Since the 1980s, international toponymy research by scholars including human geographers has shifted away from the traditional research paradigm using descriptive method to exploring origin, classification, dissemination, and diffusion of individual place names. The critical theory of humanities and social sciences gives birth to critical toponymy, and the new paradigm abandoned the pervious popular belief that place name is merely a neutral landmark for indicating geographic location. The new paradigm tends to focus on the dissection of the cultural, economic, and political motivations of naming or renaming, and attaches great importance to the critical interpretation of evolution of place-name landscape based on the perspectives of power competition and social relations. This critical turn provides an opportunity to better explain the tremendous changes in the place-name landscape in Chinese from the 1980s—an era that are characterized by the development of the market economy and rapid urbanization. This article first provides a comprehensive review of the main research content and development of critical toponymy in international academic circles with regard to economic, political, social, and administrative dimensions. It then elaborates on the progress of relevant research in Chinese, including name change of administrative division and streets in urban areas, commercialization of place name, competition for place name, place name and cultural identity, and so on. Last, the authors discuss the prospect of critical toponymy in Chinese in line with the socioeconomic development and take the Western critical toponymy as lessons dialectically. On the economic dimension, Chinese toponymic scholars need to pay greater attention to the economic benefit of coordinating the other dimensions; on the political and administrative dimensions, securing the naming right of disadvantaged groups should be of higher concern; with regard to the social aspect, the role of place name in cultural identity deserves great importance in the context of new urbanization.
Keywords：toponymy research
;
critical turn
;
review
;
prospect
JIXiaomei, WANGWeiping, CHENJie, TAOZhuomin, FUYeqin. Review and prospect of toponymy research since the 1980s[J]. 地理科学进展, 2016, 35(7): 910-919 https://doi.org/10.18306/dlkxjz.2016.07.012
1 引言
在传统地名学研究中,地理学家扮演着收集、归纳并分析地名时空格局的角色,将地名作为探查地方或区域自然、社会历史环境变迁的一种线索。但这种研究范式,其一,仅是描述性的,致使长期以来地名研究处于地理学边缘地位(Zelinsky, 1997)的不利格局,难以得到改善;其二,关注点仅放在作为命名客体的地名本身的语言学或历史地理学层面上的属性,忽略了作为命名主体的人或社会群体在地名命名与使用过程中所蕴含的文化政治甚至人际冲突等(Kearns et al, 2009)。20世纪80年代开始,国外尤其是西方地理学界在地名研究上掀起了一股批判转向的浪潮。然而,并非所有的地名命名都带有强烈的批判特性,传统上,地名命名大多与当地环境相结合,多取材于地方的地理环境特征。西方世界以政治寓意作为地名命名、更名的依据最先出现在法国大革命中,自18世纪起,在欧洲利用街道名称来庆祝与纪念国家历史中的特定事件或人物的现象已相当普遍。至此,地名命名开始明显脱离了地方的自然、文史,转而与国家、政治密切相关。因此当官方对旧地名进行变更并重新赋予新地名时,地名变迁过程不再适合单纯用“自然”演替来理解与诠释,这是西方批判地名学产生的社会渊源(叶韵翠, 2013)。批判地名学已不那么重视地名本身,而是聚焦于命名的文化政治层面(Rose-Redwood et al, 2010)。地名也不是消极的空间指位符号,而是主动地参与到地方创造的实践中,具有积极的社会能动性(Azaryahu, 2011)。目前,传统范式占据国内地名研究的主导地位,对现代地名的研究方法和视角均缺乏突破(李鹏等, 2015),也无法从深层次阐释市场经济与快速城镇化背景下地名景观剧烈变迁的动因,而地名学的批判转向将给予国内研究者有益的启示。
