乡村精明增长——起源与实践

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.03.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

精明增长提倡在生态优先基础上,依据实际条件合理规划和调整经济发展的结构和规模,实现城乡经济社会环境综合效益最大化。当前,精明增长主要应用于城市发展实践中,伴随着乡村发展问题凸显和乡村重要性重新被发现,许多地区也开始尝试将精明增长运用到乡村转型与可持续发展中。论文在回顾国内外精明增长理论与实践研究的基础上,对精明增长的内涵和原则进行梳理总结,系统分析了乡村精明增长的内容框架和实施路径等方面的研究和实践进展,结合中国乡村振兴战略实施的现实需要,提出未来乡村精明增长研究需要关注的几个科学问题,以期为地理学相关研究提供参考,为科学实施乡村振兴战略提供借鉴。

关键词: 精明增长, 乡村重构, 乡村转型, 起源与实践

Abstract:

Smart growth theory advocates rational planning and adjustment of the structure and scale of economic development according to current conditions on the basis of prioritizing the ecological environment, so as to maximize the overall economic, social, and environmental benefits of urban and rural areas. At present, the smart growth concept is mainly applied in urban development practices. With the emergence of rural development problems and the rediscovery of the importance of rural areas, many regions have begun to apply smart growth to rural transformation and sustainable development. On the basis of reviewing the Chinese and international research on the theory and practice of smart growth, this article summarizes the connotation and principles of smart growth, and systematically analyzes the progress in research and practice with regard to the conceptual framework and implementation pathways of smart growth in rural areas. Combined with the practical needs of implementing the rural revitalization strategy in China, this article identifies several scientific issues that need to be paid attention to in future research on smart growth in rural areas. It is hoped that this study can provide some references for the related research of geography and for the scientific implementation of the strategy of rural revitalization.

Key words: smart growth, rural reconstruction, rural transition, origin and practice

孙伟, 刘崇刚, 闫东升. 乡村精明增长——起源与实践[J]. 地理科学进展, 2019, 38(3): 320-331.

Wei SUN, Chonggang LIU, Dongsheng YAN. Rural smart growth: Origin and practice[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2019, 38(3): 320-331.

