街头抢劫者前犯罪经历对其后作案地选择的影响
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龙冬平(1985— ),男,湖南邵阳人,博士,讲师,主要从事公共安全与犯罪地理研究。E-mail:longdp@gzhu.edu.cn |
收稿日期: 2019-05-06
要求修回日期: 2019-09-24
网络出版日期: 2020-07-28
基金资助
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(41901172)
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(41901177)
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(41601138)
广东省自然科学基金研究团队项目(2014A-030312010)
国家自然科学基金重点项目(41531178)
国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFB0505500)
国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFB0505503)
广州市科学研究计划重点项目(201804020016)
版权
Impact of prior crime experiences of street robbers on subsequent crime location choices
Received date: 2019-05-06
Request revised date: 2019-09-24
Online published: 2020-07-28
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41901172)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41901177)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41601138)
Research Team Program of Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China(2014A-030312010)
Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41531178)
National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFB0505500)
National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFB0505503)
Guangzhou Science and Technology Program Key Projects(201804020016)
Copyright
作案地选择是犯罪地理学的研究主题。已有的重复作案地选择的研究表明,犯罪者“前案件”作案地选择对他们“后案件”作案地选择具有影响,但以往研究关注的是先前的犯罪时间和地点对其后续作案地选择的影响,仍未检验犯罪者在“前案件”中犯罪经历的具体作用。因此,论文以中国东南沿海ZG市为例,利用街头抢劫者的抓捕数据和混合Logit模型,聚焦探析街头抢劫者先前的个体犯罪经历对他们随后的作案地选择的影响。研究发现:街头抢劫者在“前案件”中的犯罪间隔、犯罪出行和当场被捕等个体犯罪经历对其“后案件”作案地选择具有强烈的影响,即“前后案件”的犯罪间隔越临近、“前案件”犯罪出行距离越短,以及“前案件”未当场被捕,则大大增加了街头抢劫者返回到先前抢劫区域再次犯罪的可能性。并通过警察访谈和结合理论分析,发现“前案件”未当场被捕是由犯罪者当场被捕的恐惧感、警察特殊的干预方式,以及社会凝聚力和犯罪防控的相互作用而形成。研究结论可为警务部门的“事前防控”与“主动处置”提供一定的参考。
龙冬平 , 柳林 , 陈建国 , 肖露子 , 宋广文 , 徐冲 . 街头抢劫者前犯罪经历对其后作案地选择的影响[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020 , 39(5) : 815 -828 . DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.05.010
Explaining the choice of crime location is one of the central themes of crime geography. The existing research on the choice of the location where street robbers commit crimes mainly focuses on the following two aspects: analyzing the spatial pattern and influencing factors from a comprehensive perspective, and analyzing the time difference from a comparative perspective. In general, these studies not only enrich the research perspectives, but also clarify the spatiotemporal patterns and their formation mechanisms. Therefore, they have important theoretical and practical significance. The literature also shows that offenders' subsequent crime location choices are affected by their prior crime location choices. However, the published studies have focused on the influences of time and place of a previous crime, and have not yet verified the role of crime experiences of the former offense. Therefore, this study further examined the influence of the prior individual robbery experiences on the subsequent street robbery location choices by using a mixed logit model and data on arrested robbers in ZG City, China. The results suggest that the individual criminal experiences of street robbers such as the interval of crimes, criminal travel, and arrest on the spot have a strong effect on subsequent street robbery location choices, that is, a shorter time interval, a shorter distance of journey to prior crime location, and less possibility of being arrested in the act of a prior street robbery significantly increase the likelihood of a robber returning to the previous location. Finally, through police interviews and theoretical analysis, it is found that the last situation is formed by the offenders' fear of being arrested on the spot, the special ways of police intervention, as well as the social cohesion and crime prevention of communities. Therefore, the extension of the results may well provide references for the police departments' work on prevention and pre-event control and active intervention.
