然而，经济地理学面临的挑战不是简单地将数字化的影响视为克服距离和地方粘性的过程，而是需要针对数字化重塑生产和消费实践的作用机制进行理论化。这些实践与日常经济、社会、文化交织在一起[4]，存在多维度和多尺度的非均衡性，需要结合地方的关系情境展开实证分析与理论思考。目前，关于数字化与全球—地方互动的研究尚处于初步探索阶段，特别是在国内地理学研究中，缺乏对数字化本质及其对经济全球化重塑的理论探讨。近年来，中国数字经济发展取得了较大成就，2021年12月国务院发布《“十四五”数字经济发展规划》，明确指出中国数字经济即将进入“深化应用、规范发展、普惠共享”的新阶段，对要素链、产业链、价值链、制度链的深度融合提出了新要求。这种具有中国特色的地方发展现实与要求为拓展数字化时代的全球—地方互动研究提供了丰富的实践基础。
基于此，本文尝试系统梳理数字化与全球—地方互动的相关研究，着重剖析数字化对全球生产与消费空间的重塑机制，探究数字化如何建构全球—地方互动及区域发展的非均衡性。首先，论述经济地理学研究的数字化转向，厘清相关研究中空间观与认识论的理论脉络，提出连接数字化与关系经济地理学的实践与理论基础。其次，结合数字化与数字经济的发展动态，建构经济地理学中数字化与全球—地方互动研究的关系演化脉络。然后，总结全球—地方互动的数字化作用表现，全面揭示数字化重塑全球—地方互动的动态机制。最后，基于中国城市与区域发展的实践，提出中国情境下数字化与全球—地方互动研究的可能理论创新及未来研究方向。
1 经济地理学的新转向
1.1 数字化带来的新转向
数字化的发展重塑了场所、流动性、经济景观的表现与演化机制，空间性被不断生产和再生产[5]，地理学的空间观受到挑战。Ash等[6]于2018年提出地理学的数字化转向(digital turn)，聚焦数字技术对地理分析手段的重塑、数字化与社会—空间关系的生产以及由数字内容生产的新空间属性等方面，认为数字化对地理学的认识论和方法论产生了较大影响。事实上，自信息和通信技术迅速发展以来，数字化就交织在全球—地方的互动过程中。在此背景下，地理学者开始探讨数字化的空间影响。从20世纪80年代以来关于时空压缩、地理终结、全球性趋同等极端的全球主义式论调，到90年代末关于流空间与场所空间交互的观点[7]，地理学者对数字化影响下的空间认识不再局限于探讨物理距离的重要性，而是倾向于辩证地分析全球力量与国家、地方力量的交互作用[8]。同时，为了界定数字化影响下的空间性，有学者提出赛博空间(cyberspace)[9]、代码/混合空间(code/hybrid spaces)[10]、网络空间(network space)[7]等概念，认为信息化催生了一种基于经验的虚拟空间，并将原本独立的实体相互联系起来。
进入21世纪之后，一些学者对上述抽象的空间认识进行了批判。一方面，上述概念定义了全新的、无位置的、非物质的空间，割裂了虚拟空间与实体空间的界限，掩盖了二者相互作用的复杂关系[11]。事实上，数字化已经深刻交织在日常生活和经济实践中，虚拟空间与物理空间不断融合，线上与线下空间日益重叠，逐渐打破了传统的二元空间性[4]。基于此，新的理论认识被不断提出，如数字场所(digiplace)[12]、网络场所(net locality)[13]、中介空间性(mediated spatiality)[14]等，关注虚拟空间与实体空间的互动机制，强调地理空间异质性在经济活动中仍然十分重要。另一方面，有学者认为基于经验建构的空间认识，无法考察经济景观在实际演化过程中的运作机制。为此在21世纪初，以Zook、Malecki等为代表的经济地理学者对互联网基础设施的空间分布进行探索，以追踪地方和全球范围内网络基础设施的物理空间性，并关注这些网络与经济、政治、社会和历史等地理环境之间的关系[15⇓-17]。这些研究表明，数字化的空间影响仍然具有显著的非均衡性，在多尺度空间上呈现出核心—边缘格局[18-19]。
1.2 数字化的再认识
由于信息技术的不断发展，学者们对数字化的理解也在不断发生变化。最初，数字化更多地被限定在以信息和通信技术、硬件设施或数字计算等物理集合为核心的技术范畴之内。在传统的全球生产与贸易研究中，数字化相关要素被移植到各个生产环节，成为提高生产效率、促进价值获取的重要工具手段[21]。这种认识建立在技术中心主义的基础之上，数字化处于被动或中立的状态，并被排除在社会关系建构之外。借鉴社会学中的社会技术体系理论，地理学者开始关注数字化的社会性和关系性[22⇓-24]。一些学者对技术中心导向的城市研究展开了批判[23⇓-25]，认为技术的开发、创新和应用是社会建构的过程，且根植于特定的地方经济、制度、文化背景以及社会关系网络[26]。基于这种认识，有学者将数字技术纳入至全球生产的行动者关系网络中[1,22,27]，例如，Foster等[1]创造性地指出数字化已经成为塑造不均衡权力关系的关键资本要素，而不仅仅是促进生产效率提升的基础设施构成。此外，针对近年来跨境电商、社交媒体、共享服务等平台经济的快速发展，有学者将互联网平台企业界定为平台商业集团，认为平台商业集团正逐渐成为数字经济时代的新型领先企业力量，在协调跨部门生产、配置跨区域资源要素等方面发挥重要作用[28⇓-30]。
综上可以发现，从技术中心主义到社会技术体系理论，再到平台商业集团，数字化相关要素在重塑全球生产关系过程中日益重要，地理学者对数字化的认识也逐渐超越了孤立、静态和被动的技术论局限，转向更加强调关系、动态和开放的理解。
1.3 数字化与关系经济地理学
全球—地方互动研究伴随着经济地理学的关系转向。20世纪90年代以来，西方经济地理学家借鉴价值链、嵌入、行动者网络等理论来解释新型国际劳动分工背景下的全球化经济与地方发展[37]，构建了以全球价值链(global value chain, GVC)、全球商品链(global commodity chain, GCC)、全球生产网络(global production network, GPN)等理论框架，用以理解全球生产关系的不对称性和非均衡性，关注点逐渐从企业、特定部门转变为特定地方和区域的发展动态，为理解全球—地方互动提供了启示。
全球—地方互动的本质意味着知识、技术、资本等要素的区域流动，而数字化的发展与其紧密相关。从实践上来看，数字化的发展交织在经济地理景观的演化过程中，对全球—地方互动的影响日益深入；从理论上来看，数字化转向要求重新认识数字化及其在全球—地方互动中的角色与作用，强调更加动态和开放的关系机制，可以说数字化转向与关系转向在理论上是一脉相承的。基于此，有必要连接数字化与关系经济地理学，进而深入研究数字化与全球—地方互动的作用机制。
2 数字化与全球—地方互动研究的理论视角演进
尽管已有大量研究探讨了数字化发展对地理学空间观的影响，但较少有研究从全球—地方互动角度来探讨数字化的非均衡影响。基于经济地理学的重要转向，下文将系统梳理全球—地方互动的理论前沿，结合数字化发展动态，探讨相关研究的演化脉络(表1)。