图/表 4

表1

表2

图1

表3

参考文献 75

[1]	曹伟, 周生路, 吴绍华. 2013. 城乡土地精明利用测度指标体系构建与应用研究[J]. 长江流域资源与环境, 22(1): 1-7.
	[Cao W, Zhou S L, Wu S H.2013. Design and application of the integrated measure indicator system on urban-rural land smart use. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 22(1): 1-7. ]
[2]	曹彦鹏, 冯忠江. 2015. 精明增长理念下低碳经济发展与城市土地集约利用动态耦合研究: 以石家庄市为例[J]. 水土保持通报, 35(1): 242-248.
	[Cao Y P, Feng Z J.2015. A study on dynamic coupling between low-carbon economy development and urban intensive land-use based on smart growth concept: A case study of Shijiazhuang City. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 35(1): 242-248. ]
[3]	陈雯, 闫东升, 孙伟. 2015. 长江三角洲新型城镇化发展问题与态势的判断[J]. 地理研究, 34(3): 397-406. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201503001
	[Chen W, Yan D S, Sun W.2015. Analyzing the patterns and processes of new urbanization development in the Yangtze River Delta. Geographical Research, 34(3): 397-406. ] doi: 10.11821/dlyj201503001
[4]	程哲, 蔡建明, 崔莉. 2016. 乡村转型发展产业驱动机制: 以盘锦乡村旅游为例[J]. 农业现代化研究, 37(1): 143-150. doi: 10.13872/j.1000-0275.2015.0135
	[Cheng Z, Cai J M, Cui L.2016. Facilitating rural transformation development by tourism industry: A case study of Panjin, Liaoning Province. Research of Agricultural Modernization, 37(1): 143-150. ] doi: 10.13872/j.1000-0275.2015.0135
[5]	范琳芸. 2017. 乡村精明增长及其策略研究: 以江苏省金坛市为例 [D]. 南京: 南京师范大学.
	[Fan X Y.2017. Research on rural smart growth and its strategy: A case study of Jintan City, Jiangsu Province. Nanjing, China: Nanjing Normal University. ]
[6]	胡河平. 2015. “精明增长”研究综述[J]. 城市建设理论研究, 5(10): 830-831.
	[Hu H P.2015. A review of "smart growth". Urban Construction Theory Research, 5(10): 830-831. ]
[7]	黄巧云, 田雪. 2014. 生态文明建设背景下的农村环境问题及对策[J]. 华中农业大学学报(社会科学版), 33(2): 10-15.
	[Huang Q Y, Tian X.2014. Rural environmental problems and countermeasures under background of ecological civilization construction. Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University (Social Sciences Edition), 33(2): 10-15. ]
[8]	李伯华, 曾灿, 窦银娣, 等. 2018. 基于“三生”空间的传统村落人居环境演变及驱动机制: 以湖南江永县兰溪村为例[J]. 地理科学进展, 37(5): 677-687. doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2018.05.011
	[Li B H, Zeng C, Dou Y D, et al.2018. Change of human settlement environment and driving mechanism in traditional villages based on living-production-ecological space: A case study of Lanxi Village, Jiangyong County, Hunan Province. Progress in Geography, 37(5): 677-687. ] doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2018.05.011
[9]	李王鸣, 潘蓉. 2006. 精明增长对浙江省城镇空间发展的启示[J]. 经济地理, 26(2): 230-232. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8462.2006.02.012
	[Li W M, Pan R.2006. The enlightenment of smart growth towards town space development in Zhejiang Province. Economic Geography, 26(2): 230-232. ] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8462.2006.02.012
[10]	刘克华. 2010. 基于精明增长的城市用地扩展调控研究: 以泉州中心城区为例 [D]. 南京: 南京大学.
	[Liu K H.2010. Studies on regulation of urban land expansion based on smart growth theory: A case study of central city of Quanzhou. Nanjing, China: Nanjing University. ]
[11]	刘彦随, 刘玉, 陈玉福. 2011. 中国地域多功能性评价及其决策机制[J]. 地理学报, 66(10): 1379-1389. doi: 10.11821/xb201110008
	[Liu Y S, Liu Y, Chen Y F.2011. Evaluation of China's regional multi-function and its decision-making mechanism. Acta Geographica Sinica, 66(10): 1379-1389. ] doi: 10.11821/xb201110008
[12]	刘彦随, 吴传钧, 鲁奇. 2002. 21世纪中国农业与农村可持续发展方向和策略[J]. 地理科学, 22(4): 385-389. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0690.2002.04.001
	[Liu Y S, Wu C J, Lu Q.2002. China's agriculture and rural sustainable development in the 21st century. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 22(4): 385-389. ] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0690.2002.04.001
[13]	龙花楼. 2012. 论土地利用转型与乡村转型发展[J]. 地理科学进展, 31(2): 131-138. doi: 10.11821/xb201204012
	[Long H L.2012. Land use transition and rural transformation development. Progress in Geography, 31(2): 131-138. ] doi: 10.11821/xb201204012
[14]	龙花楼. 2013. 论土地整治与乡村空间重构[J]. 地理学报, 68(8): 1019-1028.
	[Long H L.2013. Land consolidation and rural spatial restructuring. Acta Geographica Sinica, 68(8): 1019-1028. ]
[15]	龙花楼, 李婷婷, 邹健. 2011. 我国乡村转型发展动力机制与优化对策的典型分析[J]. 经济地理, 31(12): 2080-2085.
	[Long H L, Li T T, Zou J.2011. Analysis of dynamic mechanism of rural transformation development in typical regions of China. Economic Geography, 31(12): 2080-2085. ]
