dominant functions and weak functions, the study established a set of criteria to classify development types for villages, and then divided the villages of the study area into polarized development type, leading development type, and comprehensive development type. Next, the polarized development villages were divided into four subtypes of development, and the leading development villages were divided into three subtypes. Finally, we put forward the corresponding development strategies for various types of villages. This study explored the strategies of rural revitalization from the perspective of village space multifunctions, which may provide some practical reference for rural revitalization strategy in the new era, expand the perspective of regional multifunctional research, and enrich the theoretical framework of multifunctional study.

Two scientific communities with broad interest in sustainable agriculture independently focus on multifunctional agriculture or ecosystem services. These communities have limited interaction and exchange, and each group faces research challenges according to independently operating paradigms. This paper presents a comparative review of published research in multifunctional agriculture and ecosystem services. The motivation for this work is to improve communication, integrate experimental approaches, and propose areas of consensus and dialog for the two communities. This extensive analysis of publication trends, ideologies, and approaches enables formulation of four main conclusions. First, the two communities are closely related through their use of the term "function." However, multifunctional agriculture considers functions as agricultural activity outputs and prefers farm-centred approaches, whereas ecosystem services considers ecosystem functions in the provision of services and prefers service-centred approaches. Second, research approaches to common questions in these two communities share some similarities, and there would be great value in integrating these approaches. Third, the two communities have potential for dialog regarding the bundle of ecosystem services and the spectrum of multifunctional agriculture, or regarding land sharing and land sparing. Fourth, we propose an integrated conceptual framework that distinguishes six groups of ecosystem services and disservices in the agricultural landscape, and combines the concepts of multifunctional agriculture and ecosystem services. This integrated framework improves applications of multifunctional agriculture and ecosystem services for operational use. Future research should examine if the framework can be readily adapted for modelling specific problems in agricultural management. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The rural economic situation in China-with a living standard mostly at subsistence level-lags far behind the prosperous development in the cities and coastal areas. To balance this disequilibrium, comprehensive concepts and endeavors are necessary keeping in view all-not just economic-interests and needs that contribute to lively rural identities. In this context the role of agriculture, where still 50% of the Chinese population are working, will be newly defined, and sustainability concepts can help to find a readjusted position within the Chinese economy focusing on environmental health and food safety as main targets of political and other supporting measures. Within the SUCCESS project, a Concept of Sustainable Agriculture was developed and it drafts one conceivable relation between the exposure to natural resources and economy and tries to find new answers to the broad range of rural challenges in China. It is a qualitative model and, therefore, not always fully applicable, but in the concrete situation of villages, it shows possible directions of sustainability-oriented development by considering the typical local potentials. In the Chinese context that means identifying the different functions of agriculture-the well-known and the hidden-to make them explicit for the Chinese public and therewith to give them new significance. The article is based on a 3-years study within the EU-China Project SUCCESS with field research in four Chinese rural communities. It analyzes the agricultural sustainability potential of these selected villages against the background of massive structural changes within the next 20 years in rural China. Starting from the current agricultural reality, based on a qualitative analysis of the actual situation, local potentials and needs towards sustainable production and marketing are identified, and possible functions of the Chinese agriculture are formulated for the future.

以具有国家粮食基地和老工业基地的经济功能与特征的辽宁省为例,通过构建乡村地域多功能评价指标体系,采用ArcGIS自然间断点分级法和全局空间自相关分析农业生产、非农生产、居住生活和生态保障四类功能的空间格局特征,采用Spearman等级相关系数定量分析功能间交互作用,识别各区县优势功能类型,并提出未来发展的政策建议。结果表明：① 从省域层面看,乡村地域功能空间格局的空间差异性和空间集聚特征显著;② 根据乡村地域功能间的相关关系和功能间的互动实际,得出各功能间的交互作用类型,从而为功能调控提供指导;③ 基于功能状态和功能间的交互作用,将辽宁省78个区县划分为8种乡村地域功能类型,并根据类型提出科学谋划辽宁乡村未来发展的初步建议,为促进乡村转型与城乡统筹提供参考。

In the new era, China is promoting integrated urban and rural areas. Rural territory is in the process of transformation, development and reconstruction. The features of rural territorial function diversification and multi-functionality have become more and more obvious. This paper takes Liaoning province, which is one of the national grain producing bases and old industrial bases in China, as the research area. It constructs an evaluation index system of rural territorial multifunctions from the following four aspects: agricultural production function, non-agricultural production function, dwelling and living function, and ecological service function. Jenks and Global Spatial Autocorrelation are used to explore the spatial pattern and spatial correlation of rural territorial functions. The Spearman's rho is used to analyze the interactions among rural territorial functions. This paper identifies the dominant function types of different counties in Liaoning province, and puts forward policy recommendations for their future development. The results of the study are reflected in the following three aspects: (1) The spatial distribution of rural territorial functions has obvious spatial heterogeneity and spatial agglomeration characteristics in Liaoning province. The highest and higher values of agricultural production function concentrate in the Liaohe River Plain. Non-agricultural production function decreases from the core urban areas, the highest, and higher values areas to the outside. The highest, higher, and middle values of dwelling and living function concentrate in municipal districts. The highest and higher values of ecological service function are observed in the mountainous areas. (2) According to the correlation among rural territorial functions and the actual interaction among functions, the types of interaction among functions have been clearly identified, which can provide guidance for the regulation of functions. (3) Based on the status and interactions of different functions, eight types of rural territorial functions have been identified. According to the types, preliminary proposals are put forward for the future development of rural areas in Liaoning province, which would provide references for the promotion of the rural transformation and the balanced urban and rural development.