表1 数字化与全球—地方互动相关的理论框架整理
Tab.1
| 理论框架 | 模型概述 | 数字化构成要素 | 主要观点与文献 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 全球价值链(GVC) | 围绕线性的生产环节，组织全球生产与分工，协调主体间权力关系 | 数字技术；数字应用；互联网基础设施 | 数字技术有助于提高生产效率、提升价值链地位、促进创新[39⇓-41]；互联网中介整合了生产驱动型和消费驱动型的二分价值链，形成互联网导向链[45]；价值链结构向灵活网络结构转变，推动价值分配和治理模式重组[46] |
| 全球生产网络(GPN) | 在GVC基础上，将区域发展与全球化进程联系起来 | 数字技术；平台商业集团 | 数字技术作为非人行动者，重塑了价值、权力与嵌入[1]；数字平台企业的横、纵向整合与消费市场相互作用，促进跨境贸易与分销网络的模式变革[29]；数字化丰富和拓展了嵌入性的动态交互关系[48] |
| 数字生态系统(DE) | 由数字用户、数字企业、政府组织等多元行动主体围绕平台建立，并以数字为核心的多尺度嵌套系统 | 数字基础设施；数字创新企业；数字用户；数字平台；数字市场 | 系统构成要素与内外部环境间的相互作用关系[49,51]；推动经济景观地方性、边界性和流动性的重构[52]；推动形成开放、动态、跨尺度的复杂系统[56-57] |
2.1 数字化与全球价值链
GVC对全球生产的组织和分工进行了理论化，关注生产的投入产出、价值的空间分配、领先企业的治理等问题[38]。随着数字化在各行各业中逐步渗透，数字化如何赋能价值链升级成为研究热点。研究表明，数字化不仅有助于推动生产制造环节提高生产效率、提升价值链地位、加速产业转型[39⇓-41]，而且对服务部门的促进作用更为显著，例如供应链管理、产品销售和流通等方面[42]。特别是互联网经济迅速兴起后，有学者认为全球—地方互动的驱动力逐渐由生产导向向消费导向转变[43]。但这种观点割裂了生产与消费的统一性，在互联网的深刻影响下，生产与消费的行为主体和空间范围均日趋融合[44]，单纯从生产或消费的某一个角度来考察全球—地方生产关系，显然已无法解释新兴经济业态与区域发展的动态机制。
Gereffi[45]认为互联网的发展促进了生产与消费驱动型价值链的整合，形成了以互联网中介为核心的互联网导向链(internet-oriented chain)，这种认识超越了二分价值链的局限性。更进一步来看，不论是生产驱动还是消费驱动，数字化嵌入价值链的各个环节，价值链日益成为数字化的价值链。一方面，价值的创造、提升、捕获，及其空间再分布日益受到数字资源要素的影响，并且存在连锁效应。例如，数字技术应用推动价值链结构向灵活网络结构转变，经济活动依托数字资源的网络分散开来，并进一步展开不均衡的价值分配[43]。另一方面，随着价值链组织结构的日益复杂，数字化治理逐渐成为地方实践和学术界关注的重点议题。例如，Foster等[46]从数字化治理的角度探讨互联网连接对地方发展的影响，发现互联网连接仅仅是地方进入全球市场的基础条件，更重要的是利用互联网促进创新或开发利基市场的能力。
2.2 数字化与生产网络关系
由于GVC关注垂直定向的价值链治理关系，且忽视了地理环境因素，作为网络范式的GPN模型得到越来越多的关注。在GPN模型中，地方发展是由多元行动者的相互作用推动形成的。Foster等[1]率先将数字技术整合到GPN中，从价值、权力和嵌入3个方面探讨数字化在全球生产网络中的运作机制，拓展了数字技术与其他行动主体间的权力关系互动的理解。同时验证了前文所论述的观点[1,47]，即产业转型与地方发展并不取决于技术变革本身，技术应用的成效受制于特定的社会、经济和制度背景。在数字化发展的最新阶段，数字平台与全球生产网络重塑成为经济地理学者关注的热点议题[28⇓-30]。例如，Grabher等[28]认为数字平台瓦解了传统的工厂生产制，价值获取和权力关系依赖平台运营商的规则制定，他们系统地分析了数字平台经济的组织模式，但未讨论其对区域发展的影响。Yang[29]通过分析阿里巴巴集团与一些东南亚国家和地区的战略耦合，揭示了平台企业对鲜果生产网络塑造的机制。
此外，嵌入作为GPN的核心概念之一，解释了全球生产网络与地方节点之间的耦合关系。数字化不仅为非本地的网络嵌入提供了支持，还拓展了地域嵌入的内涵。在传统研究中，生产关系根植于社会、制度、文化等规范。而当前，数字基础设施、数字产业基础、数字创新氛围等因素成为新区位因子。同时，数字化还加深了不同嵌入性之间互动的复杂性，学者们从仅关注本地和非本地环境因素的动态，拓展到社会嵌入—网络嵌入—地域嵌入的多尺度嵌入动态[48]。新的嵌入性研究区分了母国与东道国的地方性差异，为理解多尺度嵌入的互动提供了启示。
2.3 数字化与数字生态系统
越来越多的研究呼吁将数字生态系统嵌入到更广泛的时空间情境中，关注系统构成要素与内外部环境间的相互作用关系[49,51]。尤其是在数字生态系统与区域发展的相关议题中，探讨数字化对多尺度空间的地方性、边界性和流动性等的重塑作用[52-53]，为理解全球—地方交互提供了新的理论视角(图1)。数字化使传统的创新或创业生态系统从封闭、有界且根植于地方的空间组织转换为开放、动态、跨尺度的网络空间[50]。在地方尺度上，企业向具有数字基础设施、数字创新氛围、数字产业集群等优势的地区集聚，推动地方产业集群的创新和演化；在国家尺度上，尽管很多研究认为数字生态系统是无国界的，它将东道国和母国生态连接起来[54]，但国家的数字基础设施治理与战略安排仍然十分重要，例如在中国，本土互联网企业的迅速成长与国外企业难以进入国内市场的政策环境紧密相关[55-56]；在全球尺度上，数字平台连接了全球的数字用户和消费者，一定程度上强化了资本、货物、信息在更广泛空间上的流动性[57]。同时，各尺度之间的交互与融合也不断加深：地方和国家作出联合响应，以吸引数字企业集聚，形成发展数字经济的区域优势[58-59]；而由于数字平台上的用户和消费者通常分布全球，这使得区域创造、捕获和提升价值的路径扩展至全球尺度，机会窗口也由产业集群内部扩展到产业集群外部[60]。
图1
图1
数字生态系统与全球—地方互动的概念机制
Fig.1
A conceptual framework of the digital ecosystem and global-local interaction
3 全球—地方互动的数字化重构表现
基于上述梳理，发现面对数字化迅速发展的挑战，全球—地方互动正在发生重构。考虑到企业是全球—地方互动的行为主体，其权力关系表征了生产关系的动态；全球—地方互动是塑造区域发展路径的主要力量，其空间效应存在多尺度的差异性；知识创造、经济联系或生产要素流动，则表征了全球—地方互动的内在机制。本节将从企业关系、空间效应、互动机制3个方面来论述数字化对全球—地方互动重构的内涵与表现(图2)。
图2
图2
