张君珏
, 苏奋振, 王雯玥
ZHANG Junjue, SU Fenzhen, WANG Wenyue
通讯作者:
收稿日期: 2016-10-9
修回日期: 2017-06-19
网络出版日期: 2018-11-28
版权声明: 2018 地理科学进展 《地理科学进展》杂志 版权所有
基金资助:
作者简介:
作者简介：张君珏(1987-),女,湖北省鄂州市人,博士生,研究方向为海岸带遥感、GIS应用,E-mail: zhangjj@lreis.ac.cn。
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摘要
南海及沿岸地带是亚太地区经济发展最有活力和潜力的地区之一,受全球变化和人类活动的影响,南海资源环境正发生快速变化,对社会、经济、生态和环境带来新压力。本文从地理空间信息角度,以海岸资源、海洋资源和珊瑚礁资源的地理研究为综述内容,梳理了该区域岸线遥感监测、油气资源储量及渔业资源渔获量的地理差异、珊瑚礁地貌遥感监测与珊瑚白化等相关研究进展,讨论了已有研究的成果及其薄弱方向,依据发展趋势探讨了未来研究工作的重点。综述发现,南海资源环境的地理空间研究中,主要成果表现在资源环境的大面积快速监测与地理分异性方面,但在资源分布的内在机制及资源开发的环境效应影响方面仍缺少足够的研究。未来可望获得突破的研究主要包括：区域时空多尺度特征及其效应,区域间自然和社会发展的分异和规律,多源数据融合的南海资源动态监测的精度与时效的提高,以及资源变化过程的海洋生态与环境综合效应研究等。
关键词：
Abstract
The South China Sea and its coastal zone are one of the most active and high potential areas for economic development in the Asia-Pacific region. Affected by global changes and human activities, the resources and environment in the South China Sea region were changing drastically, imposing new pressures on the society, economy, ecology and environment. This article reviewed related geographical research of coast zone, marine and coral reef resources from the perspective of geospatial information. It examined various current works of remote sensing monitoring on the shoreline, the geographical difference analysis of oil- gas reserves and fishery catch, and remote sensing monitoring on coral reef landform and coral bleaching. this article also discussed the existing research results and shortcomings and analyzed the possible focus of future research based on development trends. The results show that the geospatial research on resources and environment of the South China Sea had made many achievements in the large scale rapid monitoring and geographical differentiation of resources so far. Meanwhile, research on the internal mechanism of resource distribution, as