[16]	龙花楼, 屠爽爽. 2017. 论乡村重构[J]. 地理学报, 72(4): 563-576.
	[Long H L, Tu S S.2017. Rural restructuring: Theory, approach and research prospect. Acta Geographica Sinica, 72(4): 563-576. ]
[17]	龙花楼, 屠爽爽. 2018a. 土地利用转型与乡村振兴[J]. 中国土地科学, 32(7): 1-6. doi: 10.11994/zgtdkx.20180629.144201
	[Long H L, Tu S S.2018. Land use transition and rural vitalization. China Land Sciences, 32(7): 1-6. ] doi: 10.11994/zgtdkx.20180629.144201
[18]	龙花楼, 屠爽爽. 2018b. 乡村重构的理论认知[J]. 地理科学进展, 37(5): 581-590. doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2018.05.002
	[Long H L, Tu S S.2018. Theoretical thinking of rural restructuring. Progress in Geography, 37(5): 581-590. ] doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2018.05.002
[19]	乔杰, 洪亮平, 王莹. 2017. 全面发展视角下的乡村规划[J]. 城市规划, 41(1): 45-54.
	[Qiao J, Hong L P, Wang Y.2017. Rural planning from the perspective of all-round human development. City Planning Review, 41(1): 45-54. ]
[20]	田刚, 刘洁敏. 2013. 台湾参与式社区规划及对大陆农村规划的启示[C]// 2013中国城市规划年会论文集, 青岛: 中国城市规划学会: 1-8.
	[Tian G, Liu J M.2013. Participatory community planning in Taiwan and enlightenment to rural planning in Mainland China // 2013 annual meeting of China's urban planning. Qingdao, China: Urban Planning Society of China: 1-8. ]
[21]	汪瑞. 2011. 基于精明增长的城市边缘区土地集约利用新思路: 以福州市为例[J]. 中国城市经济, (27): 194-195.
	[Wang R.2011. A new idea of intensive land use in urban fringe area based on smart growth: Taking Fuzhou City as an example. China Urban Economy, (27): 194-195. ]
[22]	王成, 李颢颖. 2017. 乡村生产空间系统的概念性认知及其研究框架[J]. 地理科学进展, 36(8): 913-923. doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2017.08.001
	[Wang C, Li H Y.2017. Conceptual and research frameworks of rural production space system. Progress in Geography, 36(8): 913-923. ] doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2017.08.001
[23]	王艺瑾, 吴剑. 2014. 基于精明增长理论的美丽村庄规划研究[J]. 广西城镇建设, (7): 33-37. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7045.2014.07.007
	[Wang Y J, Wu J.2014. On planning of beautiful village based upon smart growth theory. Cities and Towns Construction in Guangxi, (7): 33-37. ] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7045.2014.07.007
[24]	王艳飞, 刘彦随, 李玉恒. 2016. 乡村转型发展格局与驱动机制的区域性分析[J]. 经济地理, (5): 135-142.
	[Wang Y F, Liu Y S, Li Y H.2016. The spatial disparity of rural transition development and regional characteristics of its driving forces. Economic Geography, (5): 135-142. ]
[25]	熊传麟. 2017. 基于精明增长理论的江西省城市空间扩展研究 [D]. 南昌: 东华理工大学.
	[Xiong C L.2017. Study on the urban spatial expansion of Jiangxi from smart growth angle. Nanchang, China: East China University of Technology. ]
[26]	杨红, 张正峰, 华逸龙. 2013. 美国乡村“精明增长”对我国农村土地整治的启示[J]. 江西农业学报, 25(12): 120-123. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-8581.2013.12.030
	[Yang H, Zhang Z F, Hua Y L.2013. Smart growth of American countryside and its inspiration to Chinese Rural land consolidation. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi, 25(12): 120-123. ] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-8581.2013.12.030
[27]	杨槿, 陈雯. 2017. 我国乡村社区营造的规划师等第三方主体的行为策略: 以江苏省句容市茅山陈庄为例[J]. 现代城市研究, (1): 18-22. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6000.2017.01.003
	[Yang J, Chen W.2017. Behavioral strategies of the third-party in rural community building: A case study of Chenzhuang in Maoshan Mountain scenic area. Modern Urban Research, (1): 18-22. ] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6000.2017.01.003
[28]	杨忍, 刘彦随, 龙花楼, 等. 2015. 中国乡村转型重构研究进展与展望: 逻辑主线与内容框架[J]. 地理科学进展, 34(8): 1019-1030. doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2015.08.009
	[Yang R, Liu Y S, Long H L, et al.2015. Research progress and prospect of rural transformation and reconstruction in China: Paradigms and main content. Progress in Geography, 34(8): 1019-1030. ] doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2015.08.009
[29]	张京祥, 程大林. 2003. 发展中国家城市发展与规划的几个主要问题[J]. 国际城市规划, 18(2): 1-4. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-9493.2003.02.001
	[Zhang J X, Cheng D L.2003. Main problems of urban development and planning in developing countries. Urban Planning International, 18(2): 1-4. ] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-9493.2003.02.001
[30]	张小林. 1998. 乡村概念辨析[J]. 地理学报, 53(4): 365-371.