全球—地方互动的数字化重构
Fig.2
The reconstruction of global-local interaction under digitalization
3.1 从纵向解体到纵向—横向一体化
企业的规模属性、空间分布和权力关系是区域经济空间组织形成与演化的核心。数字经济是经济地理学的重要研究议题之一，虽然关于数字经济的概念界定和测度方法均尚未统一，但学者普遍认为数字经济是互联网经济的纵向深化[61]，数字经济赋能地方发展的维度愈加广泛，作用机制愈加复杂。从分类来看，根据数字化方式和程度的差异，数字经济通常被划分为数字原生部门和数字增强部门[62]。在此基础上，数字企业也被划分为数字赋能型企业和数字增强型企业2类[63]。前者也称原生数字企业，例如阿里巴巴、百度、腾讯等互联网公司，这些企业围绕创新开展完全数字化的商业活动，对数据和技术的协调、控制是此类企业制定全球化战略的核心。后者则是利用互联网或数字技术提高生产效率的企业，其全球化战略仍以原有行业的资本运作模式为主。数字化改变了企业的异质性，进而决定哪些企业可以参与到全球—地方互动中来。
对数字增强型企业而言，企业间关系与复杂的信息技术系统相互交织。技术很大程度上决定特定生产环节保留在企业内部还是外包，进而影响上下游企业间的权力关系[38]。随着数字化的加深，专业化的数字外包服务日渐丰富，促进了企业与数据服务、物流、营销等第三方数字服务企业间的战略联系[27]。因此，从数字增强型部门来看，数字化加速了价值链的纵向分解，延长了以数字服务为核心的价值链条。然而，近年来平台企业迅速崛起，学者关注到企业关系重构呈现出沿价值链纵向延伸和跨部门横向拓展并行的新趋势。已有研究表明，平台企业作为原生数字企业，具有较强的价值捕获能力，通常占据绝对的市场份额，平台企业的横、纵向战略整合加速了行业寡头和垄断趋势的形成[30]。
3.2 从去中心化到非均衡性加剧
从企业层面来看，知识、技术和经验习得日益围绕数据和数字技术展开，领先企业通过控制数字资源的接入来限制中小型企业发展，将其锁定在关系网络中的从属地位。中小企业的技术进步更多体现在标准化的制造生产环节，难以促进其竞争优势的显著提升[67-68]。从价值链层面来看，数字化重构了价值在不同生产环节以及区域间的分布。有研究表明，在数字化的影响下，全球价值链的微笑曲线日益陡峭：中间环节的模块化生产部分附加值逐渐降低，而前端和后端环节的附加值日益增加[69]。但在实际情况中，由于数字资源分布的区域差异，不同地区微笑曲线的变化存在差异。Mayer[70]指出，在数字化的影响下，发达经济体的微笑曲线趋于陡峭，而发展中经济体的微笑曲线则趋于平缓，价值的获取总体上呈现向发达经济体集聚的趋势(图3)。依托知识、信息和技术的空间分布，全球生产布局不断重构，生产的模块化导致各制造环节沿价值链分离、在全球空间上寻找最佳区位。同时，由于数字化提高了知识和技术的门槛，价值链两端的生产活动向较发达地区集聚[71-72]，而后发地区则易被锁定在低附加值的环节，并导致进一步的边缘化风险[73]。
图3
图3
数字化影响下的价值链微笑曲线变化
注：基于文献[70]绘制。
Fig.3
Potential effects of digitalization on the segments of manufacturing process
3.3 从地方蜂鸣—全球通道到全球蜂鸣与虚拟蜂鸣
在知识经济和网络社会早期，本地蜂鸣和全球通道建构了生产过程中的全球—地方联系[36]。本地尺度上，知识在集群内部的流动促进企业间信息的整合与创新，强调隐性非编码知识的获取依赖物理空间在场。全球尺度上，个人或企业通过建立跨区域通道，为不相邻物理空间之间的知识流动、整合与创新提供了路径。随着信息技术的迅速发展，有学者认识到蜂鸣的产生不一定依赖本地在场[74]，物理距离的作用有所减弱。例如，商业会谈、国际会展、贸易博览会等活动的举办为远距离企业的知识交流提供了机会。有学者将上述现象理论化为全球蜂鸣(global buzz)，即依托临时但密集的面对面交流，建立专业化的信息生态[75]。随着数字技术和数字媒介的发展，虚拟空间的利用价值逐渐突显，企业、组织和地方在全球经济中创建数字空间，以寻求新的比较优势。Bathelt等[76]提出数字世界中的虚拟蜂鸣(virtual buzz)，数字企业利用数字平台在全球范围内开展技术创新与贸易合作。在此背景下，全球蜂鸣和虚拟蜂鸣之间是补充还是替代的关系，成为学术界争论的焦点之一。
在经济地理学中，学者普遍认为资本和权力并不能在虚拟空间中无阻碍地流动[77]，仍然受制于地方场所特性、社会关系邻近、国家制度环境等因素[3]。有研究从流动性的角度解释数字化时代蜂鸣产生的机制，如Brydges等[78]提出虚拟流动性，表征企业利用互联网等信息化手段开展品牌营销、市场推广等经济活动，以促进产品在市场上流动。但由于企业的战略决策需要考虑目标市场的需求、增加产品或服务的独特性与价值[79]，虚拟流动性需要被临时流动性和中介流动性所补充[80]。前者强调短时间内地理邻近对刺激知识生产的重要性，反映了全球蜂鸣产生的机制；后者则强调与中介市场邻近的重要性，数字化增加了企业与第三方服务机构和中介的联系，例如数据分析公司、技术支持企业、网红博主等。临时流动性和中介流动性的在场性一定程度上削弱了虚拟流动性的无边界性[80]。
4 中国数字化情境下的理论创新与研究展望
具有中国特色的地方发展为丰富数字化时代的全球—地方互动研究提供了丰富的实践基础，本节将结合中国数字化发展的现实情况和问题，提出中国情境下数字化与全球—地方互动研究的可行路径，以期寻找更具有意义和前瞻性的方向。
4.1 连接数字生态系统的区域发展研究
地方性是塑造全球—地方互动的关键，然而在数字化和全球化的相关研究中，制度、文化、市场氛围等地方性因素通常被低估。在中国，国家对数字化治理进行极大的干预，构成由多级政府、企业、组织等主体组成的关系网络，与发达经济体存在较大差异[81]。GPN强调地方在生产网络连接中的作用，以及制度与市场环境的重要性，但通常关注企业的主导作用，而容易忽视其他行动主体的塑造作用。数字生态系统有助于帮助读者理解数字化的行动主体构成，但通常忽视地方性的重要性。未来研究可以整合GPN与数字生态系统框架，进而通过相互补充来深入分析特定地方情境下的主体关系建构过程，及其对区域发展的影响。可以聚焦平台企业，选取中国代表性互联网企业，考察这些企业逐渐进入全球市场、布局商业的空间战略。解构以平台企业为核心的数字生态系统，分析构成企业间的生产关系、投融资战略等在城市—区域—国家—全球等多尺度空间上的映射，探究互联网产业向其他行业部门渗透的结构，以期理解平台企业作为新型领先企业力量，在协调配置全球资源方面发挥的重要作用。此外，还可以考察平台企业的横、纵向战略与地方发展间的耦合关系。例如，分析近年来中国平台企业向东南亚邻近国家和地区开展投资、合作的机制，一方面，探讨平台企业在母国和所在城市的成长机制；另一方面，分析平台企业选择进入东道国市场的邻近机制。并且纳入对产业基础、基础设施、创新环境等数字化相关要素的考虑，比较和分析这些因素与传统地方性因素的作用差异，进而全面、深入地理解数字化相关要素对区域发展的重塑作用。
