随着城市化进程的加快,生态空间在区域大气污染改善中的角色越来越重要。本文从区域内部地域构成的空间异质性视角,采用干沉降模型,建立植被对大气污染削减效应与空间特征的表征方式,用以揭示不同次区域中绿地对大气污染削减研究的重点和特色。研究表明,“中”次区域污染削减量明显高于“高”、“低”次区域,然而“中”次区域绿地功能的发挥仍处于污染驱动阶段;“高”、“低”次区域已进入绿地功能驱动阶段,生物多样性、生态结构和景观格局对大气污染削减的影响更加突出。森林下垫面对大珠三角地区SO2、NO2、PM10污染物的削减率分别为1.3%、0.7%和4.1%。最后,提出结合资源禀赋和城市发展特征开展绿色空间的功能导向型研究,并探讨了未来研究发展的主要趋势和重点问题。
With rapid urbanization, the importance of air pollution removal by regional green space had been widely accepted. Therefore, the concept of spatial heterogeneity and ecological function were applied to regional management and spatial planning. This article took the view of spatial heterogeneity, and analysed the relevant factors and discrimination method. The current study established the correlation between air pollution reduction effect and spatial characteristics, which revealed the impact of spatial heterogeneity on vegetation. The study showed that the relative effects of regional forest cover in reducing air pollutant concentrations in the atmosphere of SO2, NO2, and PM10 were 1.3%, 0.7% and 4.1%, respectively, which varied in different sub-regional air quality improvement. Pollutant removal rates in moderate ability subregion was obviously higher than that in high-ability subregion and low-aridity subregion. However the driving force of ecological function in moderare aridity subregion was still at the level of pollution-driven stage, compared with the other two subregions at the levels of green feature-driven stage. Therefore, the effects of biological diversity, ecological structure and landscape pattern on ecological function were more prominent. Finally, some problems were pointed out and function- oriented research was proposed as the main development trend in the future.
[1] 周生贤. 国务院关于大气污染防治工作进展情况报告.中国新闻网, 2009. http://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/news/2009/04-22/1659161.shtml.
[2] World Bank. Vehicular air pollution: An overview. WorldBank technical paper. The World Bank,Washington, DC.1997.
[3] Yang J, McBride J, Zhou J, et al. The urban forest in Beijingand its role in air pollution reduction. Urban ForestUrban Green, 2005, 3(2): 65-78.
[4] Nowak D J, Crane D E, Stevens J C. Air pollution removalby urban trees and shrubs in the United States. UrbanForest Urban Green, 2006, 4(3): 115-123.
[5] Beckett K P, Freer-Smith P H, Taylor G. Urbanwoodlands:Their role in reducing the effects of particulate pollution.Environmental Pollution, 1998, 9(3): 347-360.
[6] Escobedo F J, Wager J E, Nowak D J, et al. Analyzing thecost-effectiveness of Santiago de Chile's policy of usingurban forests to improve air quality. Environmental Management,2008, 86(1): 148-158.
[7] Escobedo F J, Nowak D J, Wagner J E, et al. The socioeconomicsand management of Santiago de Chile's publicurban forests. Urban Forest, 2006, 4(3): 105-114.
[8] Heynen N C, Lindsey G. Correlates of urban forest canopycover: implications for local public works. EnvironmentalPollution, 2003, 11(4): 243-245.
[9] Pickett S T A, Cadenasso M L, Grove J M, et al. Urbanecological systems:Scientific foundations and a decade ofprogress. Journal of Environmental Management, 2010,92(3): 331-363.
[10] 王成, 周金星. 城镇绿地生态功能表现的尺度差异. 东北林业大学学报, 2002, 30(5): 107-111.
[11] 杨吾扬, 梁进社.高等经济地理学. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2000.
[12] Escobedo F J. A cost-effective analysis of urban forestmanagement's role in improving air quality in Santiago
[D]. New York: State University of New York, 2004.
[13] 彭建, 王仰麟. 我国沿海滩涂景观生态初步研究. 地理研究, 2000,19(3): 249-256.
[14] 王希群, 马履一, 贾忠奎, 等. 叶面积指数的研究和应用进展. 生态学杂志, 2005, 24(5): 537-541.
[15] 林文鹏, 赵敏, 张翼飞,等. 基于SPOT 遥感影像的城市森林叶面积指数反演. 测绘科学, 2008, 33(2): 57-60.
[16] 珠三角环境保护规划编委会. 珠江三角洲环境保护规划. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2006.
[17] 张艳, 王体健, 胡正义, 等. 典型大气污染物在不同下垫面上干沉积速率的动态变化及空间分布. 气候与环境研究, 2004, 9(4): 591-602.
[18] 广东省环境保护监测中心. 香港特别行政区环境保护署. 粤港珠江三角洲区域空气监测网络监测报告,2006.http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/sc_chi/action_blue_ sky/ files/PRD_2006_report_sc.pdf, 2007.4.
[19] 广东省环保局. 广东省环境质量报告. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2005.
[20] 任海, 彭少麟. 鼎湖山森林群落的几种叶面积指数测定. 生态学报, 1997, 17(2): 220-223.
[21] Escobedo F J, Nowak D J. Spatial heterogeneity and airpollution removal by urban forest. Landscape and UrbanPlanning, 2009, 9(39): 102-110.
[22] 赵勇, 李树人.大气污染分区与绿化模式研究. 环境科学, 1994, 15(6): 23-27.
[23] 陈芳, 周志翔, 肖荣波, 等. 城市工业区绿地生态服务功能的计量评价: 以武钢厂区绿地为例. 生态学报, 2006,26(7): 2230-2235.
[24] 周志翔, 邵天一, 王鹏程, 等. 武钢厂区绿地景观类型空间结构及滞尘效应. 生态学报, 2002, 22(12): 2036-2040.
[25] 高金晖. 北京市植物滞尘影响机制及其效果研究[D]. 北京: 北京林业大学, 2007.
[26] 陈自新, 苏雪痕, 刘少宗, 等. 北京城市园林绿化生态效益的研究. 中国园林, 1998, 14(3): 53-56.
[27] 邹晓东. 城市绿地系统的空气净化效应研究[D]. 上海:上海交通大学, 2007.
[28] 常青, 李双成, 李洪远, 等. 城市绿色空间研究进展与展望. 应用生态学报, 2007, 18(7): 1640-1646.
[29] 邵天一, 周志翔, 王鹏程, 等. 宜昌城区绿地景观格局与大气污染的关系. 应用生态学报, 2004, 15(4): 691-696.
