藏东南帕隆藏布流域冲积扇地貌发育特征及空间分异研究
韩盼(2001— ),女,陕西西安人,硕士生,研究方向为泥沙运动、河流地貌及灾害。E-mail: hanpan4526@igsnrr.ac.cn |
收稿日期: 2023-09-05
修回日期: 2023-12-10
网络出版日期: 2024-04-25
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(42371015)
国家自然科学基金项目(41971010)
第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究项目(2019QZKK0903)
Geomorphological development characteristics and spatial differentiation of alluvial fans in high mountain canyon areas: A case study in the Parlung Tsangpo Basin, southeast Tibet
Received date: 2023-09-05
Revised date: 2023-12-10
Online published: 2024-04-25
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42371015)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41971010)
The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(2019QZKK0903)
冲积扇是山区河流(沟谷)出口常见的堆积地貌形态。发育成熟、稳定的冲积扇是山区生产生活的良好区域,但同时也是山洪、泥石流等灾害的潜在易发区。研究冲积扇的地貌特征及成因有助于山洪泥石流灾害合理防控和土—水资源的可持续利用,有重要的科学价值和实践意义。论文以中国藏东南帕隆藏布流域冲积扇为研究对象,结合Google Earth、遥感影像以及野外踏勘调查,统计分析区域冲积扇地貌发育特征、空间分异及主要类型和成因,并探讨气候影响下区域冲积扇变化,结果发现:① 帕隆藏布流域冲积扇面积较坡降空间波动剧烈,干流冲积扇整体较支流冲积扇小且陡;三大支流冲积扇从上游曲宗藏布到下游易贡藏布面积中值呈增大趋势,而坡降中值呈减小趋势;扇体面积与流域面积呈弱正相关,扇体坡降与流域面积呈负相关且与流域崎岖度呈正相关,4个分析区域冲积扇与流域形态参数之间的拟合关系存在明显差异。② 流域内洪积扇、泥石流扇和坡积扇三类扇体地貌特征差异大,且与其来源流域的联系不同,表现为泥石流扇与流域形态参数之间的拟合相关性均最强,而坡积扇的相关性很弱。③ 扇体发育受降水、物源供给、主导动力机制及主河作用等因素影响,气候变化(如升温、强降雨事件增多等)背景下,流域不断新生冲积扇且原有冲积扇规模(甚至类型)发生变化。
韩盼 , 余国安 , 侯伟鹏 . 藏东南帕隆藏布流域冲积扇地貌发育特征及空间分异研究[J]. 地理科学进展, 2024 , 43(4) : 784 -798 . DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2024.04.012
Alluvial fans are common deposition landforms at the outlets of mountain streams (gullies). Maturely developed and stable alluvial fans are favorable sites for work and daily life in mountainous areas, but they are also potentially prone to debris flows and flash floods. The study of the geomorphic characteristics and development causes of alluvial fans can help to prevent and control geohazards and to rationally utilize soil and water resources, which has important scientific value and practical significance. Taking alluvial fans in the Parlung Tsangpo Basin, southeast Tibet as case samples and combining Google Earth, remote sensing images, and field surveys, we statistically analyzed the geomorphic characteristics, spatial differences, and main types of the regional alluvial fans, preliminarily examined the causes for their spatial diversity, and discussed the changes of the regional alluvial fans under the influence of climate change. The following conclusions were drawn: 1) The alluvial fan area fluctuates sharply in comparison with the slope in the Parlung Tsangpo Basin, and the mainstem alluvial fans are in general smaller and steeper than those developed in major tributaries; the alluvial fans of the three tributaries show a trend of increasing in area (in median values) from the upstream to the downstream (that is, fan areas of Quzong < Bodui < Yigong), while the slope shows a tendency of decrease; the fan area is weakly correlated with the contribution basin area, the fan slope is negatively correlated with the basin area and positively correlated with the ruggedness of the basin, and there are obvious differences in the fitting relationships between the alluvial fans of the four analyzed areas and the morphometric parameters of the basins. Alluvial fan-basin morphology parameters in the four analyzed areas shows obvious differences in the fitting relationships. 2) The morphological characteristics of the three types of fans in the basin, namely, fans formed by flood, debris flow, or colluvial processes, are quite different, and their links with the basins from which they originate are different, as shown by the fact that the correlation between the debris flow fans and the basin morphology parameters is the strongest, while that of the colluvial fans is very weak. 3) Fan development is affected by factors such as precipitation, sediment supply, dominant dynamic processes and the role of the main river, among others. Under the influence of climate change (for example, warming, increased heavy rainfall events, and so on), new alluvial fans are constantly created in the basin and the size (or even type) of the original alluvial fans is changing.