well as the environmental impact of resource development, is insufficient. Studies that can be expected to achieve breakthroughs in the future include: multi-scale analysis of spatiotemporal feature of the region and their effects, differentiation and pattern analysis of inter-regional natural and social development, improvement of dynamic monitoring accuracy and timeliness of the South China Sea resources based on the integration multiple-source data, and the comprehensive effects of marine ecology and environment in the process of resource change.
Keywords：
近年来,随着海洋贸易的兴盛,世界经济重心由大陆向海洋倾斜。海洋资源的开发利用对沿海地区的发展起着重要的支撑作用。南海是西北太平洋最大的边缘海,拥有着丰富的资源。岸线资源、油气资源、渔业资源和珊瑚礁资源都是南海地区具有较高价值且开发程度较高的资源,受到广泛关注。针对这些资源,开展它们的地理分布与时空变化研究,有助于高效管理海洋资源,为合理开发和勘探海洋资源提供科学依据。本文从地理空间信息角度,按照区域,自南海由外及内,由最外围的南海海岸到南海资源主体,再到最内层的南海珊瑚礁,从以下三部分来讨论南海资源环境地理研究的最新进展。第一部分介绍南海周边岸线资源的变化监测;第二部分聚焦南海海区,回顾海洋资源(石油天然气资源和渔业资源)地理分异与监测的相关研究;第三部分讨论珊瑚礁地貌和珊瑚白化现象。
南海地处亚洲和大洋洲十字路口,连接太平洋和印度洋(图1),有时也被称为“亚洲地中海”(Morton et al, 2001)。南海周边分布着9个国家,分别为中国、越南、柬埔寨、泰国、马来西亚、新加坡、印度尼西亚、文莱和菲律宾,分别位于华南大陆、中南半岛、马来半岛和马来群岛。广阔的海域里散布着无数的岛屿、浅滩和珊瑚礁。
南海地处热带—亚热带地区,雨量充沛,渔业、石油、天然气资源丰富,航运发达。平原、山脉交 替出现,是南海海岸带地貌最显著的特征。4条 重要河流(珠江、红河、湄公河和昭披耶河)流经南海海岸带,沿岸土地肥沃,港口贸易发达。周边国家人口稠密,经济发展迅速。南海是中国面积最大的海区,最重要的海岛和珊瑚礁、红树林等热带生 态系统分布区,也是中国面向东南亚地区开放的 窗口。
海岸线是海水与陆地的分界线,是海岸带开发的前沿阵地。南海地区拥有广阔的大陆海岸线和岛屿海岸线资源,也是重要的红树林分布区(图2)。常见岸线资源可划分为自然岸线和人工岸线,其中自然岸线包括基岩海岸、砂质海岸、淤泥质海岸和生物海岸(包括珊瑚礁岸和红树林岸)。国内外大量学者对该地区海岸线的开发利用情况进行了研究。
国内对海岸线的动态演变研究较多,聚焦在岸线长度变化、类型转换等方面。刘百桥等(2015)对1990-2013年中国大陆海岸线的变化情况进行了分析,并对中国大陆海岸线资源开发利用特征进行了评估,发现大陆海岸线的开发利用负荷不断增加,海南省、广西壮族自治区未开发岸线比例高,可开发利用潜力较大。Wu等(2014)和Hou等(2016)提取了1940年以来的6期中国大陆海岸线数据,并分析了海岸线结构构成、变化速率和人工化程度,结果表明中国南海海区海岸线破碎化程度较高,人工化程度逐年递增,尤其在1990-2010年期间实现阶梯跃增,其中珠江三角洲又是海岸线开发的热点区域。高义(2011)针对珠江口海岸线的研究表明,该岸段海岸线人工岸线所占比例由1980年的43.5%上升到2010年的82.8%,主要是养殖围堤、建设围堤和码头围堤等所致。周相君(2014)对广西海岸线的研究发现,广西海岸线人工岸线持续增长,主要来自以填海造地为代表的人为改造活动,典型区域分布在防城港、钦州港和北海港。朱国强等(2015)提取了1990年、2000年和2010年南海海岸线并分析了其时空变化特征,结果显示新加坡人工岸线比例最高,其次为中国。20年内,人工岸线长度共增加了3100 km,所占比例由12.4%上升到22.9%,增长接近一倍,变化最剧烈的区域位于珠江三角洲、红河三角洲、曼谷湾、新加坡和马尼拉湾。自然岸线消失显著,尤其是生物岸线,减少了29%。
