地理科学进展 ›› 2019, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (3): 320-331.doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.03.003
收稿日期:
2018-05-02
修回日期:
2019-01-07
出版日期:
2019-03-28
发布日期:
2019-03-28
作者简介:
第一作者简介:孙伟(1980— ),男,辽宁彰武人,副研究员,研究领域为区域发展与规划。E-mail:
基金资助:
Wei SUN1(), Chonggang LIU1,2, Dongsheng YAN3
Received:
2018-05-02
Revised:
2019-01-07
Online:
2019-03-28
Published:
2019-03-28
Supported by:
摘要:
精明增长提倡在生态优先基础上,依据实际条件合理规划和调整经济发展的结构和规模,实现城乡经济社会环境综合效益最大化。当前,精明增长主要应用于城市发展实践中,伴随着乡村发展问题凸显和乡村重要性重新被发现,许多地区也开始尝试将精明增长运用到乡村转型与可持续发展中。论文在回顾国内外精明增长理论与实践研究的基础上,对精明增长的内涵和原则进行梳理总结,系统分析了乡村精明增长的内容框架和实施路径等方面的研究和实践进展,结合中国乡村振兴战略实施的现实需要,提出未来乡村精明增长研究需要关注的几个科学问题,以期为地理学相关研究提供参考,为科学实施乡村振兴战略提供借鉴。
孙伟, 刘崇刚, 闫东升. 乡村精明增长——起源与实践[J]. 地理科学进展, 2019, 38(3): 320-331.
Wei SUN, Chonggang LIU, Dongsheng YAN. Rural smart growth: Origin and practice[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2019, 38(3): 320-331.
表1
精明增长的城乡差异
精明增长类型 | 城市精明增长 | 乡村精明增长 | |
---|---|---|---|
共性 | 面临问题 | 用地无序扩张、土地不合理利用与利用效率较低等 | |
发展目标 | 缓解城市发展问题和推动乡村振兴,追求有序、集约、紧凑的发展目标 | ||
以人为本,实现经济、社会和环境的协调 | |||
差异 | 产生背景 | 城镇空间的低效率、蔓延式扩张,中心城区衰败 | 逆城镇化及对乡村发展空间的挤压 |
城市保持扩张 | 乡村的扩张与萎缩并存 | ||
城镇建设用地的蔓延 | 农村土地结构的不合理扩张与调整 | ||
城市土地利用类型主要以建设用地为主 | 乡村景观多元,土地利用类型多样化,生态保育功能被破坏 | ||
增长目标 | 空间无序扩张、环境污染、交通拥挤等“城市病” | 农村空心化、土地快速非农化以及土地利用结构混乱无序等 | |
增长模式 | 自上而下 | 自下而上与自上而下相结合 |
表3
美国精明增长的实践
政府层级 | 相关实践 |
---|---|
联邦政府 | 从税收中提供5项拨款,超过70亿美元给各州和地方团体,用于美化绿化城市、缓解交通拥堵、减少空气污染、开展空气质量项目、鼓励家长参与地方学习设计和鼓励多种人行道、自行车道和轻轨的建设;制定了“棕地再开发战略”;修正《高速公路法案》;制定精明增长立法手册 |
州政府 | 1997年,马里兰州通过了5项立法提案;《精明增长地区法》《农村遗产法》《掠地复兴计划》《创造就业机会税收鼓励计划》与《就近工作居住计划》 |
地方政府 | 波特兰市进行了“精明增长试验”,摆脱传统的城市和社区发展模式,将城市用地需求集中在已有中心和公交走廊周围,增加既有居住密度,增强对绿色空间的保护,提高轻轨和公交系统的服务水平和能力;奥斯汀市政府提出了“奥斯汀市精明增长提案”;盐湖城开展了“展望犹他”的精明增长规划研究 |
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