(4) 尺度效应。空间尺度的差异往往对政治地名的研究结论产生影响,因此需要重视地名的尺度效应(Rose-Redwood et al, 2010)。Tretter(2011)发现,以非裔美国人命名的纪念性街路多分布于收入较低的美国南方黑人居住区。而Alderman(2003)将尺度缩小到非裔美国人社区时,发现上述街路并非完全集中于经济弱势区域,而是具有一定的镶嵌性,街路的规格、等级及其空间上是否穿越不同种族社区均存在尺度差异。
2010年以后,经济维度研究愈发受关注,主要内容包括命名权商品化和地名商业化开发,涉及地名经济效益的开发利用及其与社会效益间的冲突,以及不同社会群体或阶层关于地名的经济权利与文化权利间的博弈。Rose-Redwood(2011)指出,命名权商品化将改变城市的景观,其中私企将是最大的推手。Light等(2015)探讨了城市地名商品化的表现形式及其对城市景观的影响,居民的响应及其区域差异等。研究发现：①私企正在重构从广告牌、机动车体、建筑、地铁站、轨道线路到居民区、大街等不同尺度的城市地名景观,地名的空间生产也由政府组织编撰地图与设置实体标志转向地名空间数据版权私有化及开放式街景地图共享等;②以“金”命名的街道为例,Light指出地名的声誉即沉淀在其背后的符号资本关系到该地段的房价,影响到消费者的空间行为与投资者的决策等;③在不同的国家中,赞助商冠名对居民的地方感、认同、归属与记忆的影响不同(Light et al, 2015)。例如,与美国相比,英国球场的历史更悠久,其名称已融入当地的历史文化与社会记忆中,球迷较难以接受企业冠名侵占他们的文化符号资本。Light (2014)探讨了不同尺度区域,地名在旅游业发展中的作用,即奇特地名的本身可以作为旅游吸引物、成为旅游视觉符号系统的开发要素,开发成旅游纪念品能为社区创收,提供了一种独特视角去理解诸如涂鸦与拍照等的旅游者空间生产与消费行为。
综上所述,批判转向下的国外地名研究实质是反映在资本、权力与认同框架下,不同社会阶层以地名符号为媒介展开的博弈,涉及多种维度,且多维度融合的趋势已显现。但仍存在以下几点不足：①经济维度仍有待拓展与深化。尤其是命名权商品化对城市景观的作用机理有待深入阐释。例如,市政当局对于拍卖地名命名权的态度以及遴选赞助商的标准,尤其是否要求赞助商应尊重那些已根植于当地地名景观中的文化认同;地名公权转化成赞助商私权的法理依据及其影响。②近年来对管理维度的重视有所增强,但仍是最为薄弱的一个环节,也制约了批判地名学的社会应用价值的发挥。例如,命名权交易带来的经济利益与当地居民社会记忆和情感认同(Light et al, 2015)间的矛盾已为学者所关注,但目前还尚无可操作性较强的对策研究。③日常生活环境下,居民对命名及更名的接受、协商或拒绝微观尺度上的研究已为学者(Light et al, 2014; Creţan et al, 2016)所提倡,但相关成果还不多见,尤其对非意识形态的影响因素及其作用机制的重视仍不足。
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The critical study of toponymy has paid considerable attention to the renaming of urban places following revolutionary political change. Such renaming is intended to institutionalize a new political agenda through shaping the meanings in everyday practices and landscapes. Renaming, however, might not always be successful, and this article examines this issue with reference to a market in Bucharest, Romania. Originally named during the socialist era to commemorate a leading Communist Party activist, the market was renamed in the postsocialist period. Yet, more than two decades on, the original name remains in widespread everyday use. Using a mixed-method approach, we seek to advance the critical toponymies literature by exploring the persistence of the socialist-era name within everyday practice. Although many authors have highlighted the issue of popular resistance to an unpopular renaming, we find little evidence of conscious resistance, and instead we explore the importance of habit within everyday practices as an explanation, drawing on an understanding of habit derived from sociocognitive psychology. This perspective proposes that habits are stable and hard to break if the broader context in which they are situated is stable. We suggest that this explanation, rather than popular contestation, has more to offer in understanding the persistence of the toponym We thus highlight the importance of considering how the 'sers' of place names react to the changes of such names and create their own meanings in relation to them in ways unintended by elites.
