高山树线交错带的景观格局与生态过程
收稿日期: 2006-09-01
修回日期: 2006-12-01
网络出版日期: 2007-02-20
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(30370257)和中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所创新前沿项目(CXIOGC05-01)资助.
The Ecological Processes and Landscape Patterns at Alpine Tr eeline Ecotone
Received date: 2006-09-01
Revised date: 2006-12-01
Online published: 2007-02-20
由于对气候变化的敏感性, 近年来高山树线交错带成为全球变化研究中的热点问题。高 山树线交错带所指示的是一个复杂生态系统的特征, 反映出了由低处植被向高山植被的转化, 其 景观格局是综合了种子定居, 树木生长以及树木繁殖等多个树木生态过程和特定高山环境下的 地理特征格局的适应结果。一方面, 树木通过自身生理生态学上的调整对高山极端环境进行适 应。一方面, 高山特定地理环境特征对树线的景观格局进行影响, 因而高山树线交错带成为研究 景观格局- 生态过程相互关系的一个重要载体。通过运用3S 技术, 可以将高山树线交错带研究中 的树线景观结构和生理生态过程结合在一起, 并验证在其景观格局形成过程中地理特征和人为 因子的相对重要性。
杨振林,石培礼 . 高山树线交错带的景观格局与生态过程[J]. 地理科学进展, 2007 , 26(1) : 44 -55 . DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2007.01.005
The Alpine Treeline Ecotone (ATE) indicates the characteristics of the complicated ecosystems in the mountainous environment. It can also reflect the transition of the lower vegetations to the alpine vegetations. The location of the treeline is the result of a combination of a great number of unfavorable conditions for tree regeneration, seedling establishment and tree growth. For the sensitivity of the ATE to the climate change, ATE has become a hot topic in the alpine environmental and global change research. Recently, the landscape patterns and ecological processes of the ATE are mainly two aspects of the researches in the ATE. The researches majored in the landscape patterns of the ATE focus mainly on the landscape pattern of the ATE. And the researches majored in ecological processes of the ATE focus mainly on the formation mechanisms of the treeline. The development of GIS enhances the integration of the pattern and process of the ATE, and provides a useful tool to evaluate the relative importance of the biotic and abiotic factors in the research of the ATE.
[1] Kullman L. 20th century climate warming and tree- limit rise in the southern Scands of Sweden, Ambio, 2001, 30: 72~80.
[2] Armand, A Sharp and gradual mountain timberlines as a result of species interaction. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 1992, 58(3): 367~377.
[3] Rochefort R M, D L Peterson. Temporal and spatial distribution of trees in subalpine meadows of Mt. Rainier National Park, Washington, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research,1996,28(1): 52~59.
[4] Risser P G. The status of the science examining ecotones. Bioscience, 1995, 45: 318~325.
[5] Brown J H, J F Gillooly, G B West, V M Savage. The next step in macro- ecology: From general empirical patterns to universal ecological laws. In T M Blackburn and K J Gaston, eds. Macorecology: Concepts and Consequences. Blackwell Science, 2003.
[6] Odum E P. Fundamentals of ecology (Second edition). Pennsylvania: Saunders W B Company, 1971.
[7] Anderson J M. Ecology of environmental science- resources and environmental science series. Edward Arnold (Ltd.),1981, 87~95.
[8] 牛文元. 生态环境脆弱带的基础研究. 生态学报, 1989, 9(2):97~105.
[9] Tranquillini 著,李文华译. 高山林线生理生态. 中国环境农业出版社,1986.
[10] K"rner Ch. Alpine plant life – functional plant ecology of high mountain ecosystems (2nd edition), Springer- Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2003.
[11] Holtmeier F- K. Mountain timberlines—ecology, patchiness, and dynamics, Advances in Global Change Research, 2003, 14: 369. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London.
[12] Wardle P. Alpine timberlines. In: Ives JD, Barry RG (eds.), Arctic and Alpine Environments. London: Methuen, 1974, 371~402.
[13] Hustich, IImarl. Ecological concepts and biographical zonation in the North: the need for a generally accepted terminology. Holarctic Ecology, 1979, 2: 208~217.
[14] Hansen- Bristow K J, Ives J D. Composition, form, and distribution of the forest- alpine tundra ecotone, Indian Peaks, Colorado, USA. Erdkunde, 1985, 39:286~295.
[15] Korner Ch, Paulsen J. A world- wide study of high altitude treeline temperatures, Journal of Biogeography, 2004, 31, 713~ 732.
[16] Holtmeier F.- K. Sensitivity and response of northern hemisphere altitudinal and polar treelines to environmental change at landscape and local scales. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2005, 14:395~410.
[17] Butler D R. Ecotones in Mountain Environments: Illustrating Sensitive Biogeographical Boundaries with Remotely Sensed Imagery in the Geography Classroom. Geocarto International, 2003, 18(3): 63~72.