4.2 多维空间效应与区位动态研究
与传统产业的经济空间组织相比，数字经济空间更具灵活性，数字化不仅加速了生产要素流动、拓展了应用场景，还推动了新的虚拟生产消费空间形成，挑战了地方性与流动性的空间秩序[82]。尤其是在近年来新冠疫情的影响下，虚拟商业活动在经济实践中所占比重越来越大。未来可探讨全球生产和消费空间的边界性、空间性和流动性如何重塑。例如，分析中国主流网站在全球尺度上的访问情况，并展开相应的网络分析。还可以探讨支撑在线经济运转的新型数字基础设施的物理空间性，以及提供数字技术、服务等支持的服务型企业的区位动态，分析新型企业的区位选择如何在虚拟和实体空间的交互影响中变动。此外，传统产业的区位动态如何受到数字化的影响也是经济地理学的热点议题之一。未来可以探讨数字化如何赋能传统企业和地方连接全球市场。例如，跨境电子商务平台的发展被广泛地认为降低了中小型企业进入全球市场的门槛，那么在这一影响下中国传统产业集群的空间区位选择是否发生了变化?又如，随着生产要素成本不断变化，数字技术多大程度上缓解了地方劳动力成本增加的压力、数字服务型企业是否与传统制造企业建立了多向连接、技术—创新—制造—流通各生产环节的空间动态是怎样的；在上述生产关系的演化过程中，哪些地方抓住了数字化发展带来的机会窗口?这些问题都亟待经济地理学者探讨。
4.3 作为后发经济体的地方发展模式研究
近年来，数字化的发展促使中国一些城市的全球地位从相对被动的状态转换为全球竞争的积极参与者。一些中国互联网企业开始主导全球贸易规则的模式创新，为中国建立起以自身为核心的全球生产网络提供了新策略，同时促进了一批新兴地区和城市的崛起。未来研究可结合中国城市数字经济发展的现状，选取典型城市作为案例分析对象，考察新兴地区如何抓住由数字化带来的、新的机会窗口，并参与到全球生产实践中去的演化路径。例如，阿里巴巴集团与国内城市杭州、义乌，以及马来西亚、比利时、墨西哥、卢旺达等国家签署了关于世界电子贸易平台的战略合作协议，政府与领先的互联网企业建立合作，致力于搭建全球数字贸易网络，共同推动地方发展。针对上述现象，可以探究由企业、政府、社会组织等构成的行动者网络推动不同城市连接全球的关系机制，分析各城市的区位优势，总结实现路径创新的模式。此外，数字化创新还改变了中国区域尺度上的合作机制，近年来贵州贵阳、宁夏中卫等中西部城市初步建成了大数据产业集聚区，吸引了一批世界500强企业以及国内领先企业。这些城市也参与到全球数字经济的发展中来，并与东部沿海城市形成互联网产业的前店后厂模式。针对这一新兴的区域合作模式，可以通过深化互联网企业在更大尺度上的战略安排，探讨区域产业分工与跨区域协作的新路径。
5 结论与讨论
全球—地方互动是关系经济地理学中的重要研究议题，随着数字化参与到全球经济景观塑造、生产关系重组和区域发展中来，从关系视角探讨数字化的区域影响，更有利于深入理解其中的作用、过程和机制。本文基于数字化转向和关系转向的理论背景，论述数字化发展对地理学空间观的影响，探讨地理学者围绕技术、产业和空间的理论与实证研究及其发展脉络。研究发现，数字化与地方发展的实践始终伴随着复杂、灵活和非均衡的关系互动，需要将数字化嵌入具体的关系情境中，进而建构数字化对经济地理景观生产和再生产的作用机制。从认识论来看，地理学者对数字化的认识逐渐超越了孤立、静态和被动的技术论局限，转向更加强调关系、动态和开放的理解。从理论视角来看，全球价值链、全球生产网络和数字生态系统是地理学探讨全球—地方互动的主要分析框架，随着数字化的发展和演化，数字化对全球—地方互动的影响日益深刻。从全球—地方互动重塑的表现来看，主要体现在企业关系、空间效应和互动机制3个方面。在未来研究中，可结合中国数字化发展的地方实践，从平台生态系统、空间效应、区位动态、地方发展模式等层面展开更深入的研究，以期为探讨数字化与全球—地方互动研究提供更具有意义和前瞻性的方向。
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The new international division of labor brought about by globalization has made the global production network (GPN) an important framework for the study of global economic and regional development. At the same time, the status of finance in the operation of modern social economic systems is increasing. Economic financialization has a significant impact on the spatial distribution and network of economic activities at different scales in the world. Therefore, finance has become the necessary basis of production activities in GPN. More importantly, the logic brought by financialization has profoundly affected the operation and change of GPN. Although GPN research has been paying attention to the role of finance and has begun to study the GPN of financial industry, inadequacies still exist. As increasingly more firms are integrated into the global capital market by obtaining international equity investment or listing in overseas capital market, it is difficult for the GPN framework to thoroughly analyze this phenomenon. Global financial Network (GFN) provides a new framework for describing and analyzing this process. In this analytical framework, local