基于村庄规划详细调查数据库，采用空间集中度和功能识别等方法，深度剖析广州都市边缘区村域尺度乡村发展的类型分化及其动力机制。结果表明：① 广州都市边缘区村域乡村功能的空间梯度差异特征明显。乡村经济发展功能和社会保障功能呈现出由城区向城郊逐渐减弱的分异特征，农业生产功能和生态保育功能则由城区向城郊逐渐增强态势。以乡村主导功能为划分原则，将广州市都市边缘区乡村划分为经济发展功能主导型、社会保障功能主导型、农业生产功能主导型、生态保育功能主导型、均衡发展型和综合发展型等6种类型。② 在城乡区位上，城镇发展型、混合发展型和传统发展型3类乡村依次呈现出围绕主城区和城市副中心的圈层结构特征。③ 政府力通过行政区划调整、战略发展规划、重大项目及重大基础设施的建设推动城乡发展空间转型，奠定了乡村发展的圈层分化格局；市场力通过企业投资和产业转移助推乡村产业非农化和地域功能多样化；社会力通过经济组织发展和乡镇企业兴办等推动乡村“三生”空间重构。④ 建立多方参与的社区化管理体系、乡村群空间组织结构以及镇乡互动圈将是乡村发展优化的重点。

This article takes the differentiation of rural development types in metropolitan fringes areas as the theme. The comprehensive analysis of the rural development types, formation mechanism and optimization were examined on village scale in Guangzhou by using the village planning survey database of Guangzhou in 2013 and methods such as spatial concentration and functional identification. The results as fellows: First, the spatial gradient difference of rural function in Guangzhou is significant. The functions of economic development and social security are gradually decreasing from urban areas to suburbs, while the functions of agricultural production and ecological conservation are gradually increasing from urban areas to suburbs. According to the principle of rural dominate function, the rural areas in Guangzhou are divided into 6 types: economic development leading type, social security leading type, agricultural production leading type, ecological conservation leading type, balanced development type and comprehensive development type, among which the balanced development type is the main type. Secondly, the rural areas of Guangzhou are divided into urban development type, mixed development type and traditional development type by the characteristics of rural development and the location, which exhibit layer structures surrounding the downtown and the sub-center of city. Third, government, market and social forces are important driving forces of rural development, which exert multi-directional influences on the differentiation of rural development through different forms of action. The government promotes the rapid development of urbanization through administrative division adjustment, strategic development planning, major projects and major infrastructure construction. Market forces promote rural industrial structure transformation and non-agriculture diversified development through enterprise investment and industrial. Social forces promote the reconstruction of rural production, living and ecological space through the development of economic organizations and the establishment of township enterprises. Fourth, the system of multi-participation in the community management, the space integration of village cluster, as well as the construction of town-township interaction circle will be an important way to optimize rural development.

乡村发展是乡村地域系统循环累积与动态演化的结果,全面梳理乡村发展历史脉络与地域分异格局,对于科学推动新时代乡村振兴战略落实具有重要意义。基于人地关系地域系统理论和人地系统科学认知,本文解析了1978—2050年中国乡村发展演化进程,探讨了乡村转型发展与乡村振兴的内在逻辑,揭示了中国县域乡村振兴水平的空间格局,进而提出了新时代乡村振兴的关键问题及其路径对策。研究表明：① 中国1978—2050年的乡村发展可划分为解决温饱、小康建设和实现富裕三个主要阶段,是一个由低水平、基础型向高质量、创新型不断发展的过程;② 乡村振兴本质上是乡村转型发展的一个特殊阶段,是乡村发展演化到一定阶段后,为解决其面临的突出问题以向更高层次迈进的战略选择;③ 2017年中国57.3%的县域乡村振兴综合水平介于0.40~0.50之间,在空间上呈现出明显的东中西地域分异,并具有显著的聚集特征和正相关性;④ 新时代乡村振兴战略的落实重在科学识别乡村振兴的瞄准区域,综合研判乡村发展演化的趋势,系统诊断乡村地域类型的主导制约因素,全面认知城乡耦合互动的逻辑关系,进而采取针对性措施推进农业农村现代化。