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In recent years the study of urban toponymy (place names) has been revitalized by the emergence of a ‘critical toponymies' approach. This focuses on the cultural politics of place naming and the decisions involved in attributing names to the urban landscape. However, in contemporary cities place names have an economic role in addition to their political role. In particular, there have been recent calls for more attention to the commodification of place‐naming rights and practices. This article seeks to respond to these calls by addressing the issue of urban place names as commodities. It begins by examining the naming of sports stadia by corporate sponsors. It then considers a range of ways in which private‐sector interests are increasingly influencing the naming of the urban landscape, from buildings and neighbourhoods to individual streets. Even the material signage that identifies street names can be appropriated within branding and promotional strategies. Moreover, urban place names are increasingly incorporated into a range of commercially produced spatial datasets collated by private companies. The article ends by proposing a number of directions for future research into the economic role of urban place names and the commodification of toponymy more broadly.
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Much has been written in recent years on the politics of place naming, but the subject nevertheless remains marginalized within the field of political geography. In the current study, I examine street naming as a performative practice that produces a contested space of political utterances. The notion of the performative speech act, first espoused by philosopher J. L. Austin, has influenced a range of geographical scholarship, largely through an engagement with the writings of feminist theorist Judith Butler. Extending the work of Butler and others, I contend that Austin's account of performative speech acts limits our understanding of the social struggles over what constitutes a legitimate performative action by naturalizing the authority of social convention. The case of renaming Sixth Avenue as the Avenue of the Americas in post-war New York is considered to illustrate the performative limits of sovereign authority over regimes of spatial inscription as well as the use of street naming as an instrument of foreign policy. I conclude that the legitimacy of a performative act depends, in large part, upon the performances and counter-performances that constitute the “perlocutionary field” of socio-spatial action.
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The study of place naming, or toponymy, has recently undergone a critical reformulation as scholars have moved beyond the traditional focus on etymology and taxonomy by examining the politics of place-naming practices. In this article, we provide a selective genealogy of the 'critical turn' in place-name studies and consider three complementary approaches to analyzing spatial inscription as a toponymic practice: political semiotics, governmentality studies, and normative theories of social justice and symbolic resistance. We conclude by proposing that future scholarship should explore the political economy of toponymic practices as a step toward expanding the conceptual horizon of critical place-name studies.
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Extensive research has been conducted on place names because they are one of the most significant markers of the intimate relationship between people and territory. Several studies on street names have already noted the use of place names as a form of symbolic capital in order to create and sell place distinctions for the purposes of prestige and profit. The literature, however, has not yet adequately addressed a different motivation in place-naming: the promotion of places for the purpose of tourism development. Furthermore, research in this field has yet to examine the ways in which local residents interpret and contest official street names with their own oral system of naming, focusing instead on the process of selecting and affixing place names and the cultural conflicts that arise from these political decisions. This article explores place-naming in the Old City of Acre (Israel) in light of tourism development processes, focusing not only on the motivations for the naming but also on the responses of local residents to the naming and to the struggle on the symbolic identity of the city that develop as a result. The first section of the article examines the historical process of bestowing official street names in the Old City of Acre as well as the existing system of place names used by the local Arab inhabitants of the Old City. The article's second section studies the reactions and attitudes of the local population in the Old City to the relatively recent initiative of the Acre Development Company to assign official street names, chosen in the past, to the streets and alleys of the Old City.
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The importance of commemorative place-naming has been the focus of numerous studies that explore the relationship between memory and political representation. Few studies, however, have systematically examined regional geographical patterns of racial minorities in the United States. Using a variety of Internet-based mapping tools, I have collected a data set on the regional variation of the commemoration of thirty famous African-Americans (fifteen men and fifteen women). The research presented here explores how there are regional characteristics associated with where African-Americans are commemorated, particularly pertaining to cities. I also explore the geographic dispersal of these commemorations and whether there is a gender bias in the process of commemoration. Additionally, I focus on the duality of commemorations as an index of both African-American and the dominant white power structures.
A street-name system based on European perception of landscape ordering and urban functioning officially existed in colonial Singapore. Concurrently, there existed alternative systems of street names that originated among the immigrant Asian communities. Emphases, of purpose and function as well as linguistic origin were reflected in the applied street names. Singapore had a syncretic character, not the unified one inherent in the vision of the official street names.