economies connect with world cities (international financial centers) and offshore financial jurisdictions through advanced business service (ABS) firms, thus forming GFN. This article first introduced the basic concept of GFN, including its main entities and network structure. Then we discussed the ways and further influences for cities or regions to integrate into GFN, focusing on the global-local economic linkages built by this process. Finally, we put forward the direction of further theoretical and empirical research of GFN in the future.
Relatedness as driver of regional diversification: A research agenda
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区域发展的 “全球—地方” 互动机制研究
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DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.10.001
[本文引用: 1]
建立对外联系、利用外部资源有助于弥补区域发展新经济活动所面临的资源与技术缺口,为区域发展注入新活力,避免陷入路径锁定导致发展停滞甚至衰退。对外联系的建立势必与本地已有联系相互作用,表现为“全球-地方”之间多类型行为主体在特定空间支持与约束下的互动,涉及4个基本问题：发生条件、区域差异、互动内容与行为主体。梳理现有研究发现：① 本地与非本地要素的相似性或互补性决定了互动发生的可能性,本地能力则进一步决定互动发生的程度;② 互动对于优势地区和后进地区2类极端类型地区更为有效;③ 互动内容以知识、贸易、资本等要素为主,日益强调非本地劳动力和非本地制度的影响;④ 互动主体以企业为中心。近年来研究一方面强调企业家等个体作用,另一方面关注非经济主体的作用。整体而言,既有研究在区域发展中“全球-地方”互动的尺度结构、动态变化和行为主体等方面仍面临挑战。结合中国当前区域经济转型与主动全球化并行的发展现状,论文提出理解中国区域发展“全球-地方”互动的关键问题与潜在方向。
A review of global-local interactions for regional development
DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.10.001
[本文引用: 1]
Extra-regional linkages can benefit regional development by introducing supplement resources and technologies. They also enrich the local knowledge base, keeping regions away from depression due to lock-in effects. Global-local interaction (GLI) research represents the academic effort to theorize this process by examining the interplay between a wide array of actors at multi-scales within particular territorial confines. It raises four critical questions regarding the conditions, regional differences, channels, and actors for interaction. The literature has documented that the relatedness between local and nonlocal inputs determines the probability of GLI. Local capabilities determine the extent of GLI. The literature also reveals that the leading and most lagging behind regions tend to benefit from GLI. Knowledge diffusion, foreign investment, and international trade are primary elements that support GLI. As one region continues to develop, the immigrants and nonlocal institutions may enrich the GLI. Conventionally, the literature on GLI is firm-centric. Recent advances highlight the role of individuals, such as entrepreneurs and employees. There is also increasing awareness of the non-economic agency, especially the institutional agency. Overall, an in-depth examination is still required for understanding the scales, dynamics, and agencies of GLI for regional development. Grounded in the context of China's regional restructuring and opening-up, this study proposes a framework to model GLI in China and discusses its potential for future studies.