China is a large agricultural country, and issues concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers are closely related to national economic and social development. To achieve the "Two Centenary Goals", rural revitalization strategy has become the choice to resolve unbalanced urban-rural development and inadequate rural development in China. Rural development is a comprehensive process of cycle accumulation and dynamic evolution of rural regional system. Thus, it is of great significance to systematically analyze the process and regional pattern of rural development to scientifically promote the implementation of rural revitalization strategy in the new era. Based on the theory of human-earth areal system and human-earth system science, this study examines the process and features of rural development in China from 1978 to 2050, discusses the internal relationship between rural transformation and rural revitalization, reveals the spatial pattern of the level of county rural revitalization in 2017, and finally puts forward the key problems and countermeasures for rural revitalization in the new era. Results show that the evolution of China's rural development in the period of 1978-2050 can be divided into three stages, i.e. solving the problem of food and clothing (1978-2005), building a well-off society (2005-2020) and realizing prosperity (2020-2050). In general, it is a dynamic and continuous process from low-level and basic-type to high-quality and innovation-type. Rural revitalization is a special stage of rural transformation, and a strategic choice to solve the prominent problem in rural development when it has evolved to a certain stage, thus boosting rural development to a higher stage. In 2017, when rural revitalization strategy was initiated, the level of rural revitalization in 57.3% of the counties in China was between 0.40 and 0.50, and there was an obvious gradient differentiation from the east to the west, with significant clustering characteristics and positive correlation. Specifically, the counties featured by "high-high (H-H)" clustering were mainly distributed in the third step of the terrain and the middle of Sichuan Basin; while the counties featured by "low-low (L-L)" clustering were concentrated in western China except Sichuan Basin, the eastern part of Inner Mongolia and the north of Tianshan Mountains. Due to the regionalism, stage and the difference in constraints of rural development, the focuses of rural revitalization in the new era lie in scientifically identifying the targeting areas of rural revitalization, comprehensively judging the trends of rural development, and systematically diagnosing the dominant constraints of different types of rural areas, so as to take targeted measures to make up for the shortcomings of the modernization of agriculture and rural areas. Besides, it is necessary to fully understand the interactions between urban and rural areas, thus promoting urban-rural integrated development.

城市边缘区乡村多元价值凸显,迫切需以乡村多功能理论为指导划分“三生”空间,以空间重构促进转型发展。论文首先从生产、生活与生态功能方面评价城市边缘区多功能时空变化;其次进行图斑尺度“三生”空间适宜性评价,两者共同得到基于乡村多功能的“三生”空间适宜性;最后据此设计算法划分“三生”空间。研究发现：① 城市边缘区乡村休闲娱乐、观光农业等功能显现,需要重构多功能空间促进转型发展;② 江苏徐州市铜山区乡村非农生产与生活功能主要分布在与中心城区较近地区,农业空间主要分布在中心城区远郊外围,生态功能则表现出高度空间异质性,农业、非农生产与生活功能在提升,而生态功能则普遍下降;③ 县域“三生”空间划定需多尺度联合,既要考虑乡镇尺度多功能差异,还要体现图斑尺度适宜性,才能为空间规划提供有意义的借鉴。论文提出的基于乡村多功能评价的“三生”空间划分可为即将开展的国土空间规划提供科学依据。

Rural multifunctional values?in urban fringes are prominent at the current stage of urbanization in China. Therefore, it is urgent to delineate "production-living-ecological" space using the rural multifunction theory in order to carry out spatial reconstruction. This study developed a comprehensive method for delineating the "production-living-ecological" space in urban fringe based on rural multifunction evaluation, taking Tongshan District of Xuzhou City for empirical research. First, the spatial and temporal changes of rural multifunctions were evaluated from the aspects of production, living, and ecological functions. Second, suitability evaluation for "production-living-ecological" space was carried out at the grid scale, and then, the rural multifunctional "production-living-ecological" space suitability evaluation result was attained. Finally, the "production-living-ecological" space was delineated. The study revealed that: 1) With the overwhelming development of rural recreation and sightseeing agriculture in urban fringe, the application of rural multifunction theory to the reconstruction of multifunctional space can promote development transition. 2) Non-agricultural production function and living function are mainly distributed in the suburbs surrounding the main urban area, while agricultural production function is mainly distributed in the outer suburbs, and ecological function shows clear spatial heterogeneity. Agricultural, non-agricultural production, and living functions are improving, while ecological function is declining. 3) "Production-living-ecological" space delineation at county level needs multiscale combination, not only considering the multifunctional differences at the township scale, but also accounting for suitability at the vector or grid level. The proposed method of delineating "production-living-ecological" space based on rural multifunctional evaluation can provide a scientific basis for spatial planning.

论文以中国大陆县域为研究单元,构建乡村地域多功能评价指标体系,利用熵权法、半变异函数和地理探测器等模型,对2000—2015年中国乡村多功能指数进行综合测评,揭示中国县域乡村地域多功能的空间分异特征,定量识别乡村地域多功能空间分异的影响因素。研究结果表明：① 中国乡村地域多功能在空间上呈现出平原、东部沿海等地区高值集聚,高原、山地等地区低值集聚,各县域乡村地域多功能整体呈现出逐渐提升态势;② 经济发展功能和社会保障功能对乡村地域多功能的贡献率逐渐增大,农业生产功能和生态保育功能对乡村地域多功能的贡献率逐渐减小;③ 2000—2015年,中国大陆范围内县域乡村地域多功能空间自相关范围和强度总体呈现减小的趋势,随机性因子成为乡村地域多功能空间分异的主要驱动力;④ 县域经济整体发展水平和财政收入是影响乡村地域多功能空间分异的主导因素;各影响因素之间的两两交互作用会增强乡村地域多功能的空间分异;社会环境因素对乡村地域多功能空间分异的影响程度逐渐上升,自然环境因素的影响程度逐渐下降。

