基于跟踪调查的北京城市空间感知研究——以中国科学院大学硕士研究生为例

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.02.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

城市空间感知是行为地理学的经典研究课题,论文采用认知地图并辅以问卷调查方法,在一年时间内跟踪调查中国科学院大学雁栖湖校区2017级硕士研究生,根据手绘地图分析中国科学院大学(国科大)硕士研究生城市空间感知的过程与特征。结果表明：① 有别于凯文·林奇(K. Lynch)的空间意象5大要素,国科大研究生手绘地图的基本要素主要为标志物、节点、道路,其中标志物占主导地位;② 根据要素组合特征,可将认知地图划分为散点型、过渡型和拓扑型3类,散点型地图占据绝对数量优势,随驻留北京时间延长,认知地图结构渐趋复杂;③ 国科大研究生北京城市空间感知表现出偏好特殊性、空间非均衡性、个体差异性、感知过程不完整性等特点;④ 远距离感知、城市空间尺度大、受访者逗留时间短等主客观因素制约了北京城市整体可意象性。

关键词: 空间感知, 认知地图, 可意象性, 中国科学院大学, 北京

Abstract:

Urban spatial cognition is a classic research topic of behavioral geography. In this study, we selected the main urban districts of Beijing and investigated the spatial cognition of graduate students of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences using a combination of methods of cognitive map and questionnaire survey. We conducted the surveys in three stages of the same students and asked them to draw a sketch of the city of Beijing, then classified the sketch maps and counted the identified ground features. Based on statistical data, we analyzed the development process and the characteristics of differences of sketch maps of the surveyed students. The research shows that different from Kevin Lynch's five elements of space imagery, the basic elements of cognitive maps are three types: paths, domains, and landmarks, in which landmarks occupy the absolute dominant position. According to the combination of identified ground features in the sketch maps, the cognitive maps can be divided into three types: scattered structure, topological structure, and transitional structure between them, with scattered structure maps constituting the absolute majority. With the progression of time, imaginary space of the city gradually became complicated, and the spatial structure changed from single core to multiple cores; urban spatial cognition of the survey respondents showed the characteristics of personal preference, spatial non-equilibrium, individual difference, and incompleteness of the cognitive process. Beijing urban spatial cognition of the surveyed students is limited mainly because of the long distance from the target places, huge spatial scope of the city, short duration of stay of the students, and the respondents' own attributes that increase the difficulty for the students to imagine ground features of Beijing.

Key words: spatial cognition, cognition maps, imaginability, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing

李晓丽, 宋伟轩, 吴威, 马雨竹. 基于跟踪调查的北京城市空间感知研究——以中国科学院大学硕士研究生为例[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(2): 276-285.

LI Xiaoli, SONG Weixuan, WU Wei, MA Yuzhu. Beijing urban spatial cognition based on follow-up investigations:Take graduate students in the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences as an example[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2020, 39(2): 276-285.

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轮次	发放时间	发放问卷/份	有效问卷/份	有效率/%
第一轮	2017年9月	150	133	88
第二轮	2018年1月	133	117	88
第三轮	2018年5月	117	104	89

基本要素	轮次	地物
道路	第一轮	1号线(17.3)、2号线(16.3)、王府井(15.4)
	第二轮	西单(28.8)、1号线(24.0)、东单(19.2)、王府井(18.3)、南锣鼓巷(18.3)、2号线(16.3)、前门大街(11.5)
	第三轮	西单(38.5)、1号线(36.5)、王府井(26.0)、前门大街(23.1)、东单(23.1)、南锣鼓巷(22.1)、2号线(16.3)
节点	第一轮	北京大学(38.5)、清华大学(34.6)、北京站(34.6)、北京西站(27.9)、北京南站(24)、东直门公交站(14.4)
	第二轮	北京大学(51.0)、清华大学(47.1)、北京站(35.6)、北京南站(30.8)、北京西站(29.8)、中国科学院大学玉泉路校区(21.2)、东直门公交站(16.3)、首都机场(14.4)、中国人民大学(14.4)、五道口地铁站(11.5)
	第三轮	清华大学(57.7)、北京大学(56.7)、北京站(50.0)、北京西站(45.2)、北京南站(36.5)、东直门公交站(26.9)、中国科学院大学玉泉路校区(24.0)、首都机场(16.3)、北京师范大学(16.3)、中国人民大学(15.4)、五道口(10.6)
标志物	第一轮	天安门(88.5)、故宫(67.3)、奥林匹克公园(25.0)、圆明园(19.2)、颐和园(13.5)、人民大会堂(11.5)、鸟巢(10.6)
	第二轮	天安门(92.3)、故宫(67.3)、奥林匹克公园(42.3)、圆明园(21.2)、天坛(21.2)、颐和园(19.2)、后海(15.4)、三里屯(13.5)、北海公园(11.5)、香山公园(10.6)
	第三轮	天安门(96.2)、故宫(71.2)、奥林匹克公园(55.8)、颐和园(40.4)、圆明园(32.7)、天坛(39.4)、鸟巢(22.1)、798艺术区(21.2)、北海公园(20.2)、三里屯(14.4)、后海(14.4)、国家博物馆(13.5)、国贸(12.5)、什刹海(12.5)、北京动物园(12.5)、欢乐谷(11.5)、景山公园(11.5)、香山公园(10.6)