关系经济地理学与贸易网络研究进展
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DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2022.03.009
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贸易网络研究起源于复杂网络科学,其研究问题属于经济地理学全球化关注范畴。然而,关系经济地理作为经济地理全球化研究的中坚力量,同样借鉴社会网络和网络科学的思想,几乎没有参与到贸易网络的研究和对话中。论文针对这一现象,从介绍关系经济地理的网络范式入手,阐述关系经济的网络范式来源、过程与研究成果,并梳理现有贸易网络研究的进展,分析现阶段关系经济地理的网络思潮与贸易网络的区别,重新思考经济地理在关系视角下,应该以何种方式参与到贸易网络的讨论中。主要结论如下：① 关系经济地理的网络范式仅仅借用社会网络研究小部分概念,重视在整体网络空间中行动者的嵌入性,几乎不关注网络的整体结构及其对集体行为的影响;② 贸易网络研究主要探讨国家间贸易网络的结构与性质,而关系经济地理普遍从企业出发研究贸易流动背后的生产网络,其理论基础难以使用社会网络分析方法;③ 关系经济地理的贸易网络研究应该重视全球集群网络理论的运用,重新思考网络概念的经济地理学基础和多维网络相互耦合关系研究等问题。论文有助于推动关系经济地理学学者如何借助学科理论基础参与到贸易网络国际化研究中,对探讨现阶段经济地理理论应用和新方法实践具有重要的积极作用。
Relational economic geography and trade network research
DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2022.03.009
[本文引用: 1]
Trade network research originated from complex network science, and its study is related to the globalization research of economic geography. However, relational economic geography, engaging in globalization research and social network and network science, has hardly participated in trade network research. In response to this phenomenon, this article critically reviewed the origin, process, and achievements of the network paradigm of relational economic geography and examined the progress of trade network research, to rethink how relational economic geography should participate in the discussion of trade networks. This article presented the following findings: 1) The network paradigm of relational economic geography only borrows a small part of the concepts of social network analysis, and pays little attention to the overall structure of the network and its influence on collective behaviors. 2) Trade network research mainly discusses the structure and nature of trade networks through building topological network between countries, but relational economic geography based on the actor perspective (for example, enterprises and local agent) is difficult to use social network analysis methods. 3) Relational economic geography should attach importance to global cluster network, and rethink the economic geography foundation of the network concept and the research on the mutual coupling relationship of multi-dimensional networks. This article has implications for expanding the research fields of relational economic geography and for exploring the application of theories and new methods of economic geography.
Clusters and knowledge: Local buzz, global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation
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西方经济地理学研究进展
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DOI:10.11821/dlxb201408014
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20世纪80年代以来,西方经济地理学与经济学、政治学、社会学、管理学等社会科学广泛融合,呈现出空前繁荣的局面。本文对这一时期西方经济地理学的思潮演变、热点研究领域以及政策研究等方面进行梳理。西方经济地理学在经历了地理学的“新经济地理学”和经济学的“新经济地理学”两个影响深远的变革后,研究领域和主题逐步走向多样化与复杂化。本文综述了8个热点研究领域,包括区域与地方发展、经济全球化、产业地理、劳动力地理、创新与创意地理、消费地理、环境经济地理和金融地理的研究进展,并讨论了经济地理学与政策研究的关系,最后总结了西方经济地理学的特点。
Progress of economic geography in the West: A literature review
DOI:10.11821/dlxb201408014
[本文引用: 1]
Since the 1980s, the western countries have developed into the postindustrial society with the dominance of knowledge based economies and services. The societal economic transformations make the space-economy relations more complex. Economic actors are embedded in the complex global-local system. Economic geography starts to go beyond economics and widely borrows theories and methods from sociology, management, institutional economics, anthropology, and cultural studies. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review about the progress in the western economic geography in the last three decades, documenting the changes of research perspectives, progresses in hot research areas and policy relevance. The mainstream economic geography has experienced a number of turns in research perspectives, including new regionalism, institutional turn, cultural turn, relational turn and evolutionary turn. Political economy remains one of the influential perspectives in the research of economic geography, especially in the global financial crisis. Based on the analysis of knowledge network of economic geography built with key words, this paper identifies eight hot research areas in the western economic geography and reviews their progresses in research. Those areas include region and local development, industrial geography, economic globalization, labor geography, innovation geography, consumption geography, financial geography and environmental economic geography. Finally, this paper summarizes the key features of economic geography in the west and proposes some implications for economic geographers in China.
The governance of global value chains
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数字技术提升了中国全球价值链地位吗
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Does digital technology promote China's global value chain position?
Digitalisation, automation and upgrading in global value chains-factory economy actors versus lead companies
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This article investigates the differences in the application and impact of digital technologies between manufacturing subsidiaries and lead companies, the principal orchestrators of global automotive value chains. Utilising a dataset of 10 in-depth interviews with automotive industry actors, we analyse headquarters-subsidiary differences in the patterns of digitalisation-driven upgrading. A theoretical framework is offered that explains why the significant upgrading achievements of manufacturing subsidiaries deploying industry 4.0 technologies will not reduce the gap between lead companies and manufacturing subsidiaries in terms of value generation. We show that the concept of 'industry 4.0' is much narrower than that of 'digitalisation' and transition to smart factories is only part of the digital transformation story. Industry 4.0 technologies contribute to the upgrading of operations, and enable subsidiaries to take on production-related knowledge-intensive assignments (functional upgrading). Conversely, digitalisation serves lead companies' strategic differentiation efforts, and facilitates achieving competitive advantage: the latter are crucial for value capture.
Digital value chain restructuring and labour process transformations in the fast-fashion sector: Evidence from the value chains of Zara & H&M
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E-commerce and industrial upgrading in the Chinese apparel value chain
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The economic and social gains from electronic commerce (e-commerce) that promote innovation, industry upgrading and economic growth have been widely discussed. China's successful experience with e-commerce has had a positive effect in transforming consumer-goods sectors of the economy and motivating economic reform. This article looks at how e-commerce reduces barriers to entry and enables firms to move up the value chain by using the global value chain framework to analyse the impact of e-commerce on the upgrading trajectories and governance structures of China's apparel industry. For large Chinese brands, e-commerce has enabled end-market diversification. For small- and medium-sized enterprises, e-commerce has facilitated entry with functional upgrading as well as end-market upgrading. In the "two-sided markets" created by platform companies, the "engaged consumers" are the demand side of this market, and "e-commerce focused apparel firms" are the supply side of the new market. Consumers and platforms are more directly involved in value creation within this emerging internet-based structure.
Entrepreneurial ecosystems and regional policy: A sympathetic critique
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Digital entrepreneurship may result in institutional turbulence and new initiatives are frequently blocked by vested interest groups who posit superior financial and relational resources. In this paper, we explore the role of cities in facilitating digital entrepreneurship and overcoming institutional resistance to innovation. Drawing upon two historical case studies of digital entrepreneurship in the city of Stockholm along with an extensive material on the sharing economy in Sweden, our results suggest that cities offer an environment that is critical for digital entrepreneurship. The economic and technological diversity of a city may provide the field conditions required for institutional change to take place and to avoid regulatory capture.