	[Zhang X L.1998. On discrimination of rural definitions. Acta Geographica Sinica, 53(4): 365-371. ]
[31]	张雯. 2001. 美国的“精明增长”发展计划[J]. 现代城市研究, (5): 19-22. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6000.2001.05.006
	[Zhang W.2001. Smart growth in the United States of America. Modern Urban Research, (5): 19-22. ] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6000.2001.05.006
[32]	Andrew B.2014. Leadership and the governance of rural communities[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 34(2): 254-262. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2014.01.007
[33]	Antrop M.2004. Landscape change and the urbanization process in Europe[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 67(1-4): 9-26. doi: 10.1016/S0169-2046(03)00026-4
[34]	Arku G.2009. Rapidly growing African cities need to adopt smart growth policies to solve urban development concerns[J]. Urban Forum, 20(3): 253-270. doi: 10.1007/s12132-009-9047-z
[35]	Benfield F K, Terris J, Vorsanger N.2001. Solving sprawl: Models of smart growth in communities across America [M]. St. Louis, MS: Island Press.
[36]	Bell M M.1992. The fruit of difference: The rural-urban continuum as a system of identity[J]. Rural Sociology, 57(1): 65-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1549-0831.1992.tb00457.x
[37]	Christianson E J.2014. "Keep it rural" The politics of planning for smart growth in South Fulton County, Georgia [R]. Ames, IA: Iowa State University.
[38]	Cloke P, Milbourne P.1992. Deprivation and lifestyles in rural wales: Rurality and the cultural dimension[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 8(4): 359-371. doi: 10.1016/0743-0167(92)90050-G
[39]	Cloke P, Goodwin M, Milbourne P.1997. Rural wales: Community and marginalization [M]. Cardiff, UK: University of Wales Press.
[40]	Council N.2007. Best practices to enhance the transportation-land use connection in the rural United States [R]. NCHRP Report. Washington, DC,United States.
[41]	Costa F.2005. Comment: An ambitious movement and its prospects for success[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 71(4): 378-380. doi: 10.1080/01944360508976708
[42]	CTC, Associates LLC.2010. Best practices for rural smart growth [R]. Caltrans Division of Research and Innovation, State of California, United States.
[43]	Daniels T.2001. Smart growth: A new American approach to regional planning[J]. Planning Practice and Research, 16: 271-279. doi: 10.1080/02697450120107880
[44]	Daniels T, Lapping M.2005. Land preservation: An essential ingredient in smart growth[J]. Journal of Planning Literature, 19(3): 316-329. doi: 10.1177/0885412204271379
[45]	Deakin E, Porter C.2004. Transportation impacts of smart growth and comprehensive planning initiatives [R]. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, United States.
[46]	Degorski M.2004. Spatial variability of multifunctional landscape as the basis for potential differences of regional "smart growth" of rural areas: The examples from Poland [R]. Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland: 133-143.
[47]	Elmenofi G A G, Bilali H E, Berjan S.2014. Governance of rural development in Egypt[J]. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 59(2): 285-296. doi: 10.1016/j.aoas.2014.11.018
[48]	Furmankiewicz M, Wojciech K, Atterton J.2015. Rural governance in the New EU Member States: The experience of the Polish LEADER+ Pilot Programme (2004-2008)[M]//Buček J, Ryder A. Governance in Transition. Springer Geography: 133-153.
[49]	Grove D E, John M.1984. Land growth and politics [M]. Washington, DC: APA Press.
[50]	Haeuber R.1999. Sprawl tales: Maryland's smart growth initiative and the evolution of growth management[J]. Urban Ecosystems, 3(2): 131-147. doi: 10.1023/A:1009527930434
[51]	Halfacree K, Champion T, Hugo G.2004. New forms of urbanization: Beyond the urban-rural dichotomy[M]. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
[52]	Handy S.2005. Smart growth and the transportation- land use connection: What does the research tell us?[J]. International Regional Science Review, 28: 146-167. doi: 10.1177/0160017604273626
[53]	Hua Z.2017. Smart growth policies: An evaluation of programs and outcomes[J]. China International Business, (5): 219-220. doi: 10.1080/01944360903409584