图1 帕隆藏布流域示意图及气候特征数据来源:中国气象科学数据中心(https://data.cma.cn)。 Fig.1 Schematic diagram and climate characteristics of the Parlung Tsangpo Basin |
表1 帕雄村冲积扇纵坡降测量结果对比Tab.1 Comparison of longitudinal gradient measurements for the alluvial fan at Paxiong Village |
纵剖线 | RTK测量 结果/% | Google Earth 测量结果/% | 相对误差/% |
---|---|---|---|
纵剖线1 | 12.0 | 11.7 | 2.5 |
纵剖线2 | 12.0 | 12.2 | 1.7 |
纵剖线3 | 12.3 | 12.7 | 3.3 |
图6 冲积扇—流域形态特征统计关系Fig.6 Statistical relationships between alluvial fan-basin morphological features |
表2 帕隆藏布流域冲积扇—流域形态参数回归关系Tab.2 Regression relationships for alluvial fan-basin morphology parameters in the Parlung Tsangpo Basin |
区域 | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
c | n | R2 | P值 | a | b | R2 | P值 | x | y | R2 | P值 | |||
流域整体 | 0.57 | 0.36 | 0.21 | <0.001 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.64 | <0.001 | 0.20 | 0.70 | 0.53 | <0.001 | ||
帕隆藏布干流 | 0.32 | 0.42 | 0.24 | <0.001 | 0.27 | 0.24 | 0.59 | <0.001 | 0.22 | 0.68 | 0.47 | <0.001 | ||
曲宗藏布 | 0.74 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.010 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.57 | <0.001 | 0.19 | 0.65 | 0.63 | <0.001 | ||
波堆藏布 | 1.42 | 0.19 | 0.09 | 0.105 | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.74 | <0.001 | 0.18 | 0.51 | 0.54 | <0.001 | ||
易贡藏布 | 1.01 | 0.25 | 0.07 | 0.772 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.40 | 0.045 | 0.14 | 0.42 | 0.17 | 0.206 |
注:R为相关系数。 |
表3 帕隆藏布流域波密上下游冲积扇地貌特征空间差异Tab.3 Spatial differences in morphological features of alluvial fans upstream and downstream of Bomi in the Parlung Tsangpo Basin |
区域 | Af / km2 | Sf / % | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
最大值 | 最小值 | 中值 | 最大值 | 最小值 | 中值 | ||
波密上游 | 3.4 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 48.6 | 3.4 | 20.1 | |
波密下游 | 9.1 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 38.3 | 4.4 | 14.6 |
表4 不同类型冲积扇—流域形态参数统计回归关系Tab.4 Regression relationships of alluvial fan-basin morphology parameters for different types of alluvial fans |
冲积扇类型 | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
c | n | R2 | P值 | a | b | R2 | P值 | x | y | R2 | P值 | |||
泥石流扇 | 0.60 | 0.33 | 0.12 | <0.001 | 0.23 | 0.18 | 0.36 | <0.001 | 0.19 | 0.46 | 0.33 | <0.001 | ||
洪积扇 | 1.51 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.804 | 0.13 | 0.18 | 0.24 | 0.067 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.101 | ||
坡积扇 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.357 | 0.32 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.345 | 0.36 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.913 |
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