[18] Bekker M F. Positive Feedback Between Tree Establishment and Patterns of Subalpine Forest Advancement, Glacier National Park, Montana, U.S.A , Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 2005,37(1):97~107.
[19] Marr J W. The development and movement of tree islands near the upper. limit of tree growth in the southern Rocky Mountains. Ecology, 1977, 58:1159~1164.
[20] Malanson G P. Complex responses to global change at alpine treeline. Physical Geography, 2001, 22: 333~342.
[21] Clausen J. Tree Lines and Germ Plasm- A Study in Evolutionary Limitations. PNAS, 1963, 50: 860~868.
[22] Wardle P. Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Engel.) at its upper limit on the Front Range, Colorado, Ecology, 1968, 49: 483~494.
[23] Walsh S J. Spatial and biophysical analysis of alpine vegetation through Landsat TM and SPOT MX/PAN data. Proceedings, American Congress on Surveying and Mapping and American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 1993, 2: 426~437.
[24] Butler D R, S J Walsh. Influence of snow patterns and snow avalanches on the alpine treeline ecotone. Physical Geography, 1994, 15(2): 181~199.
[25] Ranson K J, Sun G Kharuk, V I Kovacs K. Assessing tundra- taiga boundary with multi - sensor satellite data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2004, 93(3):283~295.
[26] Camarero J J E. Gutiérrez and M.- J. Fortin. Spatial pattern of subalpine forest- alpine grassland ecotones in the Spanish Central Pyrenees. Forest Ecology and Management, 2000, 134: 1~16.
[27] Camarero J J E. Gutiérrez, Emilia & M.- J. Fortin.. Spatial patterns of plant richness across treeline ecotones in the Pyrenees reveal different locations for richness and tree cover boundaries. Global Ecology & Biogeography,2006,15(2):182~191.
[28] Malanson G P, Zeng Y. Uncovering spatial feedbacks at alpine treeline using spatial metrics in evolutionary simulations, 7th International Conference on GeoComputation, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, 2003.
[29] 侯学煜. 论中国各植被区山地植被垂直带谱的特征. 见:中国植物学会三十周年年会论文摘要汇编, 1963,254.
[30] 石培礼, 李文华. 长白山林线交错带形状与木本植物向苔原侵展和林线动态的关系. 生态学报, 2000, 20(4):389~398.
[31] 邓坤枚,邵彬,李飞. 长白山北坡云冷杉林胸径、树高结构及其生长规律的分析. 资源科学,1999, 21 (1):77~84.
[32] 沈泽昊,方精云. 贡嘎山东坡植被垂直带谱的物种多样性格局分析. 植物生态学报, 2001, 25 (6):721~732.
[33] Kullman L. Recent cooling and reversion of Norway spruce (picea abies.Karst.) In the forest- alpine tundra ecotone of the swindish Scandes. Journal of Biogeography, 1996, 23:843~854.
[34] Lioyd A H, Fastie C L. Spatial and temporal variability in the growth and climate response of treeline trees in Alaska, Climatic Change, 2002, 52: 481~509.
[35] Cooper W S. Alpine vegetation in the vicinity of Long' s Peak, Colorado. Botanical Gazette, 1908, 45: 319~337.
[36] Holm T. Polygonum: Sectio Tovara, Botanical Gazette, 1927,84(1): 1~26.
[37] Perkins T D, G T. Adams. Rapid freezing induces winter injury symptomatology in red spruce foliage. Tree Physiology, 1995, 15:259~266.
[38] 李文华, 冷允法, 胡涌. 云南横断山区森林植被分布与水热因子相关的定量研究. 见:中国科学院青藏高原综合科学 考察队编.青藏高原研究、横断山考察专集. 昆明: 云南人民出版社,1983, 185~204.
[39] 徐文铎. 中国东北主要植被类型的分布与气候的关系. 植物生态学与地植物学学报, 1986, (4): 254 ~262.
[40] Van Gardingen P R, J Grace, C E Jeffree. Abrasive damage by wind to the needle surfaces of Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. and Pinus sylvestris L. Plant, Cell and Environment, 1991, 14: 185~193.
[41] Grace J, James J. Physiology of trees at treeline. In: Alden, J., Mastrantonio, J.L. & Odum, S.(eds) Forest development in cold climates: 105~114.Plenum Press, New work, 1993.
[42] Asselin H et al. The northern limit of Pinus banksiana Lamb.in Canada: explaining the difference between the eastern and western distributions, Journal of Biogeography, 2003, 30: 1709~1718.
[43] Walsh S J, Butler D R, Malanson G P, Crews-Meyer K A, Messina J P, Ningchuan Xiao. Mapping, modeling, and visualization of the influences of geomorphic processes on the alpine treeline ecotone, Glacier National Park, MT, USA. Geomorphology, 2003, 53:129~145.
[44] Cairns D M, Moen J. Herbivory influences tree lines, Journal of Ecology, 2004, 92:1019~1024.
[45] K#rner Ch. A re- assessment of high elevation treeline positions and their explanation, Oecologia, 1998, 115:445~459.