To reveal the spatial differentiation characteristics of rural multifunctionality in Chinese county areas and quantitatively identify the influencing factors of spatial differentiation of rural multifunctionality, this study comprehensively evaluated rural multifunctionality at the county level in China from 2000 to 2015 by constructing an evaluation index system, using entropy weight method, semi-variance function, and geodetector method. The main results are as follows: 1) The spatial distribution of rural multifunctionality was uneven. High-value regions of rural multifunctionality were concentrated in the plain areas and the eastern coasts of China. Low-value regions were concentrated on the plateaus and in the mountain regions. Rural multifunctionality presents a gradual upward temporal trend as a whole. 2) The contribution rate of economic development function and social security function to rural multifunctionality gradually increased, and the contribution rate of agricultural production function and ecological conservation function to rural multifunctionality gradually decreased. 3) From 2000 to 2015, the range and intensity of spatial auto-correlation of rural multifunctionality gradually decreased at the county level in China. Random factors became the driving forces of spatial differentiation of rural multifunctionality. 4) Economic development and fiscal revenue of counties were the main factors that affect the spatial differentiation of rural multifunctionality. The interaction of different influencing factors enhanced the spatial differentiation of rural multifunctionality. The degree of influence of social factors was gradually rising and the degree of influence of natural factors was gradually decreasing over time.

乡村是城市功能扩散与转移的重要承接地，乡村功能的时空演变及影响因素分析对实现城乡统筹发展与可持续发展具有重要意义。综合运用熵值法、冷热点分析和地理探测器等方法，以湖南省102个县市为研究对象，对湖南省乡村功能的时空演变、空间分异及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明：① 1997―2017年县域乡村生产和生活功能整体上呈现出上升的发展态势，而乡村生态功能整体上呈减弱的趋势。② 1997―2017年湖南省乡村功能热点区由长株潭地区向外扩张，而冷点区呈先收缩后扩张的发展态势；20 a间，在长株潭地区形成稳定的热点区，在湘西地区形成稳定的冷点区。③ 湖南省乡村功能空间分异是农业现代化、乡村就业主体、县域经济基础、城镇化、工业化等综合作用的结果，其影响力大小与方向存在显著的差异性，其中农业现代化水平、乡村就业主体对湖南省及5个地区乡村功能空间分异有重要的驱动作用。

Rural function refers to the sum of various services provided by the village to meet the various needs of rural residents, involving ecological, economic, social, cultural and other aspects. China is in a critical period of urbanization development. The expansion of urban and rural construction land has restricted rural production space, fragmented living space, and unbalanced ecological space. However, the development of economy and technology and the proposal of rural revitalization strategies have prompted the reintegration of various elements of the rural regional system. The village has entered a period of rapid transformation. Under the effects of both rural revitalization and urbanization, important changes have taken place in rural employment structure, consumption patterns, and urban-rural relations. Rural functions have gradually extended from primitive residential and agricultural production functions to industrial production functions, life support functions, and eco-tourism. Traditional agricultural areas are the main producing areas of agricultural products and agricultural and sideline products, and shoulder the important task of national food security. The occupation of cultivated land by industrialization and urbanization has affected the development of traditional agricultural areas in the country. The priority development of China’s economic efficiency has neglected the protection of rural culture and ecology, which has caused serious degradation of rural traditional functions. The village is an important bearing of the diffusion and transfer of urban functions. The analysis of the spatiotemporal evolution of rural functions and its influencing factors is of great significance for the realization of urban and rural integrated development and sustainable development. A comprehensive application of the entropy method, cold and hot spot analysis, and geo-detector methods, taking 102 counties and cities in Hunan Province as the study area, the spatial-temporal evolution, spatial differentiation, and driving forces of rural functions in Hunan Province are studied by the paper. The results show that: 1) On the whole, from 1997 to 2017, the production and living functions of rural areas in the county area showed an upward trend, while changes in rural ecological functions showed a weakening development trend. 2) From 1997 to 2017, Hunan’s rural functional hotspot area expanded from Changzhutan area to the periphery, while the cold spot area expanded first and then expanded. In these 20 years, a stable hotspot area was formed in Changzhutan area, while On the west side, a stable cold spot area is formed. 3) The spatial differentiation of rural functions in Hunan Province is the result of the combined effect of county background factors and external driving factors, and their roles are significantly different in direction and direction. The two indicators of agricultural modernization level and the main body of rural employment have a significant impact on rural functions.

探究乡村三生空间功能间的互动关系,是当前乡村空间优化过程中亟待解决的关键问题。结合国土空间规划“三生”空间理论与耦合协调模型,定量测算2005年、2010年、2015年重庆市37个区县的乡村三生空间功能及其两两间的耦合度和耦合协调度并进行空间比较和时序分析。结果表明：耦合度呈现低耦合、拮抗、磨合、协调耦合四种类型,耦合协调度呈现中度失调、基本协调、中度协调三种类型;乡村三生空间功能耦合协调的时空格局差异显著,空间上呈现出“西高东低”的格局特征,时间上呈现由低水平耦合向协调耦合发展的波浪式演进特征;乡村三生空间功能两两之间耦合协调状态差异明显,“生活—生态”功能耦合协调情况较差,是未来优化乡村空间的重点方向。