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数字经济对中国经济高质量发展的空间效应与影响路径
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数字经济已成为推动经济高质量发展和共同富裕的重要抓手。本文梳理数字经济对中国经济高质量发展的影响机制,并构建了创业与创新两条传导路径。基于2011—2018年中国287个地级及以上城市的面板数据集,从时空两个维度对数字经济与经济高质量发展的演变特征进行分析,并运用空间杜宾模型和中介效应模型对其影响过程、机理与空间异质性进行实证检验。结果表明：① 2011—2018年间,中国数字经济和经济高质量发展水平呈现整体提升趋势,但两者均存在明显的时空差异特征。② 数字经济水平的提高有助于本地经济高质量发展,而对邻近地区经济高质量发展没有表现出显著的积极影响,即存在一定的数字隔离。③ 在东部、中部和东北地区,数字经济对经济高质量发展具有显著的积极作用,且在东部地区的影响效果最为明显。数字经济对不同类型城市经济高质量发展的影响程度大致呈现从特大城市到中小城市依次递减的趋势。④ 中介效应模型的结果验证了创业和创新水平是数字经济推动经济高质量发展的中介变量,但同时这种传导效应存在明显的空间异质性。
Spatial effect of digital economy on high-quality economic development in China and and its influence path
DOI:10.11821/dlyj020210644
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The digital economy has become a critical factor in promoting high-quality economic development, achieving the digital transformation of the economy, and promoting common prosperity in China. This paper analyzes the impact mechanism of the digital economy on high-quality economic development and constructs two transmission paths via entrepreneurship and innovation. Then, based on the panel data sets of 287 cities at prefecture-level and above in China from 2011 to 2018, this paper analyzes the evolution of digital economy (DE) and high-quality economic development (HQE) from two dimensions of time and space and empirically tests its influencing process mechanism and spatial heterogeneity by using spatial Durbin model and intermediary effect model. The conclusions are drawn as follows. (1) From 2011 to 2018, the levels of DE and HQE in China showed an overall improvement trend, with the kernel density of DE showing different stages. Meanwhile, the levels of DE and HQE have apparent global spatial autocorrelation in terms of spatial characteristics. (2) The DE has formed an obvious H-H (high-high) area in the south-central Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta, while the HQE has formed a H-H spatial local pattern in the north-central Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta. (3) The improvement of the DE is conducive to the HQE of the local economy but has no significant positive impact on the HQE of the neighbouring regions, which means that there may be digital isolation. In the eastern, central and northeastern regions of China, the development of the DE has a significant positive effect on the HQE, which is most evident in the eastern region. From the measurement results of different types of cities, the impact of the DE on the HQE shows a decreasing trend from mega-cities to small and medium-sized cities. (4) The results of the mediating effects model verify that the level of entrepreneurship and innovation is a mediating variable in the DE driving HQE. However, there is significant spatial heterogeneity simultaneously. (5) The paper concludes with how the development of the digital economy can be deployed accordingly at macro and micro levels to achieve sustainable and high-quality economic development.
Born digital/grown digital: Assessing the future competitiveness of the EU video games software industry
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Johanson and Vahlne (J Int Bus Stud 40(9):1411-1431, 2009) articulate various theoretical mechanisms underpinning the internationalization process; mechanisms they suggest are pertinent across firm type. Their argument builds on their earlier publications and, in this spirit, we consider Johanson and Vahlne (2009) in the contemporary context of digital firms. In particular, we revisit their theorizing as it relates to firms that had only begun to emerge when Johanson and Vahlne published their award-winning paper: born digitals. We address how technological affordances, especially direct engagement with stakeholders, automation, network effects, flexibility and scalability, affect the internationalization of born digitals. We also develop a future agenda for international business research on born digital firms.
Conceptualising inclusive innovation: Modifying systems of innovation frameworks to understand diffusion of new technology to low-income consumers
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Geographical imagination and technological connectivity in East Africa
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Industrial transformation or business as usual? Information and communication technologies and Africa's place in the global information economy
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全球价值生产的空间组织: 以苹果手机供应链为例
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DOI:10.11821/dlyj020190903
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采用2012年与2019年苹果手机全球供应商数据,基于GPN 2.0的相关理论建立分析框架,探索苹果手机全球生产网络中主要行动者类型、行动者策略、进入与退出动态、地理分异性、网络动力机制和战略耦合机制。该网络主要行动者是美国、日本、韩国、中国大陆、中国台湾省,布局全球生产网络的热点地区在亚洲;网络中有六类行动者,行动者策略是企业间控制与企业间合作,网络产生和演化的动力机制为成本-能力比率、市场需要、金融约束和风险环境,主要行动者通过本土创新、国际合作关系和生产平台战略耦合机制嵌入苹果手机的全球生产网络。最后,从转型创新模式、孵化自主供应链角度对中国行动者产业升级提出对策建议。
Spatial organization of global value production: A case study of supply chain of Apple's iPhone
DOI:10.11821/dlyj020190903
[本文引用: 1]
Globalization has been reshaping the way of local industries connecting with the global economy. With the rise of emerging economies and regional production networks in East Asia, the traditional division of labor in mobile phone manufacturing industry is changing. This paper uses the data of iPhone's global suppliers in 2012 and 2019, and establishes an analytical framework based on the relevant theories of GPN 2.0, and explores the geographic differentiation, the competitive dynamics strategy of network, strategic coupling, entry and exit dynamics and regional division and evolution in China of iPhone's global production network. The study found the following: (1) The main actors of the network are the United States, Japan, South Korea, Chinese mainland and China Taiwan province, and the hot spots in the global production network are located in Asia; (2) There are six types of actors in the global production network of iPhone, and their strategies of configuring the global production networks interfirm control and interfirm partnership; (3) The competitive dynamics strategy are cost-capability ratios, market development, financial discipline and managing risks, in addition, the main actors have embedded the global production network of the iPhone through three strategic coupling models (indigenous innovation, international partnership and production platforms), which are deeply embedded in differentiated national/regional industrial policies, corporate strategies, location advantages (proximity effects), industrial clusters, government-enterprise relations, and business institution (family group in home economies); (4) iPhone's supply chain in China is dominated by foreign-implanted supply chain. Furthermore, the core components supplied by China's actors are optical devices and display/touch modules, and their advantages are reflected in system integration, incremental innovation and production-related R&D capabilities. Finally, based on the impact of trade war between China and the United States on China's participation in global division of labor, this paper puts forward suggestions from the perspective of transforming innovation model and incubating independent and controllable supply chain: (1) Radical innovation is not the only way to achieve industrial upgrading, in other words, successful incremental innovation or integrated innovation is more suitable for China's small and medium-sized private enterprises in the mobile phone manufacturing; (2) China's actors should incubate independent and controllable supply chain system on the basis of resource integration at home and abroad to enhance the global competitiveness.