国外针对海岸线的研究多围绕红树林岸线变化与海岸侵蚀展开。红树林广泛分布于南海海岸,集中分布区位于马六甲海峡、泰国湾、湄公河三角洲和北部湾。在北部湾地区,下龙湾红树林遭到严重破坏,2/3的红树林消失(Hens et al, 2000)。湄公河三角洲地区是越南红树林分布最广泛的地区,也是遭受破坏最严重的地区(Son et al, 2015)。Lam-Dao等(2011)研究了越南金瓯半岛(湄公河南部)1973-2008年的土地利用变化情况和河岸侵蚀情况,结果表明1/2以上的红树林变成了养虾池,湄公河沿岸也遭到了严重侵蚀。在泰国,红树林消失的主要原因来自对虾养殖。泰国拥有2700 km的海岸线以及良好的热带气候条件,适宜于近岸水产品养殖。泰国对虾养殖扩张爆发于曼谷湾,继而向东部和南部转移,损毁了大量的红树林(Sathirathai et al, 2001; Barbier et al, 2002; Szuster, 2006)。Thampanya等(2006)分析了泰国南部两侧岸线的变化情况,发现海岸侵蚀时有发生,泰国湾一侧海岸侵蚀比安达曼海一侧更为显著。在泰国北部,Anongponyoskun等(2011)利用TM影像研究了泰国班武里府巴蜀地区2004-2009年间的海岸线变化,结果表明该地区遭受了严重的侵蚀。在马来西亚和印度尼西亚,油棕榈种植是红树林减少的潜在威胁,破坏严重的地区位于马六甲海峡和加里曼丹岛砂拉越河三角洲(Richards et al, 2016)。
综上所述,南海周边岸线资源的研究表明,近几十年来,南海周边岸线人工化程度逐渐增高,生物岸线逐年降低,红树林破坏主要原因来自水产品养殖、经济作物种植和城市化。目前,利用遥感技术进行岸线变化动态监测在技术上已趋成熟,也是现在和未来研究的重点,但在海岸线变化的机理模型研究、海岸线演变预测及海岸线变化的影响分析研究仍有欠缺,需重点加强。
3.2.1 石油天然气研究
全球现有离岸石油、天然气开发基本上集中于“两湾两海一湖”区域,即波斯湾、墨西哥湾、北海、南海、马拉开波湖。南海的地质构造适宜于油气资源形成和聚集。中国南海位于欧亚板块,是太平洋板块和印度-澳大利亚板块的交汇地带,经历了长期而复杂的形成和演化。普遍认为,南海海盆形成于中生代。在新生代,南海历经三次构造运动,两次海底扩张,两次地块碰撞和一次弧陆碰撞(姚伯初, 1998)。复杂的板块运动和海底扩张塑造了南海的地质结构：复杂交错的断裂线和大量不同类型的沉积盆地。这些沉积盆地具有厚度较大的沉积物和烃源岩,为石油和天然气的生成提供了良好的条件(莫杰, 2004)。目前南海油气的研究在油气成藏、地理分异与油气平台提取方面研究较多。
(1) 油气成藏/地理分异
在地理区位上,南海沉积盆地可分为两大部分：北部盆地和南部盆地(图3)。相关研究在沉积盆地形成演化、油气成藏条件及开采两方面开展。北部盆地的研究聚焦在珠江口盆地(何家雄等, 2012)、北部湾盆地(郭飞飞等, 2009)、莺歌海盆地(Nielsen et al, 1999)和琼东南盆地(万志峰等, 2007)。南部盆地的研究聚焦在湄公盆地(也称九龙盆地)(Lee et al, 2001)、马来盆地、东西纳土纳盆地(Todd et al, 1997; 刘海, 2012)、万安盆地(施秋华等, 2014)、曾母盆地(姚永坚等, 2008; Islam et al, 2012)、文莱-沙巴盆地(Tingay et al, 2009)、礼乐盆地和巴拉望盆地(杨明慧等, 2015)。研究表明南部盆地油气成藏条件与北部盆地差异较大。北部张性沉积盆地烃源岩体积更小,地温梯度也较小,不利油气成藏,大型油气田较南部盆地少(王建桥等, 2005)。北部盆地以珠江口盆地和莺歌海盆地油气成藏条件较佳,其次为琼东南盆地。南部盆地中,以曾母盆地和纳土纳盆地成藏条件最佳,储量最高,其次为马来盆地、万安盆地和文莱—沙巴盆地,许多大型油气田在此被开采(刘振湖, 2005; 刘海, 2012)。
(2) 油气平台提取