[54]	ICMA.2003. Getting to smart growth II: 100 more policies for implementation [R/OL]. Smart Growth Online. .
[55]	Kasim R S R, Awang A, Hashim Z.2013. Innovative and sustainable governance model of rural transformation center in Agribusiness projects: A conceptual paper[J]. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 107: 67-71. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.400
[56]	Katara S K.2016. Envisioning smart villages through information and communication technologies: A framework for implementation in India[C]// The 1st international conference on digital transformation and global society (DTGS). Saint Petersburg, Russia: ITMO University: 463-468.
[57]	Krueger R, Gibbs D.2008. "Third Wave" sustainability? Smart growth and regional development in the USA[J]. Regional Studies, 42(9): 1263-1274. doi: 10.1080/00343400801968403
[58]	Kumar V, Sikarwar S.2017. Smart concepts for integrated rurban development of historical towns in India: Case of Panipat, Haryana[C]// National Conference on Sustainable Built Environment. Roorkee, India: 57-81.
[59]	Liu Y S, Long H L, Chen Y F, et al.2016. Progress of research on urban-rural transformation and rural development in China in the past decade and future prospects[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 26(8): 1117-1132. doi: 10.1007/s11442-016-1318-8
[60]	McCann P, Ortega-Argilés R.2015. Smart specialization, regional growth and applications to European Union cohesion policy[J]. Regional Studies, 49(8): 1291-1302. doi: 10.1080/00343404.2013.799769
[61]	Mcmanus P, Walmsley J, Argent N, et al.2012. Rural community and rural resilience: What is important to farmers in keeping their country towns alive?[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 28(1): 20-29. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2011.09.003
[62]	Miller J S, Hoel L A.2002. The "smart growth" debate: Best practices for urban transportation planning[J]. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 36(1): 1-24. doi: 10.1016/S0038-0121(01)00017-9
[63]	Mishkovsky N, Dalbey M, Bertaina S, et al.2010. Putting smart growth to work in rural communities [R/OL]. Smart Growth Online. .
[64]	Naldi L, Nilsson P, Westlund H, et al.2015. What is smart rural development?[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 40: 90-101. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.06.006
[65]	Nelson P B.1990. Rural restructuring: Global processes and their responses[J]. Growth and Change, 29: 236-241.
[66]	Platt R H.2014. Zoning, regionalism, and smart growth [M]// Platt R H. Land use and society: Geography, law, and public policy. Washington, DC: Island Press: 191-212. doi: 10.5822/978-1-61091-455-0_9.
[67]	Randolph J.2004. Environmental land use planning and management[J]. Environmental Land Use Planning & Management, 24(4): 172-185. doi: 10.1177/0739456X04272763
[68]	Romeo G, Claudio M.2014. Performance evaluation of rural governance using an integrated AHP-VIKOR methodology [M]. Springer International Publishing, The Federal Republic of Germany.
[69]	Sujarwo W.2016. Stand biomass and carbon storage of bamboo forest in Penglipuran traditional village, Bali (Indonesia)[J]. Journal of Forestry Research, 27(4): 913-917. doi: 10.1007/s11676-016-0227-0
[70]	Vanthillo T, Verhetsel A.2012. Paradigm change in regional policy: Towards smart specialisation? Lessons from Flanders (Belgium)[J]. Belgeo, 1-2. doi: 10.4000/belgeo.7083.
[71]	Wei N, Tang Q.2011. Enlightenment of smart growth theories on the development of Nanjing City[J]. China Journal of Landscape Research, 3(3): 19-21.
[72]	Wey W M, Hsu J.2014. New urbanism and smart growth: Toward achieving a smart National Taipei University District[J]. Habitat International, 42(2): 164-174. doi: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.12.001
[73]	Woods M.2011. Rural[M]. London, UK: Routledge.
[74]	Younus G, Rehman S.2001. Impact of rural industrialization on rural communities: A case study of district Faisalabad[J]. Journal of Applied Sciences, 1(1): 39-41. doi: 10.3923/jas.2001.39.41
[75]	Zaluksne V, Kruzmetra M, Rivza B.2016. Smart growth as performance trends in the rural economy of Latvia[C]//2016 international conference "economic science for rural development". Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia: 186-192.

