地理学视角下城市高温热浪脆弱性评估研究进展

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.04.015

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

全球气候变化及快速城市化增加了极端天气事件的发生频率,高温热浪作为其中的典型效应,增加了与热相关的健康风险,越来越受到气象学、医学与地理学学者的关注。论文系统梳理了高温热浪的定义,从地理学视角,以空间评估作为切入点,总结分析了高温热浪脆弱性评估中的空间指标、空间制图方法与空间对策等方面的研究进展,指明该领域已从单一视角逐步深入到气象学、医学、地理学等复合学科的交叉研究,地理学作为桥梁将气象学与医学有机结合,为脆弱性评估提供空间指标参数、为制图提供思路与方法,并提供空间对策连接规划和风险预警等实践工作。未来的研究展望包括：空间指标综合各学科研究需要、集成各学科优势进行构建,空间制图在社区小尺度到区域大尺度的耦合机理分析基础上探讨跨区域研究表达方式,空间对策针对不同风险人群采取差异化研究,为城市适应气候变化提供科学依据。

关键词: 城市高温热浪, 健康风险, 地理学视角, 脆弱性评估, 空间途径

Abstract:

With global climate change and rapid urbanization, extreme weather events have become much more frequent. As one of the most typical extreme weather events caused by climate change, heat wave has been enhancing the heat-related health risks, and continuously attracting widespread attention from meteorologists, medical professionals and geographers. As a bridging actor integrating meteorological and medical fields, geography provides spatial indicators for heat wave vulnerability assessment, ideas and methods for mapping, spatial solutions for practical work such as planning and early warning. This article systematically reviews the progress of spatial assessment of heat wave vulnerability based on the perspective of geography. The contents include the definition of heat wave, spatial indicators and mapping methods. The literature reviews indicate that heat wave vulnerability assessment has gradually deepened from single perspective to the interdisciplinary study of meteorology, medicine, geography and other disciplines. In the future, more detailed exploration will be carried out, such as the construction of spatial indicators to integrate the advantages and research demands of various disciplines; the exploration about small-scale community to regional large-scale links and cross-regional research expression by mapping. Spatial approaches require differentiated research among different groups, which provide a scientific basis for climate change adaptation of cities.

Key words: urban heat wave, health hazard, geographical perspective, vulnerability assessment, spatial approaches

薛倩, 谢苗苗, 郭强, 王亚男, 武蓉蓉, 刘琦. 地理学视角下城市高温热浪脆弱性评估研究进展[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(4): 685-694.

XUE Qian, XIE Miaomiao, GUO Qiang, WANG Yanan, WU Rongrong, LIU Qi. Research progress on urban heat wave vulnerability assessment: A geographical perspective[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2020, 39(4): 685-694.

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空间制图单元	描述	优点	缺点
人口普查单元	敏感性、适应性导向;国外研究中较多采用	利于社会管理	数据获取不易、精度低
土地利用单元	暴露性导向	城市规划优势	难用于敏感性研究,不利于与行政单元融合
非空间界限(像元大小和温度分布情况等划分单元)	综合性探究	空间精细化表达	缺乏严密机理性支撑及科学验证

准则层	实施目的	具体措施	实施主体
降温设施	有效调节生态系统结构,缓解城市高温热浪的影响	绿地、水体(如街道绿化、花园、河流、湿地等)规划布局	政府、城市管理者
降温设备	居民家庭提升降温避暑能力	空调设备	居民个体
医疗设施布局	高温热浪风险更高的区域,完善医疗资源(医院数量、医院规模、医生数量）;提高救护响应能力	新建医院选址规划	城市管理者
空间预警平台	及时发出预警信息	布局点位选择	城市管理者