伴随着油气开采活动的增多,溢油问题日益严重。溢油往往与油气平台位置密切相关,故进行油气平台位置提取至关重要,且油气平台位置对于航道安全也有重要影响。采用SAR影像进行近海油气钻井平台检测是目前较为有效的方法。油气平台提取主要方法来自于海面目标提取算法-恒虚警率算法(CFAR)。王加胜等(2013)和万剑华等(2014)利用SAR影像,分别针对越南东南海域和南海某一海域进行油气平台提取并进行验证,论证了该方法的可行性。采用光学影像进行油气平台检测也取得了突破。Liu等(2016b)基于时间序列landsat8影像,利用油气平台尺寸特征和位置不变性特征,提出了离岸油气平台自动检测算法(AMEOP),并以SAR影像和高分影像进行验证,精度较高。目前,李强(2016)和Liu等(2016a; 2016b)分别采用高分一号数据、VIIRS灯光数据、landsat8数据和SAR数据提取了南海油气钻井平台,制作了覆盖南海全海域的钻井平台分布图。结果表明大部分钻井平台分布在浅水区,主要分布于油气资源丰富的珠江口盆地、湄公盆地、马来盆地、曾母盆地和文莱—沙巴盆地,与南海沉积盆地油气分布结果基本一致。
目前针对南海油气盆地的成藏机制和地理分布研究相对较多,但在油气储量和可采资源量方面的研究尚不成熟,争议较大。在油气平台提取方面,利用遥感影像提取油气平台精度已能满足要求,但在油气平台类型的遥感识别和油气产量估算方面依然困难重重。
3.2.2 渔业研究
南海自然环境优越,渔业生态环境类型多样,渔业资源丰富,形成了优良的捕捞渔场(陈铮等, 1994; 贾晓平等, 2004)。明清以来,中国渔民的足迹已遍布南海及周边海域(王涛, 2014)。
南海渔业活动频繁,过度捕捞对渔业资源造成严重的影响。目前,南海海域除中沙和南沙海域部分渔场渔业资源较丰富外,其他大部分渔场渔业资源大幅下降,南海北部大陆架渔场和北部湾渔场衰减剧烈,北部湾渔场实际捕捞量远远超过渔场自然生态恢复所能承受的程度(鞠海龙, 2012)。近年来,开展渔业资源时空分布研究、海洋环境要素与渔场分布分析及海洋渔情预报研究取得很多成果,对合理捕捞渔业资源、可持续发展意义重大。
(1) 南海渔业资源时空分布
南海潜在渔业资源量相当可观。据估计,南海渔业资源潜在渔获量为500万吨(Masrikat, 2012)。其中,渔业资源富集于南海北部大陆架渔场、北部湾渔场、九龙江口渔场、峇眼亚比渔场和马尼拉湾渔场等海区。此外,群岛地区也是渔业资源富集区域。李永振等(2007)和陈国宝等(2005)分析了南海珊瑚礁水域鱼类的组成与分布、生物学特性、开发现状和开发潜力。结果表明西沙海域的潜在渔获量为1.7万吨,中沙海域为1.3万吨,南沙海域17.9万吨。关汉明(2000)对南海南沙群岛西南部渔场的底层渔业资源的开发利用状况进行了分析,认为虽然开发难度大、危险性高,但也可取得可观的经济效益。若在保持鱼类资源结构稳定的前提下全面开发鱼类资源,西沙海域的潜在渔获量为6.7万吨、中沙海域5.3万吨、南沙海域35.8万吨,比目前的潜在渔获量高1~3倍(周永灿, 2014)。此外,利用灯光数据获取渔业信息来分析渔场时空变化特征是一种有效的方式。根据鱼类的趋光性特征,许多渔民在渔船上安装大功率灯泡来开展渔业活动,为利用灯光数据进行渔业信息提取提供了可能。王雯玥(2016)利用2014-2015年VIIRS灯光数据提取南海渔船灯光,并制作了不同年份和不同月份南海渔船生产强度分布图。结果表明南海渔业生产强度自浅海向外海水域递减,主要渔船作业区分布于北部湾和九龙江口地区,季节差异也很显著,以春季整体生产强度较大,冬季渔业生产强度最低。
(2) 海洋环境要素与渔场分布分析
水温、叶绿素浓度和水深等对渔场形成有重要影响,其中,水温对鱼类的聚集和洄游起重要作用,是对鱼类行为影响最重要的因子(于杰等, 2007)。海面温度变化与渔场时空分布相关研究较多。张学敏(2005)研究了台湾浅滩渔场海表温度距平值与鲐鲹鱼类群聚资源的年际变动关系,表明鲐鲹鱼类资源自1988年来呈增长趋势,同该海区由冷变暖状态转换有关。于杰(2015)利用近10年遥感风场和海表温度(Sea surface temperature,SST)数据,研究南海中西部渔场上升流时空变化特征并分析风场对上升流中心位置变动的影响。上升流持续时间有增加的趋势,对南海中西部渔场渔业资源有积极影响。纪世建等(2016)利用南海及临近海域月平均SST和黄鳍金枪鱼渔场月平均单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)进行空间叠加分析,研究表明两者之间具有密切关系,黄鳍金枪鱼渔场最适宜海表栖息温度为26.9~29.4 ℃,春夏季黄鳍金枪鱼主要集中在南海北部区域(10°N~20°N),秋冬季黄鳍金枪鱼开始移向南部海域(0°~10°N)。