表1 基于抓捕数据的街头抢劫案件基本情况(N=4358)Tab.1 Basic situation of street robbery cases based on arrest data (N=4358) |
| 涉案人数/人 | 被捕记录/次 | 案件数/起 | 案件比例/% |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2646 | 2646 | 60.72 |
| 2 | 1758 | 879 | 20.17 |
| 3 | 1209 | 403 | 9.25 |
| 4 | 812 | 203 | 4.66 |
| 5 | 565 | 113 | 2.59 |
| ≥6 | 870 | 114 | 2.62 |
| 合计 | 7860 | 4358 | 100 |
表2 重复街头抢劫者的个体属性特征Tab.2 Characteristics of the street robbers |
| 个体属性 | 数量/人 | 百分比/% |
|---|---|---|
| 性别 | ||
| 男性 | 520 | 98.67 |
| 女性 | 7 | 1.33 |
| 年龄(截至2016年12月) | ||
| 12~18岁 | 58 | 11.01 |
| 19~23岁 | 152 | 28.84 |
| 24~30岁 | 137 | 26.00 |
| 31~40岁 | 109 | 20.68 |
| 41~50岁 | 54 | 10.25 |
| 51岁及以上 | 17 | 3.23 |
表3 重复街头抢劫案件的匹配数Tab.3 Pairs of prior and subsequent street robberies |
| 重复抢劫 次数 | 街头抢劫者 | 街头抢劫案件 | 匹配案件 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 数量/人 | 百分比/% | 数量/起 | 百分比/% | 数量/起 | 百分比/% | |||
| 2 | 412 | 78.18 | 824 | 65.29 | 412 | 36.85 | ||
| 3 | 69 | 13.09 | 207 | 16.40 | 207 | 18.52 | ||
| 4 | 21 | 3.98 | 84 | 6.66 | 126 | 11.27 | ||
| 5 | 13 | 2.47 | 65 | 5.15 | 130 | 11.63 | ||
| 6 | 4 | 0.76 | 24 | 1.90 | 60 | 5.37 | ||
| 7 | 7 | 1.33 | 49 | 3.88 | 147 | 13.15 | ||
| 9 | 1 | 0.19 | 9 | 0.71 | 36 | 3.22 | ||
| 合计 | 527 | 100 | 1262 | 100 | 1118 | 100 | ||
表5 基于混合Logit模型的假设1检验结果(Model 1)Tab.5 Test result of hypothesis 1 based on amixed logit model (Model 1) |
| 变量 | OR | SE | Z | 95%的置信区间 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| “前后案件”的犯罪间隔 | |||||
| 0~2 d | 24.453*** | 16.442 | 4.75 | [6.546, 91.345] | |
| 3~7 d | 17.928*** | 12.541 | 4.13 | [4.551, 70.623] | |
| 8~30 d | 9.007** | 5.885 | 3.36 | [2.503, 32.412] | |
| 1~6个月 | 7.870** | 5.292 | 3.07 | [2.107, 29.399] | |
| 7~24个月 | 1.943 | 1.284 | 1.01 | [0.532, 7.093] | |
| 大于24个月 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | [1.000, 1.000] | |
| 公交站 | 1.071** | 0.026 | 2.84 | [1.021, 1.122] | |
| 客运站 | 1.621** | 0.260 | 3.01 | [1.184, 2.219] | |
| 地铁站 | 0.855* | 0.060 | -2.21 | [0.745, 0.982] | |
| 道路网络密度 | 0.932* | 0.035 | -2.09 | [0.866, 0.997] | |
| 商场与超市 | 0.994 | 0.016 | -0.38 | [0.964, 1.025] | |
| 杂货店 | 0.975 | 0.038 | -0.64 | [0.903, 1.053] | |
| 批发市场 | 0.959 | 0.043 | -0.93 | [0.879, 1.047] | |
| 酒吧与会所 | 1.091* | 0.050 | 3.12 | [1.037, 1.192] | |
| 中学 | 1.240* | 0.133 | 2.00 | [1.004, 1.530] | |
| 外来人口比重 | 1.143 | 0.377 | 0.40 | [0.598, 2.183] | |
| 青少年人口比重 | 0.688 | 0.408 | -0.63 | [0.216, 2.196] | |
| 破案率 | 1.693 | 1.712 | 0.52 | [0.233, 12.284] | |
| “后案件”犯罪出行距离 | 0.163*** | 0.042 | -7.00 | [0.098, 0.271] | |
| 年龄 | 1.028 | 0.019 | 1.54 | [0.992, 1.065] | |
| 户籍 | 2.184* | 1.055 | 2.04 | [1.048, 5.628] | |