[46] Dullinger S, Dirnbuck T, Grabherr G. Modelling climate change- driven treeline shifts: relative effects of temperature increase, dispersal and invisibility, Journal of Ecology, 2004, 92: 241~252.
[47] Clark J S, Macklin E, Wood L. Stages and spatial scales of recruitment limitation in southern Appalachian forests. Eco-logical Monographs, 1998, 68: 213~235.
[48] Clark J S, Silman M, Kern R, Macklin E, HilleRisLambers J. Interpreting recruitment limitation in forests. American Journal of Botany, 1999, 86:1~16.
[49] Mayer H. Gebirgswaldbau Schutzwaldpflege.Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1976.
[50] Stevens G. C, Fox J F. The cause of treeline. Annual Review of Ecological Ecosystems, 1971, 22: 171~191.
[51] Hoch G, Richter A, K"rner Ch. Non- structural carbon compounds in temperate forest trees. Plant, Cell and Environment, 2003, 26:1067~1081.
[52] Smith W K, Germino MJ, Hancock T E, Johnson D M. Another perspective on altitudinal limits of alpine timberlines. Tree Physiology, 2003, 23:1101~1112.
[53] Resler, Lynn M. Geomorphic Controls of Spatial Pattern and Process at Alpine Treeline. The Professional Geographer, 2006, 58(2):124~138.
[54] Alftine, Kathryn Jo. The relationship between tree establishment patterns and positive feedback at alpine treeline. Ph.D. diss., University of Iowa, 2002.
[55] Alftine K J, Malanson G P. Directional positive feedback and pattern at an alpine tree line. Journal of Vegetation Science, 2004, 15: 3~12.
[56] Germino M J, Smith W K. Sky exposure, crown architecture, and low- temperature photoinhibition in conifer seedlings at alpine treeline. Plant Cell Environment, 1999, 22:407~415.
[57] Germino MJ, Smith W K, Resor A C. Conifer seedling distribution and survival in an alpine treeline ecotone. Plant Ecology, 2002, 162: 157~168.
[58] Kullman L. Structural change in a subalpine birth- woodland in north Sweden during the past century. Journal of Biogeography, 1991, 18: 53~62.
[59] Heikkinen R K, Kalliola R J. Vegetation types and map of the Kevo nature reserve, northernmost. Finland. Kevo Notes, 1989, 8: 1~39.
[60] 赵东升, 李双成, 吴绍洪. 青藏高原的气候植被模型研究进展. 地理科学进展, 2006, 25(4):68~78.
[61] Butler D R, Malanson G P, Wilkerson F D, Schmid G L. Late Holocene sturzstroms in Glacier National Park, Montana, U. S.A. In: Kalvoda J., Rosenfeld, C. (Eds.), Geomorphological Hazards in High Mountain Areas. Kluwer Academic Publishing, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1998, 149~166.
[62] Cairns D M. Modelling controls on pattern at alpine treeline. Geographical and Environmental Modelling, 1997, (2):37~56.
[63] Cairns D M, Malanson G P. Examination of the carbon balance hypothesis of alpine treeline location, Glacier National Park, Montana. Physical Geography, 1997, 18:125~145.
[64] Cairns D M, Modeling controls on Pattern at alpine Treeline, Geographical&Environmental Modelling, 1998, 2(1):43~63.
[65] Malanson G P. Comment on modeling ecological response to climatic change, Climatic Change, 1993, 23(2): 95~109.
[66] Malanson G P, Butler D R, Cairns D M, Welsh T E, Resler L M. Variability in a soil depth indicator in alpine tundra. Catena, 2002, 49: 203~215.
[67] Resler Lynn M, Mark A. Fonstad, and David R. Butler. Mapping the alpine treeline ecotone with digital aerial photography and textural analysis, Geocarto International, 2003, 19(1): 37~44.
[68] Resler, Lynn M, David R. Butler, and George P. Malanson. Topographic shelter and conifer establishment and mortality in an alpine environment, Glacier National Park, Montana. Physical Geography, 2005, 26 (2): 112~25.
[69] Walsh S J, Butler D R, Allen T R, Malanson G.P. Influence of snow patterns and snow avalanches and the alpine treeline ecotone. Journal of Vegetation Science, 1994, 5:657~672.
[70] Walsh S J, Butler D R, Brown D G, Bian L. Form and pattern of alpine environments: an integrative approach to spatial analysis and modelling in Glacier National Park, USA. In: Heywood D I, Price M F. (Eds.), Mountain Environments and GIS. Taylor and Francis, London, 1994.
[71] Walsh S J, Weiss D J, Butler D R, Malanson G P. An assessment of snow avalanche paths and forest dynamics using Ikonos satellite data. Geocarto International, 2004, 19: 85~94.
[72] Beck, Pieter SA; Kalmbach, Ellen; Joly, Daniel; Stien, Audun; Nilsen, Lennart. Modelling local distribution of an arctic
/
〈 | 〉 |