(3) 海洋渔情预报
海洋渔情预报服务开展已久。1994年,国家海洋局海洋技术研究所针对海南岛海区和西沙海区,采用航空遥感和卫星遥感方法,制作了海面温度场分布图和渔场位置图,发布渔海况速报(井彦明等, 1996)。中国在“九五”计划期间实施了“海洋遥感信息服务系统技术与示范试验研究”,建立了海洋遥感信息服务系统,可获得海面温度、叶绿素浓度信息,并结合渔船信息,实现对渔业生产指挥调度(苏奋振等, 2002)。颜云榕(2014)以全球定位系统(GPS)、地理信息系统(GIS)和遥感(RS) 3S 技术集成平台,并结合船舶监控系统(VMS)、北斗卫星短报文信道、ARM高性能处理器、NR嵌入式操作系统等前沿技术,建立“南海渔业信息动态采集与实时自动分析系统”,初步实现了南海外海鸢乌贼渔场预报,进行渔业捕捞数据实时传送,生产海洋捕捞(分)渔区、渔船、鱼类产量数据分析专题图。
鉴于海洋渔业的模糊性、不确定性因素,采用统计方法、遥感方法、数值分析方法等进行海洋渔业空间分析均存在不足之处。综合遥感数据、实测数据和海洋环境要素数据,建立海洋渔业动态监测和预测模型,是今后研究的重要方向。
珊瑚礁是热带海洋中的石珊瑚及其间生活的其他造礁生物、藻类等死亡后的残骸堆积而成。作为海洋中一种特殊生态系统,珊瑚礁具有较高的生物多样性和初级生产力,有时也被誉为“海洋中的热带雨林”“蓝色沙漠中的绿洲”(赵美霞等, 2005)。
关于珊瑚礁的研究由来已久。公元前2世纪的汉朝,中国先民就发现了西沙群岛和南沙群岛,并开始在南海地区进行航行。公元3世纪三国时期的万震和公元5世纪刘宋时期的康泰在所著的《南州异物志》和《扶南传》中对西沙和南沙地貌特征作出形象而准确的描述。此后,随着海上丝绸之路的兴盛,中国渔民、商人和地理学家对此区域进行了持续的研究。20世纪,南海珊瑚礁研究进入一个新的阶段。许多科研机构,包括南海海洋研究所、中国水产研究院南海水产研究所、中国科学院南京土壤研究所、华南植物园和地理科学与资源研究所等针对珊瑚礁生态、渔业、土壤、植被和地貌环境开展了大量的调查研究(邢福武等, 1993; 李永振等, 2003; 王丽荣等, 2006; 龚子同等, 2013)。
南海珊瑚礁历史悠久,面积辽阔,几乎覆盖了整个南海浅海区域(图4)。目前,珊瑚礁地理研究集中在珊瑚礁地貌研究和珊瑚白化上。
图4 南海珊瑚礁位置分布图
注：珊瑚点位数据来自ReefBase(http://www.reefbase.org/main.aspx)。
Fig.4 Coral reef locations in the South China Sea
(1) 珊瑚礁地貌
研究发现,作为一个相对独立半封闭的生态系统,珊瑚礁具有独特的地貌。19世纪,达尔文在热带海洋环球航行时对珊瑚礁地貌和形成进行了考察。他依据珊瑚礁与岸线的距离,将珊瑚礁划分为3类：岸礁、堡礁和环礁(Darwin, 1842)。岸礁邻近大陆或海岛;堡礁位于距离海岸线一段距离的浅水区域,呈带状分布;环礁位于深海地区。达尔文提出的学说极大促进了珊瑚礁的研究,并影响了后世近100年的时间。21世纪初,美国科学家McManus(2001)依据珊瑚礁位置和形态,进一步将珊瑚礁划分为8个类别：岸礁、堡礁、丘礁、点礁、台礁、带状礁、新月形礁和环礁。
传统珊瑚礁实地调查方法耗时耗力,且难大面积观测,尤其是针对偏远岛礁。遥感方法具备大面积同步观测、时效性强、具有可重复性等优势,在珊瑚礁地貌研究中的应用日益增多。国内外许多学者利用不同尺度的遥感影像进行了珊瑚礁成图研究(Mumby et al, 1997; Pan et al, 2002; Phinn et al, 2012; 龚建明等, 2014; 周旻曦等, 2015)。在南海区域,刘宝银等(2000)和杨娟等(2014)采用遥感影像提取几何参数并构建模型来反映环礁开放类型。此类定量模型能为珊瑚礁开放程度机制研究和实时预测提供科学依据。龚建明等(2014)和周旻曦等(2015)分别采用面向对象多尺度分割方法提取了永乐环礁和簸箕礁地貌单元。此方法充分利用了珊瑚礁不同地貌带的异质性特征,能有效提高分类精度,保证地貌带的完整性。左秀玲等(2016)提出了一套详细的珊瑚礁地貌分类系统,将珊瑚岛礁自海向澙湖划分为水下礁脊、礁前斜坡、礁坪、潟湖、浅水礁塘、沙洲、灰沙岛,并基于此分类系统,采用高分辨率卫星遥感影像,针对南海主要珊瑚礁,制作了完整而详细的南海珊瑚礁地貌图。