... 综上所述,批判转向下的国外地名研究实质是反映在资本、权力与认同框架下,不同社会阶层以地名符号为媒介展开的博弈,涉及多种维度,且多维度融合的趋势已显现.但仍存在以下几点不足：①经济维度仍有待拓展与深化.尤其是命名权商品化对城市景观的作用机理有待深入阐释.例如,市政当局对于拍卖地名命名权的态度以及遴选赞助商的标准,尤其是否要求赞助商应尊重那些已根植于当地地名景观中的文化认同;地名公权转化成赞助商私权的法理依据及其影响.②近年来对管理维度的重视有所增强,但仍是最为薄弱的一个环节,也制约了批判地名学的社会应用价值的发挥.例如,命名权交易带来的经济利益与当地居民社会记忆和情感认同(Light et al, 2015)间的矛盾已为学者所关注,但目前还尚无可操作性较强的对策研究.③日常生活环境下,居民对命名及更名的接受、协商或拒绝微观尺度上的研究已为学者(Light et al, 2014; Creţan et al, 2016)所提倡,但相关成果还不多见,尤其对非意识形态的影响因素及其作用机制的重视仍不足. ...
The possibilities for studying place names in relation to landscape, space and identity
... 2010年以后,经济维度研究愈发受关注,主要内容包括命名权商品化和地名商业化开发,涉及地名经济效益的开发利用及其与社会效益间的冲突,以及不同社会群体或阶层关于地名的经济权利与文化权利间的博弈.Rose-Redwood(2011)指出,命名权商品化将改变城市的景观,其中私企将是最大的推手.Light等(2015)探讨了城市地名商品化的表现形式及其对城市景观的影响,居民的响应及其区域差异等.研究发现：①私企正在重构从广告牌、机动车体、建筑、地铁站、轨道线路到居民区、大街等不同尺度的城市地名景观,地名的空间生产也由政府组织编撰地图与设置实体标志转向地名空间数据版权私有化及开放式街景地图共享等;②以“金”命名的街道为例,Light指出地名的声誉即沉淀在其背后的符号资本关系到该地段的房价,影响到消费者的空间行为与投资者的决策等;③在不同的国家中,赞助商冠名对居民的地方感、认同、归属与记忆的影响不同(Light et al, 2015).例如,与美国相比,英国球场的历史更悠久,其名称已融入当地的历史文化与社会记忆中,球迷较难以接受企业冠名侵占他们的文化符号资本.Light (2014)探讨了不同尺度区域,地名在旅游业发展中的作用,即奇特地名的本身可以作为旅游吸引物、成为旅游视觉符号系统的开发要素,开发成旅游纪念品能为社区创收,提供了一种独特视角去理解诸如涂鸦与拍照等的旅游者空间生产与消费行为. ...
... 综上所述,批判转向下的国外地名研究实质是反映在资本、权力与认同框架下,不同社会阶层以地名符号为媒介展开的博弈,涉及多种维度,且多维度融合的趋势已显现.但仍存在以下几点不足：①经济维度仍有待拓展与深化.尤其是命名权商品化对城市景观的作用机理有待深入阐释.例如,市政当局对于拍卖地名命名权的态度以及遴选赞助商的标准,尤其是否要求赞助商应尊重那些已根植于当地地名景观中的文化认同;地名公权转化成赞助商私权的法理依据及其影响.②近年来对管理维度的重视有所增强,但仍是最为薄弱的一个环节,也制约了批判地名学的社会应用价值的发挥.例如,命名权交易带来的经济利益与当地居民社会记忆和情感认同(Light et al, 2015)间的矛盾已为学者所关注,但目前还尚无可操作性较强的对策研究.③日常生活环境下,居民对命名及更名的接受、协商或拒绝微观尺度上的研究已为学者(Light et al, 2014; Creţan et al, 2016)所提倡,但相关成果还不多见,尤其对非意识形态的影响因素及其作用机制的重视仍不足. ...