精明增长类型		城市精明增长	乡村精明增长
共性	面临问题	用地无序扩张、土地不合理利用与利用效率较低等
	发展目标	缓解城市发展问题和推动乡村振兴,追求有序、集约、紧凑的发展目标
	发展目标	以人为本,实现经济、社会和环境的协调
差异	产生背景	城镇空间的低效率、蔓延式扩张,中心城区衰败	逆城镇化及对乡村发展空间的挤压
		城市保持扩张	乡村的扩张与萎缩并存
		城镇建设用地的蔓延	农村土地结构的不合理扩张与调整
		城市土地利用类型主要以建设用地为主	乡村景观多元,土地利用类型多样化,生态保育功能被破坏
	增长目标	空间无序扩张、环境污染、交通拥挤等“城市病”	农村空心化、土地快速非农化以及土地利用结构混乱无序等
	增长模式	自上而下	自下而上与自上而下相结合

目标框架	策略
支持乡村景观	提升当地资源经济的活力
	培育依靠传统农村土地利用的经济发展战略
	促进城乡产品流通,加强城乡联系
	把农村土地保护战略与社区建设结合
	本土化与多元化的乡村文化景观保护
恢复现有乡村地区的繁荣	在现有的地方投资公共和私人资金
	鼓励私营部门投资
	加强现有乡村的改造利用
	促进当地经济的发展
创造有魅力的社区	制定新的战略和措施,通过紧凑和连续的发展模式适应新的经济增长
	通过改革措施提高开发商建设紧凑、适合步行的混合场所的意愿
	奖励利用精明增长和绿色建筑方法建造美丽乡村的开发商

政府层级	相关实践
联邦政府	从税收中提供5项拨款,超过70亿美元给各州和地方团体,用于美化绿化城市、缓解交通拥堵、减少空气污染、开展空气质量项目、鼓励家长参与地方学习设计和鼓励多种人行道、自行车道和轻轨的建设;制定了“棕地再开发战略”;修正《高速公路法案》;制定精明增长立法手册
州政府	1997年,马里兰州通过了5项立法提案;《精明增长地区法》《农村遗产法》《掠地复兴计划》《创造就业机会税收鼓励计划》与《就近工作居住计划》
地方政府	波特兰市进行了“精明增长试验”,摆脱传统的城市和社区发展模式,将城市用地需求集中在已有中心和公交走廊周围,增加既有居住密度,增强对绿色空间的保护,提高轻轨和公交系统的服务水平和能力;奥斯汀市政府提出了“奥斯汀市精明增长提案”;盐湖城开展了“展望犹他”的精明增长规划研究