The production space function, living space function and ecological space function promote and restrict each other; the complex relationship among the three functions is the major cause of the development and evolution of production-living-ecological space in rural areas. The coordinated and mutual development of the rural production-living-ecological space function is one of the most crucial issues in the current process of spatial restructuring in rural China. In this study, we established an index system for rural production-living-ecological space function with the production-living-ecological space theory in territorial space planning, based on the fact that a coupling coordination model was built. Therefore, after quantitatively calculating the coupling degree and coupling coordinate degree (2005, 2010, and 2015) of 37 districts and counties in Chongqing, we conducted spatial comparison and temporal analysis, the results are shown as follows. There were four types of coupling degree (low level coupling type, moderate level coupling type, break-in coupling type and coordination coupling type) and three types of coupling coordination degree (moderate incongruous type, elementary coordination type and moderate coordination type) appeared in rural production-living-ecological space function, which offered implications for calculating the mutual relationship among the three functions. The coupling coordination degree of rural production-living-ecological space function exhibited significant difference spatially and temporally; to be specific, it presented a spatial pattern of "high in the west and low in the east". In the time dimension, it waved from low level to high level coupling. There were obvious differences of coupling coordination status among every two of the three rural space functions. The coupling coordination of "production-living space function" was higher than that of "production-ecological space function" and "living-ecological space function" in the same period, whilst the coupling coordination of "living-ecological space function" had the poorest condition. Thus, living-ecological space function should be the key point for spatial restructuring and it must be proposed firstly in rural areas.

Under the background of the agricultural supply-side structural reform and rural revitalization, it is critical to raise farmers' income, realize sustainable agricultural development and guarantee food security by developing multiple agriculture functions in various regions and coordinating the development of regions with different agricultural functional characteristics. The spatio-temporal differentiation of agricultural multifunctions results from the comprehensive effects of the agricultural resource endowments and the socio-economic development level and stages. This paper constructs an evaluation index system of agricultural multifunctions. Taking Shandong province as an example, this paper analyzes the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and driving mechanisms of agricultural multifunctions at county level from 2004 to 2017 by using spatial mismatch, regression analysis and so on. The results are shown as follows: The spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of agricultural functions in the province were significantly different during 2004-2017. Among them, the agricultural products supplying function showed a growth trend of increasing first and decreasing afterwards, and its high-value areas were mainly distributed in the "half-ring" area surrounding the south-central mountainous area of Shandong province; the economic development function showed a growth trend of decreasing first and increasing afterwards, and its high-value areas were transformed from traditional agricultural areas with high proportion of agriculture to modern agricultural areas with high agricultural output value and distinctive agricultural areas which have high-value agricultural products or prosperous correlative industries such as agricultural tourism; the social security function showed a downward trend, and its high-value areas were concentrated in the grain producing areas with large farmland area per labor and the mountainous-hilly areas with distinctive agriculture; the ecological service function showed a downward trend of decreasing first and increasing afterwards, and its high-value areas were mainly distributed in mountainous-hilly areas with good ecological basement. The impact of factors on different elements of the same function differed in direction and extent, which resulted in changes of agricultural functional structure. Finally, based on the functional perspective, this paper proposes the development paths and zoning optimization strategies for agriculture in Shandong province.

随着城镇化的快速推进,中国社会经济发展进入转型期,乡村功能发展的多元化和空间分异特征日益明显。以长株潭地区23个县市区为研究地域单元,构建乡村功能评价指标体系及评价模型,揭示长株潭地区“生产—生活—生态”功能分异特征并进行功能分区与调控路径研究。结果表明：① 长株潭地区乡村“三生”功能空间分异特征明显,耕地资源丰富的醴陵市、浏阳市等地区生产功能较强,基础设施较为完善的荷塘区、岳塘区等地区生活功能较强,生态环境较好的茶陵县等地区生态功能较强。② 基于评价结果将研究区共划分为东部平原生产区、中部丘陵生活区、南部山地生态区、中部丘陵生态生活区和北部丘陵生态生产区5种类型功能区,其中东部平原生产区、中部丘陵生活区、南部山地生态区为长株潭地区的三生功能优势发展区,基于“优化主导优势功能、提升中等功能、改善弱势功能”的原则,提出各功能分区的调控路径与发展策略,从而为长株潭地区乡村功能转型发展与主导功能的识别及确定提供理论依据。

With the rapid economic growth in the 21st century, China's economy has been in a transitional period of rapid development and a mass-type economic development. With the rapid urbanization and industrialization, the internal and external environments for the development of rural areas are experiencing significant changes. The rural areas have entered a new period of transformation and development, which has shown the characteristics of diversification and regionalization. There are great differences in their dominant superiority functions because of the differences in the basis of social and economic development, location conditions and resource endowments in different regions. Under the background, the development of rural functions has become a new topic of rural geography research. Meanwhile it has also become a new theory and a new paradigm for guiding the determination of dominance in rural areas and the development of space regulation in the new era. With the rapid urbanization, China's social and economic development has entered a transitional period, and the diversity of function of rural regional development and spatial differentiation has increasingly become apparent. Taking the Chang-Zhu-Tan area's 23 counties as a geographical unit, we construct an index system and evaluation model of rural area function evaluation, and reveal the feature of "Production-Life-Ecology" in the study area. The results showed that: (1) The characteristics of spatial differentiation of "production-life-ecological" function in rural areas in the study area are obvious. The cities of Liling and Liuyang with rich cultivated land has a strong production function, Hetang and Yuetang districts with well-equipped infrastructure have powerful living function, and Chaling County with better eco-environment has a strong ecological function. (2) Based on the evaluation results, the study area is divided into five types of functional areas, namely, the eastern plain production area, the central hilly living area, the southern mountainous ecological area, the central hilly ecological area and the northern hilly ecological area. Among them, the eastern plain production area, the central hilly living area and the southern mountainous ecological area are the tri-functional superiority development areas. Based on the principle of "optimizing the leading superiority function, enhancing the moderately-oriented function and improving the disadvantaged function", we propose the path of regulation and the strategy of development of each function zone, thus providing a theoretical basis for the recognition and determination of the rural function transformation and development and the leading function in the Chang-Zhu-Tan area.