Habit, memory, and the persistence of socialist-era street names in postsocialist Bucharest, Romania
0
2014
Toponymy as commodity: Exploring the economic dimensions of urban place names
... 2010年以后,经济维度研究愈发受关注,主要内容包括命名权商品化和地名商业化开发,涉及地名经济效益的开发利用及其与社会效益间的冲突,以及不同社会群体或阶层关于地名的经济权利与文化权利间的博弈.Rose-Redwood(2011)指出,命名权商品化将改变城市的景观,其中私企将是最大的推手.Light等(2015)探讨了城市地名商品化的表现形式及其对城市景观的影响,居民的响应及其区域差异等.研究发现：①私企正在重构从广告牌、机动车体、建筑、地铁站、轨道线路到居民区、大街等不同尺度的城市地名景观,地名的空间生产也由政府组织编撰地图与设置实体标志转向地名空间数据版权私有化及开放式街景地图共享等;②以“金”命名的街道为例,Light指出地名的声誉即沉淀在其背后的符号资本关系到该地段的房价,影响到消费者的空间行为与投资者的决策等;③在不同的国家中,赞助商冠名对居民的地方感、认同、归属与记忆的影响不同(Light et al, 2015).例如,与美国相比,英国球场的历史更悠久,其名称已融入当地的历史文化与社会记忆中,球迷较难以接受企业冠名侵占他们的文化符号资本.Light (2014)探讨了不同尺度区域,地名在旅游业发展中的作用,即奇特地名的本身可以作为旅游吸引物、成为旅游视觉符号系统的开发要素,开发成旅游纪念品能为社区创收,提供了一种独特视角去理解诸如涂鸦与拍照等的旅游者空间生产与消费行为. ...
... 探讨了城市地名商品化的表现形式及其对城市景观的影响,居民的响应及其区域差异等.研究发现：①私企正在重构从广告牌、机动车体、建筑、地铁站、轨道线路到居民区、大街等不同尺度的城市地名景观,地名的空间生产也由政府组织编撰地图与设置实体标志转向地名空间数据版权私有化及开放式街景地图共享等;②以“金”命名的街道为例,Light指出地名的声誉即沉淀在其背后的符号资本关系到该地段的房价,影响到消费者的空间行为与投资者的决策等;③在不同的国家中,赞助商冠名对居民的地方感、认同、归属与记忆的影响不同(Light et al, 2015).例如,与美国相比,英国球场的历史更悠久,其名称已融入当地的历史文化与社会记忆中,球迷较难以接受企业冠名侵占他们的文化符号资本.Light (2014)探讨了不同尺度区域,地名在旅游业发展中的作用,即奇特地名的本身可以作为旅游吸引物、成为旅游视觉符号系统的开发要素,开发成旅游纪念品能为社区创收,提供了一种独特视角去理解诸如涂鸦与拍照等的旅游者空间生产与消费行为. ...
... 综上所述,批判转向下的国外地名研究实质是反映在资本、权力与认同框架下,不同社会阶层以地名符号为媒介展开的博弈,涉及多种维度,且多维度融合的趋势已显现.但仍存在以下几点不足：①经济维度仍有待拓展与深化.尤其是命名权商品化对城市景观的作用机理有待深入阐释.例如,市政当局对于拍卖地名命名权的态度以及遴选赞助商的标准,尤其是否要求赞助商应尊重那些已根植于当地地名景观中的文化认同;地名公权转化成赞助商私权的法理依据及其影响.②近年来对管理维度的重视有所增强,但仍是最为薄弱的一个环节,也制约了批判地名学的社会应用价值的发挥.例如,命名权交易带来的经济利益与当地居民社会记忆和情感认同(Light et al, 2015)间的矛盾已为学者所关注,但目前还尚无可操作性较强的对策研究.③日常生活环境下,居民对命名及更名的接受、协商或拒绝微观尺度上的研究已为学者(Light et al, 2014; Creţan et al, 2016)所提倡,但相关成果还不多见,尤其对非意识形态的影响因素及其作用机制的重视仍不足. ...
The right to the city: Social justice and the fight for public space
, 付业勤