资源环境承载能力预警城市化地区专项评价——以京津冀地区为例

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2017.003.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

资源环境承载能力预警评价中,除基础评价外,还需针对城市化地区存在的特殊问题开展专项评价。但现有相关研究大多较为复杂、难以操作,且较少考虑目前中国城市化地区之间存在的发展水平差异,难以满足实际应用需求。本文根据近年来中国城市化地区资源环境凸显的主要问题,从城市人居环境入手,选取城市黑臭水体和PM2.5超标天数2个要素设计城市水气环境黑灰指数,作为城市化地区专项评价的主要指标;同时考虑到优化开发区域和重点开发区域的主体功能导向差异,以京津冀城市化地区为例开展试评价分析,结果显示：京津冀城市化地区的104个区县中,47个区县为重警,46个中警,仅11个为轻警,整体形势不容乐观。其中,重警区县主要集中在京广高铁沿线,与地区主要交通线路分布及钢铁工业聚集格局一致;轻警区县主要分布在北部的张承地区及东部沿海,工业相对较少,且地理位置有利于污染物迅速扩散。城市化地区专项评价作为基础评价的补充,能更清晰地反映现阶段影响城市人居环境的主要制约因子以及不同发展水平地区间的差异,评价结果可为城市化地区开展国土空间规划、城镇发展战略研究和产业结构调整等提供科学依据。

关键词: 资源环境承载能力, 预警评价, 城市化地区, 城市水气环境黑灰指数, 评价阈值, 京津冀地区

Abstract:

Due to the serious resource and environmental problems in urbanized areas, it is necessary to carry out a specific evaluation on their typical problems in the early-warning of the resource and environmental carrying capacity. However, most of the existing studies are too complicated to operationalize for practical use, and they lack consideration of the differences among development stages. According to the resource and environmental problems highlighted in the urbanized areas in recent years, we adopted an urban black-gray index of water and air environment as the specific indicator to reflect the comfort degree of habitat environment in urbanized areas at the present stage. Meanwhile, the key thresholds of urban black-odor water bodies and PM2.5 pollution days were determined in line with the major functions of the optimized and prioritized zones. Based on the above method, this article presented an empirical analysis on the urbanized area in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Trial evaluation shows that, in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urbanized areas, 47 districts or counties were in the severe warning category, 46 were in the moderate warning category, and only 11 were in the mild warning category. The severe-warning districts or counties were mainly concentrated along the Beijing-Guangzhou high-speed railway, and the distribution pattern was consistent with the regional distribution of major traffic lines and steel manufacture aggregation. The mild-warning districts and counties were mainly distributed in the northern Zhangjiakou-Chengde area and the eastern coastal areas, where the industries were relatively few and the geographic location was conducive to the rapid spread of pollutants. In summary, as an indispensable supplement to basic evaluation of resource and environmental carrying capacity for early-warning, the specific evaluation for urbanized areas can reflect the main constraints of these areas more clearly, and determine the early-warning status of different functional zones in different development stages objectively. The evaluation provides a scientific basis for urban spatial planning, urban development strategy research, and industrial structure adjustment in urbanized areas

Key words: resource and environmental carrying capacity, early-warning evaluation, urbanized area, urban black-gray index of water and air environment, evaluation thresholds, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region

周道静, 王传胜. 资源环境承载能力预警城市化地区专项评价——以京津冀地区为例[J]. 地理科学进展, 2017, 36(3): 359-366.

Daojing ZHOU, Chuansheng WANG. Specific evaluation of resource and environmental carrying capacity of urbanized areas for early-warning: A case study of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2017, 36(3): 359-366.

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特征指标	轻度黑臭	重度黑臭
透明度/cm	25~10^*	<10^*
溶解氧/(mg/L)	0.2~2.0	<0.2
氧化还原电位/mV	-200~50	<-200
氨氮/(mg/L)	8.0~15	>15

功能区	黑臭水体分布密度/(m/km²)			重度黑臭占比/%
功能区	低度	中度	高度	低度	中度	高度
优化开发区域(旅游城市)	<100	100~500	≥500	<25	25~50	≥50
重点开发区域(其他城市)	<300	300~800	≥800	<33	33~66	≥66

分布密度	低度	中度	高度
低度	较轻	一般	一般
中度	较轻	一般	严重
高度	一般	严重	严重

功能区	低或无风险	中风险	高风险	极高风险
优化开发区域(旅游城市)	<60	60~120	120~210	≥210
其中：核心城市主城区^*	<30	30~90	90~180	≥180
重点开发区域(其他城市)	<120	120~180	180~240	≥240
其中：核心城市主城区^*	<60	60~120	120~180	≥210