(2) 珊瑚礁白化
受海洋气候变化、自然灾害、海平面上升和人类活动影响,珊瑚礁生态系统具有高度脆弱性。由海面温度升高,太阳辐射增强,海水盐度下降和细菌腐蚀等原因导致的全球范围的珊瑚白化现象越来越频繁和严重(Brown, 1997)。珊瑚礁白化是珊瑚礁失去体内共生的虫黄藻或虫黄藻色素浓度降低导致珊瑚变白的现象(Glynn, 1993)。珊瑚白化对珊瑚礁生态系统有巨大的影响。它会导致珊瑚大面积死亡,珊瑚礁生态系统严重退化。此外,珊瑚白化还会影响新珊瑚的生长,降低珊瑚礁的生殖能力(李淑等, 2007)。据珊瑚礁全球信息系统(ReefBase)数据显示,南海地区是全球珊瑚白化最严重的区域之一(Baker et al, 2008)。1963-2016年,越南沿海、泰国湾近岸、菲律宾巴拉望岛近岸都发生过珊瑚严重白化事件(图5)。Hughes等(2013)研究表明在过去30年,中国大陆和海南岛沿海岸礁减少了至少80%,过去10~15年内,南海珊瑚环礁覆盖度由60%下降到20%。
图5 1963-2016年南海珊瑚礁白化点位图注：数据来自ReefBase数据库(http://www.reefbase.org/main.aspx)。
Fig.5 Coral reef bleaching locations in the South China Sea, 1963-2016
海面温度升高是大面积珊瑚白化的主要原因。1998年,由于厄尔尼诺现象导致海水温度异常升高引发的全球珊瑚礁白化事件是目前为止范围最大、破坏最严重的案例(Goreau et al, 2000)。Goreau等(1994)的研究表明,1983-1991年长期月平均海水温度上升了1 ℃,大面积珊瑚白化发生。基于Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)卫星影像(0.5°, 50 km),美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)开发了大尺度珊瑚白化温度产品-白化热点(HotSpot)和周热度(Degree Healeng Weeks)。在南海区域,珊瑚白化研究相对较少,缺乏系统性。Chou (2002)分析了东南亚珊瑚礁生存状态,并列举了遭受1998年珊瑚严重白化影响的区域,如柬埔寨、泰国湾、越南ConDao岛、印度尼西亚Mentawi岛等。Yu等(2006; 2012)采用高精度铀系年龄来重建南沙群岛过去一个世纪珊瑚死亡史。结果表明珊瑚死亡与厄尔尼诺现象高度相关,尤其在1982-1983年,1991-1994年和1998-2000年。Guest等(2012)选择PulauWeh(印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛)、新加坡和Tioman岛(马来半岛)作为研究区,对比区域热史和白化史,来估算珊瑚白化和死亡指数。研究表明白化敏感性因区域温度差异性而具有显著的地域差异性。在温度上升缓慢的地区,白化相对不显著。Pulau Weh地区的鹿角珊瑚和杯状珊瑚死亡率最高,分别为94%和87%,其次是Tioman岛,新加坡最低,仅仅为5%和12%。Zuo等(2016)利用高分辨率SST数据,分析了1982-2009年南海珊瑚礁热压力时空特征,结果表明南海北部温度上升速率高于南海南部,高频率珊瑚白化事件发生在吕宋岛西北。
由上可见,南海珊瑚礁资源丰富,白化现象也很严重。利用卫星遥感方法进行白化预测精度较高。但鉴于珊瑚礁多淹没在水下,而卫星传感器波段对水体穿深性弱,进行精细化珊瑚礁动态监测研究(底栖物质分析等)仍有欠缺。发展新的珊瑚礁监测遥感波段并开展珊瑚礁遥感物理模型研究是今后研究的重要方向。
根据前文所述,本文从3个层次介绍了国内外学者对南海地区资源环境地理研究的相关进展：南海周边岸线资源、南海海洋资源和珊瑚礁。
