区域不平衡:理论回顾、研究进展与未来展望
邢祖哥(1998— ),男,海南乐东人,博士生,研究方向为区域经济发展。E-mail: xingzg@stu.pku.edu.cn |
收稿日期: 2023-12-26
修回日期: 2024-04-16
网络出版日期: 2024-09-25
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(42171169)
Regional inequality: Theoretical review, research progress, and prospects
Received date: 2023-12-26
Revised date: 2024-04-16
Online published: 2024-09-25
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42171169)
21世纪以来,全球区域不平衡发展现象不断加剧,对区域可持续发展形成严峻挑战。区域不平衡是经济地理学的经典命题,其概念与研究框架不断被更新,破解区域发展不平衡问题是促进区域高质量发展的重要前提,然而现有研究对区域不平衡研究的系统认知不足。基于此,论文梳理了国外区域不平衡研究发展历程和视角转向,通过国外趋势与国内外对比分析,提出区域不平衡研究方向展望。研究发现:① 区域不平衡研究经历了早期萌芽阶段(19世纪末以前)、单一视角阶段(20世纪初至20世纪中期)、二元视角阶段(20世纪中期至20世纪末)和动态视角阶段(21世纪以来)4个阶段,研究视角从趋同、趋异转向动态开放;② 随着区域融入全球化程度日益上升,区域不平衡研究发生了由经济不平衡转向多维度不平衡、从静态均衡到外生冲击、由地方化到“全球—地方”互动的视角转变,研究广度和深度不断提升;③ 当前区域不平衡研究范式变化趋势体现为衡量方法的改进、与现代经济地理学流派的融合和对尺度效应的关注;④ 未来区域不平衡研究亟需融合借鉴多学科的理论和方法,探索区域不平衡的内外因素协同作用、动态演化趋势和周期效应、多尺度力量交互和多元主体互馈机制等问题。
邢祖哥 , 贺灿飞 . 区域不平衡:理论回顾、研究进展与未来展望[J]. 地理科学进展, 2024 , 43(9) : 1839 -1852 . DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2024.09.012
Since the beginning of the 21st century, the phenomenon of global regional inequality has been continuously exacerbated, posing severe challenges to regional sustainable development. Regional inequality is a classic proposition in economic geography, and its concepts and research frameworks are constantly being updated. Solving the problem of regional development inequality is an important prerequisite for promoting high-quality regional development. However, existing research lacks systematic understanding of regional inequality. Based on this situation, this article reviewed the development process and perspective shift of international research on regional inequality, and outlined the prospects for the direction of regional inequality research through comparative analysis of international trends and situations in China. The research findings are as follows: 1) Regional inequality research has gone through four stages: the early emerging stage (before the end of the 19th century), the single perspective stage (from the early 20th century to the mid-20th century), the dual perspective stage (from the mid-20th century to the end of the 20th century), and the dynamic perspective stage (since the 21st century). The research perspective has shifted from convergence and divergence to dynamic openness. 2) With the increasing integration of regions into the global system, regional inequality research has shifted from economic inequality to multidimensional inequality, from static equilibrium to exogenous shocks, and from localization to a "global-local" interactive perspective, with continuously expanding breadth and depth of research. 3) The current trend of paradigm shift in regional inequality research is reflected in the improvement of measurement methods, integration with the modern economic geography schools, and attention to scale effects. 4) Future research on regional inequality urgently needs to integrate and draw on theories and methods from multiple disciplines, explore issues such as the synergistic effects of internal and external factors on regional inequality, dynamic evolutionary trends and cyclical effects, as well as interactions of multiple scales of power and mechanisms of feedback among diverse entities.
图1 近40多年西方区域不平衡的研究文献数量变化注:数据来源于Web of Science,检索主题包括“regional inequality”“spatial inequality”等。地理学和空间科学常用“区域差异”“区域差距”“区域不平衡”“区域非均衡”等词进行区域比较,而经济学常用“区域不平等”反映区域差异,后者价值倾向更为明显,但在实际使用中词语间存在混用现象,因此本文采用“区域不平衡”以突出差异的普遍性,但在检索相关文献时考虑多个中英文语境以便取得相对全面认识。 Fig.1 Changes in the number of Western publications on regional inequality in the past 40+ years |
表1 不同理论视角对区域不平衡的解释Tab.1 Explanation of regional inequality from different theoretical perspectives |
理论视角 | 基本观点 | 代表性理论 | 代表性学者 | 对不平衡的解释 |
---|---|---|---|---|
趋同视角 | 随着区域经济发展,不同区域之间的差距将会逐渐缩小 | 新古典经济学 | Solow[47] | 区域不平衡只是发展过程中的副产品 |
倒U型增长理论 | Kuznets[48] | 不平衡将随着经济发展将先上升后下降 | ||
新区域趋同理论 | Barro, Sala-i-Martin[40] | 区域经济发展将可能使区域以多种形式实现区域趋同 | ||
趋异视角 | 随着区域经济发展,不同区域之间的差距将会逐渐扩大 | 循环累积因果理论 | Mydral[49] | 区域不平衡将随着先发区域的优势不断累积而扩大 |
新马克思主义地理 | Harvey[37] | 区域不平衡是资本主义积累的前提,既是必要的,也是不可避免的 | ||
新经济地理学 | Krugman[39] | 规模收益递增带来的向心力大于离心力将不断累积 | ||
动态视角 | 区域经济发展与不平衡之间的关系不稳定 | 不平衡发展理论 | Smith[43] | 资本在区域内、区域间存在往复运动,导致不平衡的 动态变化 |
库兹涅兹波浪理论 | Milanovic[44] | 存在不平衡的周期性运动 |
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