乡村人口与土地利用方式变革压力下,构建恢复力已成为保障区域社会—生态系统可持续发展的有效举措。以陕西省米脂县高渠乡为研究区,从社会、经济、制度、生态4个维度,运用熵权TOPSIS法对黄土丘陵沟壑区20个乡村的社区恢复力进行测度,探讨了2015—2019年社区恢复力的时空演变;利用障碍度模型分析了社区恢复力关键影响因子作用机制,并通过比较当前关键影响因子所处维度,将社区划分为不同类型,实现社区的分类治理。结果表明：①（① “四会”指村民议事会、红白理事会、道德评议会、禁毒禁赌会。） 研究期间社区恢复力由0.171提升到0.318,其中经济恢复力上升较为明显,制度、生态恢复力呈小幅提高,而社会恢复力则表现为下降;社区恢复力空间分异更加显著,呈现为“中部高、边缘低”的分布格局。② 研究期末社区恢复力关键影响因素中,经济维度有养殖业发展水平、种植业发展水平、农业产业化带动农户数、农民人均收入;制度维度为基层领导平均受教育年限、公平性管制、村民参与决策机会;社会维度为乡村公共空间比例、流动人口比例;生态维度为“三田”面积占比。③ 通过当前社区恢复力关键影响因子各维度障碍度大小排序,依次识别经济、制度、社会、生态恢复力低值区,最终将高渠乡20个乡村社区划分为3类,结合不同类型乡村社区的特点提出相应对策建议,以期为精准化、差异化管理提供决策参考。

Under the pressure of rural population and land-use change, the building of resilience has become an effective measure to ensure the sustainable development of regional social-ecological systems. Taking Gaoqu Township in Mizhi County of Shaanxi Province as the research area and using entropy weight TOPSIS method, this research measured the community resilience of 20 villages in the loess hilly-gully region from four dimensions of society, economy, institution, and ecology. The spatiotemporal change of community resilience from 2015 to 2019 was discussed; the impact mechanism of key influencing factors of community resilience was analyzed by using the obstacle degree model, and the dimensions of the current key factors were compared to divide the case study communities into different types for differentiated governance. The results show that: First, community resilience increased from 0.171 to 0.318 during the research period. Economic resilience increased significantly, institutional and ecological resilience increased only slightly, while social resilience decreased. The spatial variation of community resilience became more significant and shows a distribution pattern of "high in the middle and low in the peripheries". Second, the key influencing factors of community resilience at the end of the research period include the development level of animal husbandry and cropping, the number of farming households participated in agricultural industrialization, and per capita income of farmers in the economic dimension; the average years of education of local leaders, fairness in governance, and farmers' opportunity of participating in decision making in the institutional dimension; the proportion of rural public space and the proportion of migrant population in the social dimension; and the proportion of the area of irrigated land, terrace, and dammed land in the ecological dimension. Third, according to the obstacle degree ranking of the dimensions of the key influencing factors, the low-value communities of economic, institutional, social, and ecological resilience are identified successively. Finally, the 20 rural communities in Gaoqu were divided into three types, and corresponding countermeasures and suggestions were put forward according to the characteristics of the different types of rural communities, aiming to provide a reference for the decision making of precision and differentiated management.

GDP growth is often measured poorly for countries and rarely measured at all for cities or subnational regions. We propose a readily available proxy: satellite data on lights at night. We develop a statistical framework that uses lights growth to augment existing income growth measures, under the assumption that measurement error in using observed light as an indicator of income is uncorrelated with measurement error in national income accounts. For countries with good national income accounts data, information on growth of lights is of marginal value in estimating the true growth rate of income, while for countries with the worst national income accounts, the optimal estimate of true income growth is a composite with roughly equal weights. Among poor-data countries, our new estimate of average annual growth differs by as much as 3 percentage points from official data. Lights data also allow for measurement of income growth in sub- and supranational regions. As an application, we examine growth in Sub Saharan African regions over the last 17 years. We find that real incomes in non-coastal areas have grown faster by 1/3 of an annual percentage point than coastal areas; non-malarial areas have grown faster than malarial ones by 1/3 to 2/3 annual percent points; and primate city regions have grown no faster than hinterland areas. Such applications point toward a research program in which "empirical growth" need no longer be synonymous with "national income accounts."

