利用北京市城市园林绿化普查的公园数据, 基于ArcGIS、Fragstats 软件平台和景观生态学的景观指标, 采用整体格局、分区格局和梯度格局相结合的方法, 定量分析了2000-2010 年北京城市公园的空间格局变化特征, 并揭示了引起其变化的驱动因素。结果表明:①近10 年北京城市公园的数量与面积呈现大幅度的增长, 其中专类公园和社区公园面积增长最快;综合公园和专类公园在分布规模上占绝对优势;公园的连接度由“中心高外围低”向“中心高外围也不断提高”方向发展;公园的聚集度由城市中心聚集向外围多方位多处聚集发展。②各类城市公园在各扇区和圈层的均衡比指数(ERI)差异较大、均衡比曲线变化幅度复杂, 分区间分布不均衡的现象明显。③基于45°八方位样带的梯度分析进一步表明, 北京城市公园的空间分布不很均衡、梯度变化特征显著, 大面积公园主要分布在“正北”和“西北”方向;在“西”、“东”、“西北”、“东北”方向附近的公园面积、数量较多, 且数量和面积增长较快。④北京城市重大事件、城市绿化方针政策、快速城市化和居民日益增长的环境需求是引起近10 年城市公园空间格局变化的四大主要因素;四大因素促成了公园数量和面积等总体格局的大幅增长, 也造成了公园在各分区和梯度上的分布不均衡。研究结果对于北京城市公园进一步优化布局和建设发展具有重要的参考价值。
By using the city parks data grounded on Beijing green space census, based on ArcGIS and Fragstats and landscape metrics, this paper conducted a quantitative analysis of the variation of overall, zoning and gradient pattern of Beijing city parks' spatial pattern from 2000 to 2010, and revealed the driving factors of the changes. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) In the overall pattern, the number and area of city parks have increased substantially, especially those of special parks and community parks. The distribution of comprehensive parks and special parks has an absolute advantage. The contagion of parks has been changing from "center high peripheral low" to "center high peripheral improving high". The aggression has changed from center aggregation to peripheral multi-dimensional aggregation. (2) In the division pattern, all types of city parks’ERI varied significantly in sectors, rings and administrative districts. The variation of the curve of eveness rate is complex. Also, all kinds of city parks are distributed unevenly in different districts. (3) The analysis of eight-direction gradient pattern indicated that the distribution of Beijing city parks was unbalanced and changed significantly. Large parks were mainly distributed in the "north" and "northwest" directions. The areas and number of parks in the west, east, northwest and northeast were larger, and the increasing rate were comparatively high. (4) Events, green policy, rapid urbanization and residents’increasing environment demands, which can contribute to growing number, areas of parks and the unbalance of their space distribution, are the four major driving factors of the variation of spatial pattern of Beijing city parks in recent 10 years. This paper provides valuable references for the future construction and optimization of the distribution of Beijing city parks.
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