当前的岸线研究多数围绕岸线的基本特征展开,包括岸线长度变化、类型转换和面积消长等。已有研究表明南海海岸线正在经历快速的人工化过程,典型区域在珠江三角洲、红河三角洲、曼谷湾、新加坡和马尼拉湾等地区。红树林岸线破坏严重,在三角洲地区表现尤其突出。针对海洋油气资源和渔业资源,国内外学者围绕其储量/渔获量,在资源的地理时空分异性方面开展了大量的研究。南海南部盆地油气成藏条件优于北部,相应地,钻井平台分布也以南部居多,包括湄公盆地、马来盆地、曾母盆地和文莱—沙巴盆地。渔业资源富集于南海北部大陆架渔场、北部湾渔场、九龙江口渔场、峇眼亚比渔场和马尼拉湾渔场以及群岛(南沙群岛)等区域。针对珊瑚礁的研究主要探讨珊瑚礁地貌提取、珊瑚覆盖度提取和珊瑚白化。南海地区是全球珊瑚白化最严重的区域之一,高频率珊瑚白化多见于越南沿岸、泰国湾和菲律宾沿岸等南海北部地区。
当前的研究在资源的快速监测与地理分异性研究方面取得很多成果,但受制于当前技术手段（遥感数据、实测数据和海洋环境数据的精度和时空分辨率）,在监测方法上仍需改进,在资源分布的内在机理与机制研究及资源开发的环境效应评估研究方面仍有不足。
综合国内外在南海资源环境的地理研究工作成果与不足,未来研究可在以下几个方面加强。
(1) 区域多尺度分析
受区域本底条件和人类活动的双重影响,南海资源环境存在显著的复杂性和区域差异性。针对南海大区域,单个国家和小区域等不同尺度,应采用不同分辨率的数据、采样方法和分析方法,研究区域资源环境多尺度地理时空分异特征。同时,针对不同类型的海岸/海洋区块,开展区域之间的对比研究,挖掘其隐含的地理规律。
(2) 多学科交叉、多数据源融合
多源遥感/地质/生物/气象数据融合与GIS空间分析技术应用于海洋资源监测与地理分析依然是今后研究的重点。同时,发展更高分辨率和更多波段遥感数据和其他观测数据,提高监测精度,也是未来研究热点。
(3) 机理模型研究
海洋资源受制于自然环境和人类活动影响,其变化具有复杂性。目前的研究在大面积海洋资源监测方面已日趋成熟,但在精细化的机理模型研究,如海岸线变化的原因机制/海洋渔业资源精细化管理/珊瑚礁遥感物理模型等方面,仍有很大不足,也是未来研究重点。
(4) 环境效应研究
资源过度开发导致环境问题日益严重。海洋资源开发过程中,岸线过度开发,海洋环境污染,珊瑚礁生态系统破坏等问题不断涌现。聚焦资源开发的生态环境效应,并开展影响机制和模型的定量化研究,迫在眉睫。
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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<p>南海珊瑚礁地貌信息的提取是珊瑚礁资源利用、生态保护与管理及可持续发展的重要地学基础。本文提出了面向对象的珊瑚礁地貌单元提取模型, 针对不同的地貌单元, 以不同地貌单元的最优分割尺度、光谱参数、形状参数来分割影像并合并成不同对象, 从而获得相应的地貌单元。通过大量实验得出自然地貌的最优分割尺度区间为[140,600], 其中附礁生物稀疏带及丛生带、礁坑发育带的光谱参数和形状参数分别为0.9 和0.1, 其他自然地貌单元的光谱参数和形状参数分别为0.8 和0.2; 人工地貌的最优分割尺度区间为[25,170], 其光谱参数和形状参数分别为0.8 和0.2。进一步以南沙群岛簸箕礁WorldView-2 高分辨率遥感影像为例提取地貌单元, 并结合混淆矩阵和Kappa 系数对分类结果进行了精度评价, 地貌单元提取总体精度达到了85.75%, Kappa 系数为0.8349。结果表明, 该方法可有效运用南海珊瑚礁遥感影像的光谱特征、纹理特征, 以及影像数据不同波段的组合特性, 综合了影像和珊瑚礁地貌的关联特性, 充分利用了珊瑚礁不同地貌相带的异质性, 获得了理想的南海珊瑚礁地貌的整体信息, 满足了我国南海珊瑚礁地貌信息提取和地貌数字产品生成的需求。</p>
A study on the object-oriented model for geomorphic unit extraction of coral reefs in the South China Sea [J].https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1047.2014.00997 Magsci [本文引用: 2] 摘要