本研究基于土地利用、兴趣点、社会经济统计等数据,从乡镇尺度揭示了北京生态涵养区经济发展、农产品生产、社会保障、生态服务、旅游休闲以及综合功能的空间特征,并运用Spearman秩相关分析、生产可能性边界（PPF）、权衡强度指数等定量探讨了多功能间的权衡-协同关系及其权衡程度。结果表明：① 经济发展、社会保障和休闲旅游功能的空间格局相似;生态服务功能与经济发展、社会保障和农产品生产功能的空间格局基本相逆。② 经济发展与农产品生产/社会保障功能为显著协同关系;经济发展/农产品生产/社会保障与生态服务功能为显著权衡关系。③ 按照“‘权衡强度越小,功能间共生发展’‘权衡强度越大,最多发展一种功能’”的思路,以追求乡村功能组合的综合效益最大化为目标,将生态涵养区划分为I（4种功能共生）、II（3种功能共生）、III（2种功能共生）和IV（单一功能发展）4种类型区。研究结果将为区域乡村振兴规划编制提供参考,为乡村功能协同发展路径设计提供技术支撑。

Based on land use, point of interest, socio-economic statistics and other data, this study constructs an evaluation system of rural function from five dimensions of economic development, agricultural product production, social security, ecological services and tourism and leisure, and reveals the spatial characteristics of the five functions above and their comprehensive functions of the ecological conservation area from the township scale. By means of Spearman rank correlation analysis, production possibility frontier (PPF) and trade-off intensity index and so on, the trade-off coordination relationship and the degree of trade-off between rural functions are quantitatively discussed. The results show that: (1) the spatial patterns of economic development, social security and leisure tourism functions are similar; on the contrary, the functions of economic development, social security and agricultural products production in towns with strong ecological service function are often weak. (2) There is a significant synergy relationship between economic development and agricultural production / social security function, and a significant trade-off relationship between economic development / agricultural production / social security and ecological service function. And the trade-off intensity is economic development - ecological services > social security - ecological services > agricultural production - ecological services. When it comes to the PPF curve, we can conclude that the trade-off between economic development / agricultural product production and ecological service function is similar. That is to say, the trade-off between which will be weakened while sustainably developing the ecological services. The trade-off between social security and ecological services will intensify with the continuous investment of ecological services. The synergetic effect of economic development on agricultural production (social security) function will slow down with the development of economic function. (3) According to the idea of "the less the trade-off intensity is, the symbiotic development among functions" and "the greater the trade-off intensity, the most one function can be developed". In order to maximize the comprehensive income of rural functional combination, the ecological conservation area will be divided into four types of development areas: I (four types of functional symbiosis), II (three kinds of functional symbiosis), III (two kinds of functional symbiosis) and IV (single function development). The research results will be helpful for regional rural revitalization and development planning, and provide technical support for scientific design of rural function collaborative development path.

基于1990年、2000年、2010年和2018年土地利用现状遥感监测数据,利用转移矩阵对中国“生产—生活—生态”结构转型的时空演化特征进行研究,引入生态环境质量指数和土地利用转型的生态贡献率分析中国1990—2018年“三生空间”变化的生态环境效应,利用地理加权回归模型（GWR）对中国生态环境效应的主要影响因素及其作用效应的空间分异进行识别。结果表明:（1）研究期内中国生产、生活空间增加,生态空间减少,总体呈现“入不敷出”的态势。（2）中国1990—2018年生态环境质量的高值区以中国的南部和东北部为主,低值区主要分布在胡焕庸线西北部;其他生态空间和农业生产空间对草地和林地生态空间的挤占是导致研究期内生态环境质量恶化的重要原因。（3）坡度、年平均降水量、土地利用强度、海拔、地形起伏度、人口密度和年平均气温等是中国生态环境质量格局的主要影响因素,且各因素作用效应的空间差异明显。未来中国的政策制定和经济发展应考虑“三生空间”转型的生态环境效应及其主导影响因素,促进“三生空间”用地结构的合理分布,推进中国的生态文明建设。

Based on the remote sensing monitoring data of land use change/cover in 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2018, using land use transfer matrix, eco-environmental quality index, and ecological contribution ratio of land use transition, this paper analyzes the spatiotemporal features of "Production-Living-Ecological" space structural transformation and eco-environmental effects of land use/cover change in China from 1990 to 2018. On this basis, we identify the main influencing factors of eco-environmental effects and the spatial heterogeneity by using geographically weighted regression model. The results showed that: (1) The production and living space increased, the ecological space decreased, and the overall situation was insufficient from 1990 to 2018 in the whole country. (2) The high-value areas of eco-environmental quality were concentrated to the east of the Hu Huanyong Line during 1990-2018, and mainly in the south and northeast of China. The low-value areas were mainly distributed to the northwest of Hu Huanyong Line. The squeeze of other ecological space and agricultural production space on grassland and woodland ecological space is an important reason for the deterioration of the eco-environment during the study period. (3) Slope, annual precipitation, land use intensity, elevation, topographic relief, population density, and average annual temperature were the main factors influencing eco-environmental quality pattern in China, and the spatial difference of the effect of each factor was obvious. Chinese policies on economic development should take into account the eco-environmental effect of "Production-Living-Ecological" space transformation and influencing factors in the future, and promote the rational distribution of "Production-Living-Ecological" space and the construction of ecological civilization in China.