China's evolving role in Apple's global value chain
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Although creative industries and creative talent have traditionally clustered in established global centres such as London and New York, new forms of independent production, digital technologies and mobilities are reshaping this landscape. Drawing on 87 interviews and participant observation, this paper considers whether independent fashion designers in Canada still need to locate in the established centres to realize their ambitions. It explores how these entrepreneurs choose a 'home base' for their operations and demonstrates how they mobilize three forms of mobility (temporary, mediated, virtual) to access opportunities and resources within Canada's fashion system.
全球生产网络(GPN)的理论问题和中国实践启示
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DOI:10.11821/dlyj020210621
[本文引用: 1]
全球生产网络理论（GPN）是关系经济地理学派的核心理论成果,但当前国内外研究对其发展脉络和理论内涵的认识存在模糊之处,在应用方面也存在一些误区。因此,本文从GPN与全球价值链（GVC）理论互动的视角出发,回顾GVC和GPN的重要发展阶段及对彼此的影响,针对常见的对GPN理解和应用的误区展开解释与辨析,主要得到3个结论。第一,GPN理论的研究目的已从解释“价值生产”凝练为解释“区域发展的不均衡”,更贴近经济地理学的基本研究范式。第二,GPN与GVC正在从分歧走向融合,共同致力于捕捉与解释全球化动态。第三,并非所有跨国公司研究或生产网络研究都属于GPN研究,GPN专指研究跨国公司与主要相关者基于生产所形成的网络动态,不适用于以国家为单位的研究,也不着力于揭示企业内部经营管理动态。本文继而指出中国经验既需要GPN理论加以探析、也有助于丰富GPN理论,精准理解GPN尤其对中国当前推行双循环战略有重要应用价值。本文强调,GPN作为中观理论框架,有效解释了全球经济中区域发展的多尺度动态,在全球化出现逆流的新形势下,对中国全球化实践,特别是国际国内双循环发展有着鲜明的研究意义。
Theoretical problems of global production network research and the implications to China
DOI:10.11821/dlyj020210621
[本文引用: 1]
Global Production Network (GPN), as the core theory in the school of relational economic geography, has been widely discussed and examined in mainstream economic geography and by researchers in China in recent two decades. However, the understanding towards its theoretical context, development and connotation is ambiguous to a certain extent. Some application misinterprets this theory mainly because of the lack of attention to the crucial influence of Global Value Chain (GVC) on the development of GPN. Therefore, this paper starts from critically reviewing how the GPN literature develops with continuous interactions with GVC, then explores how these two strands of research evolve from divergence to integration by reviewing the latest research on GPN, and clarifies some common misunderstandings in GPN research. This paper comes to three general conclusions regarding the recent development of GPN research. First, the theoretical goal of GPN research has moved from explaining value creation to uneven development, which makes it closer to the tradition of geographical studies. Second, the divergence between GPN and GVC has become narrower than before in terms of capturing global economic dynamics. Third, GPN research refers to a study that unpacks network dynamics to explain uneven regional development particularly. GPN is not an appropriate theory for studies that use a country as an analytical unit or reveal internal business issues of a firm. This paper also argues that exploring China stories requires proper GPN theoretical application, and offers an opportunity for GPN’s further theoretical development especially towards the dual-circulation strategy proposed recently by the Chinese government.
智慧社会下的城市地理学研究: 基于居民活动的视角
[J].
DOI:10.11821/dlyj201810015
[本文引用: 1]
智慧社会下,信息通信技术已经渗透到居民日常生活中各个方面的网络/实体活动经历,是理解智慧社会发展的核心。同时,虚拟—实体空间关系、网络—实体活动关系及其对城市地域空间重构与演化的影响一直得到城市地理学者的广泛关注。在综述已有居民活动时空间研究的基础上,指出智慧社会下居民网络—实体活动的关系已经超越简单的替代—促进二元关系,而承载网络与实体活动的虚拟与实体空间也相互交织影响,挑战对实体空间中地方与移动性的理解,并重构虚拟空间中的秩序和规律,丰富智慧社会下城市地理学的研究问题。超越技术决定论与基于技术决定论的虚实空间二元论的讨论范畴,更能反映城市地理学在智慧社会发展话语体系中的地位。与发达国家不同,中国同时经历着快速的信息化与城镇化,对居民网络/实体活动组织及虚拟—实体空间关系的研究不仅提供了新的案例与理论贡献,而且为城镇化的可持续发展提供实践策略。
Urban geography research in the e-society: A perspective from human activity
DOI:10.11821/dlyj201810015
[本文引用: 1]
Overall, the academic research and government/media reports regarding the development of e-society mainly focus on technological progress. The ubiquitous influence of information and communication technology (ICT) on people and the society, however, is largely ignored. The fact is that a multitude of ICT has been penetrated into almost every sphere of people's daily life in the e-society, which exists in their everyday e-activities/physical activities experience. Therefore, the impact of ICT on people and the society, as the key to the understanding of e-society, has emerged in people's e-activities/physical activities experience. Urban geographers have devoted much attention to investigation of the virtual-physical space and e-activities-physical activities relationships and their potential (or actual) effects on the evolution of urban spatial development. Based on a review of spatial-temporal activity literature, this paper points out that the e-activities-physical activities relationship has gone beyond the simple substitution-generation relation. And the virtual and physical space which bear the e-activities and physical activities have interrelated complicatedly, which is far beyond the assumed virtual-physical space dichotomy. This complicated interrelationship has further challenged our traditional understanding of the place and mobility in the physical space and reshaped the orders and rules of virtual space. Furthermore, the exploration beyond the virtual-physical dualism which is stemmed from the technological determinism also highlights the important role of urban geographers in analyzing and guiding the development of e-society. Unlike developed countries where informatization lags behind urbanization, China experiences the rapid urbanization and informatization simultaneously. The research on the interrelationship between physical space and virtual space through human activities/e-activities not only contributes to enriching the literature with new cases but also provides empirical insights for sustainable urbanization in the e-society.
