农户可持续生计问题是黄土高原自实施生态退耕政策以来备受关注的关键科学问题之一。通过构建可持续生计效益评价模型, 对农户可持续生计效益进行了分级评价, 并分析了不同类型农户的可持续生计效益差异。结果表明:① 具有较高可持续生计效益指数的农户生计收入构成趋向于多元化, 不同生计策略收入所占比重也趋向平均化, 而生计效益指数较低的农户主要依赖于外出打工、卖粮菜等个别生计策略;② 各类型农户的人均生计效益指数和人均年收入排序呈现出:发展果园型>做小生意型>外出打工型>大棚种植型>舍饲养殖型。基于可持续生计效益评价并结合主体功能区战略, 提出4 种黄土高原未来生计策略:① 推进人口城镇化, 有序引导生态脆弱地区人口外迁;② 促进农地流转, 扩大农业生产规模;③ 拓展生计策略, 增强收入来源多样性;④ 加强技术培训, 提高农户非农生计可持续性。
Farmers’sustainable livelihoods have been one of the key issues that deserve the attention from the public since the ecological restoration policy was implemented on the Loess Plateau. Under the background of propelling the formation of major functional zones, the assessment of farmers’sustainable livelihoods is an important premise for ecological restoration and protection as well as the regional sustainable development. By establishing a benefit-assessment model, this paper evaluates and grades the benefits of farmers’sustainable livelihoods, and assesses the differences between the benefits for different types of farmers. The results are shown as follows: The livelihoods income of the farmers with high livelihoods benefit index are generated by diversified livelihood strategies, and the incomes by different strategies tend to share nearly averaged proportions, however, those with low livelihoods benefit index mainly rely on a particular strategy such as going out to work or selling grain and vegetables. Ranking of livelihood benefit index per capita and annual income per capita of farmers of different types is shown as such: developing orchard > doing small business > going out to work > greenhouse planting> raising livestock. Based on the assessment of sustainable livelihoods benefits and the strategy of major functional zones, we put forward future livelihoods strategies for the Loess Plateau in four directions: (1) Impelling population urbanization, guiding the population gradual migration out of ecologically fragile areas; (2) Propelling rural land circulation, enlarging the scale of agricultural production; (3) Promoting livelihood strategies, diversifying the sources of farmers’incomes; (4) Enhancing the technical training, improving the sustainability of farmers’non-agricultural livelihoods.
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