乡村地理学在我国人文地理学分支学科中发展比较薄弱，一些基本概念的模糊、理论体系的欠缺最为突出。本文试图从多重角度（职业的、生态的、社会文化的）对乡村这一概念进行系统的剖析，认为乡村界定的困难在于乡村本身的动态性、不整合性及相对性，以及城乡连续体这一背景，最后，笔者提出了以乡村性定义乡村的设想。

Rural Geography is a weak branch of Human Geography in China, especially with regard to its theoretical development and some basic concepts. First of all, this paper analyses rural definitions systematically from a multi dimention point of view (occupational、ecological、socio cultural). As an occupational definition, “rural” means an area where farming is the main mode of production. As far as ecological definitions are concerned, it means a settlement whose population scale is smaller, outside urban area, with rural landscapes showing unmistakable signs of being dominated by extensive use of land, and with discrete spatial units isolated from the outside world. Socio cultural definitions are in terms of clear differences in behavior and attitude between people in rural and urban area, such as ways of life, spatial behavior and aspirations. The author thinks that all the definitions are lack of delimitations of rural totally and essentially. Rural can not be summarized by a simple definition, because it is a complicated and indistinct conception. Difficulties of defining rural lie in dynamic evolution of the whole rural, unconformity among rural elements, relativity between rural and urban, and relevant rural urban continuum, which makes the boundary between rural and urban more indefinite. To a certain extent rural is regarded as areas differing from urban greatly and the difference can be compared in many aspects such as production activities, ways of life, etc. The close extent between urban and rural represents different stages of rural development. The author suggests rurality should take place of rural definitions under the background of urbanization in the world of today. Rurality refers to the manifestation of rural characters which take urban as criteria of reference within a specified area. The author draws his conclusions. First, every region can be looked on as a unity of urbanity and rurality. The more urbanity a region is, the less rurality it will have. Urban and rural are continuous and there is not any broken locality between them. Second, the size of rurality index takes urban as unit of reference. Using different urban criteria can reflect difference of rurality and stages of its development. Finally, rurality is concerned with scale, index and method which are used in our research. We can weaken some rural characteristics and improve regional urbanity in practice such as village town planning and regional planning by estimating rurality index of different areas. In order to be favourable to urban rural planning and management we also need to put forward rural countermeasures concerned correctly.

乡村地域系统是由人文、经济、资源与环境相互联系、相互作用下构成的、具有一定结构、功能和区际联系的乡村空间体系,是一个由城乡融合体、乡村综合体、村镇有机体、居业协同体等组成的地域多体系统。以乡村地域系统为对象,服务支撑国家乡村振兴战略,为新时期地理学创新研究提供了新机遇和新挑战。乡村振兴地理学研究,亟需以问题为导向、战略为指向,以人地关系地域系统理论和人地系统科学为指导,致力于地表人地系统交互作用下乡村地域系统结构、转型过程、演变机理、分异格局、地域功能,以及乡村振兴途径与模式综合研究,科学把握乡村地域系统类型及其分异规律。本文以全国39164个乡镇为基本单元,采用定量和定性相结合的研究方法,诊断识别了制约中国乡村地域系统可持续发展的主导因子,划分了中国乡村地域系统类型,揭示了乡村地域系统分异格局,探明了不同类型区乡村振兴科学途径。结果表明：① 地理环境、村镇化水平、资源禀赋、人口流动程度和老龄化水平等是乡村地域系统分异的主导因子,反映了乡村发展自然本底特征以及外援动力、内生动力的大小。② 通过主导要素聚类和空间叠加分析,将中国乡村地域系统划分为12个一级区、43个二级区。一级区采用“地理区位+主导要素驱动力/约束力”的方法命名,二级区采用“地域范围+主导要素驱动力/约束力+乡村经济发展水平”命名。③ 不同类型区乡村振兴地域模式和路径不同,乡村振兴战略与规划的落地要因地制宜、分类施策。

Rural regional system is a spatial system with certain structure, function and inter-regional relationship, which is composed of humanity, economy, resources and environment that are connected and interacted with each other. It is a regional multi-body system, including urban-rural integrity, rural synthesis, village-town organism, and housing-industry synergy. Targeting the rural regional system and supporting the rural revitalization strategy provides new opportunities and challenges for innovation of Chinese geography in the new era. Guided by the theory of regional system of human-land system and the science of human-land system, the research on rural revitalization geography should serve national strategy by finding solutions to problems hindering rural sustainable development, and make contribution to the comprehensive study of rural regional system structure, transformation process, evolution mechanism, differentiation pattern, regional function, and rural revitalization path and model under the interaction of surface's human-land system. There is an urgent requirement to better understand and reveal differences in the types of rural regional system and their differentiation law. Taking 39164 townships in China as research object, this paper used quantitative and qualitative methods to detect and identify the dominant factors that restrict the sustainable development of rural regional systems in China. Then we divided the types of Chinese rural regional systems, revealed the pattern of rural regional differentiation and further proposed scientific approaches to rural revitalization in different areas. Results demonstrate that topographic conditions, climate conditions, ruralization level, land resources endowment, population mobility and aging level are the dominant factors restricting the sustainable development of rural regional system, of which reflects the level of resource endowment, endogenous power and external aid of rural development. Through cluster analysis and spatial overlay of dominant factors, China's rural regional system can be divided into 12 first-class zones and 43 second-class zones. The first-class zones are named by means of 'geographical location + driving force of dominant factors', and the second-class zones are named by means of 'regional scope + driving force of dominant factors + economic development level'. The driving force of rural sustainable development in different regional types are varied. The regional pattern and path of rural revitalization in different types of areas are varied, and promoting the rural revitalization strategy should be based on local conditions to realize the coordination and sustainable development of rural economy, society, culture and ecosystem.