| 常数项 | 0.005*** | 0.005 | -5.13 | [0.001, 0.036] | |
| 随机效应参数 | 估计值 | 标准误差 | 95%的置信区间 | ||
| 标准差(常数项) | 1.647 | 0.304 | [1.147, 2.365] | ||
注: *、**、***分别表示P < 0.05、P < 0.01、P < 0.001,下同;模型P值→0;伪R2 = 0.245。 |
表6 基于混合Logit模型的假设2检验结果(Model 2)Tab.6 Test result of hypothesis 2 based on a mixed logit model (Model 2) |
| 变量 | OR | SE | Z | 95%的置信区间 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| “前案件”犯罪出行距离 | 0.599* | 0.151 | -2.04 | [0.366, 0.981] | |
| 公交站 | 1.078** | 0.029 | 2.78 | [1.022, 1.136] | |
| 客运站 | 1.565** | 0.268 | 2.62 | [1.119, 2.190] | |
| 地铁站 | 0.864* | 0.065 | -2.11 | [0.745, 0.986] | |
| 道路网络密度 | 0.902* | 0.037 | -2.49 | [0.832, 0.978] | |
| 商场与超市 | 0.981 | 0.017 | -1.10 | [0.949, 1.015] | |
| 杂货店 | 0.978 | 0.041 | -0.54 | [0.901, 1.061] | |
| 批发市场 | 0.934 | 0.046 | -1.39 | [0.849, 1.028] | |
| 酒吧与会所 | 1.088* | 0.054 | 2.98 | [1.027, 1.200] | |
| 中学 | 1.205 | 0.138 | 1.63 | [0.964, 1.507] | |
| 外来人口比重 | 1.257 | 0.449 | 0.64 | [0.624, 2.533] | |
| 青少年人口比重 | 0.543 | 0.343 | -0.97 | [0.158, 1.871] | |
| 破案率 | 4.884 | 5.160 | 1.50 | [0.616, 38.739] | |
| “后案件”犯罪出行距离 | 0.158*** | 0.048 | -6.11 | [0.087, 0.286] | |
| 年龄 | 1.010 | 0.020 | 0.51 | [0.972, 1.050] | |
| 户籍 | 2.318* | 1.220 | 2.16 | [1.086, 6.504] | |
| 常数项 | 0.049*** | 0.043 | -4.04 | [0.002, 0.079] | |
| 随机效应参数 | 估计值 | 标准误差 | 95%的置信区间 | ||
| 标准差(常数项) | 2.055 | 0.383 | [1.426, 2.962] | ||
注:模型 P →0;Pseudo R2 = 0.192。 |
表7 基于混合Logit模型的假设3检验结果(Model 3)Tab.7 Test result of hypothesis 3 based on a mixed logit model (Model 3) |
| 变量 | OR | SE | Z | 95%的置信区间 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| “前案件”未当场被捕 | 10.029*** | 4.783 | 4.83 | [3.938, 25.538] | |
| 公交站 | 1.074** | 0.029 | 2.66 | [1.019, 1.132] | |
| 客运站 | 1.860** | 0.345 | 3.35 | [1.293, 2.676] | |
| 地铁站 | 0.867* | 0.069 | -2.06 | [0.742, 0.990] | |
| 道路网络密度 | 0.914* | 0.037 | -2.19 | [0.844, 0.990] | |
| 商场与超市 | 0.998 | 0.017 | -0.14 | [0.964, 1.032] | |
| 杂货店 | 0.979 | 0.042 | -0.50 | [0.901, 1.064] | |
| 批发市场 | 0.930 | 0.045 | -1.49 | [0.845, 1.023] | |
| 酒吧与会所 | 1.078* | 0.054 | 2.13 | [1.017, 1.190] | |
| 中学 | 1.234 | 0.142 | 1.83 | [0.985, 1.545] | |
| 外来人口比重 | 1.237 | 0.448 | 0.59 | [0.608, 2.517] | |
| 青少年人口比重 | 0.608 | 0.391 | -0.77 | [0.172, 2.143] | |
| 破案率 | 1.838 | 1.965 | 0.57 | [0.226, 14.942] | |
| “后案件”犯罪出行距离 | 0.119*** | 0.036 | -6.97 | [0.065, 0.216] | |
| 年龄 | 1.005 | 0.020 | 0.26 | [0.967, 1.045] | |
| 户籍 | 3.239* | 1.739 | 2.19 | [1.131, 9.276] | |
| 常数项 | 0.007*** | 0.007 | -4.86 | [0.001, 0.051] | |
| 随机效应参数 | 估计值 | 标准误差 | 95%的置信区间 | ||
| 标准差(常数项) | 2.006 | 0.384 | [1.378, 2.921] | ||
注:模型 P →0;Pseudo R2 = 0.219。 |
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