<p>南海珊瑚礁地貌信息的提取是珊瑚礁资源利用、生态保护与管理及可持续发展的重要地学基础。本文提出了面向对象的珊瑚礁地貌单元提取模型, 针对不同的地貌单元, 以不同地貌单元的最优分割尺度、光谱参数、形状参数来分割影像并合并成不同对象, 从而获得相应的地貌单元。通过大量实验得出自然地貌的最优分割尺度区间为[140,600], 其中附礁生物稀疏带及丛生带、礁坑发育带的光谱参数和形状参数分别为0.9 和0.1, 其他自然地貌单元的光谱参数和形状参数分别为0.8 和0.2; 人工地貌的最优分割尺度区间为[25,170], 其光谱参数和形状参数分别为0.8 和0.2。进一步以南沙群岛簸箕礁WorldView-2 高分辨率遥感影像为例提取地貌单元, 并结合混淆矩阵和Kappa 系数对分类结果进行了精度评价, 地貌单元提取总体精度达到了85.75%, Kappa 系数为0.8349。结果表明, 该方法可有效运用南海珊瑚礁遥感影像的光谱特征、纹理特征, 以及影像数据不同波段的组合特性, 综合了影像和珊瑚礁地貌的关联特性, 充分利用了珊瑚礁不同地貌相带的异质性, 获得了理想的南海珊瑚礁地貌的整体信息, 满足了我国南海珊瑚礁地貌信息提取和地貌数字产品生成的需求。</p>
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南海诸岛的土壤及其生态系统特征 [J].
首先阐述中国在20世纪30年代、70年代和90年代研究南海诸岛土壤的历程，进而从土壤形成、土壤特性、鸟粪磷矿和土壤分布论述南海诸岛土壤的特点，指出此种土壤为富磷高钙的砂性土壤，其形成年龄为1000-2000a，认为在赤道热带气候和珊瑚、贝壳砂母质条件下，在海鸟、植物及其作用下形成的土壤，构造了一个独特的、富磷土壤生态系统。为了保持这个生态系统的稳定性，应特别注意保护好作为这个生态系统的纽带——土壤。文章提出了相应的措施。
Soils and the soil ecosystem in the South China Sea Islands [J].
首先阐述中国在20世纪30年代、70年代和90年代研究南海诸岛土壤的历程，进而从土壤形成、土壤特性、鸟粪磷矿和土壤分布论述南海诸岛土壤的特点，指出此种土壤为富磷高钙的砂性土壤，其形成年龄为1000-2000a，认为在赤道热带气候和珊瑚、贝壳砂母质条件下，在海鸟、植物及其作用下形成的土壤，构造了一个独特的、富磷土壤生态系统。为了保持这个生态系统的稳定性，应特别注意保护好作为这个生态系统的纽带——土壤。文章提出了相应的措施。
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南沙西南部渔场底层渔业资源的开发利用 [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-2490.2000.03.007 URL [本文引用: 1] Exploitation and utilization of fishery resources in the southwest of Nansha [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-2490.2000.03.007 URL [本文引用: 1] |
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北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷油气成藏条件分析 [J].
涠西南凹陷位于北部湾盆地西南部，发育有多个油气田（含油气构造）。以油气地质理论为指导，在构造和沉积地层特征研究的基础上，重点分析了烃源岩、储集层、圈闭及输导介质等油气成藏的基本要素，认为涠西南凹陷拥有较好的烃源岩、发育多套储集层、多种类型囤闭和复合的输导介质，具备油气藏形成的基本条件，具有广阔的油气勘探前景。
Analysis on the conditions of petroleum accumulation in Weixinan sag, Beibuwan basin [J].
涠西南凹陷位于北部湾盆地西南部，发育有多个油气田（含油气构造）。以油气地质理论为指导，在构造和沉积地层特征研究的基础上，重点分析了烃源岩、储集层、圈闭及输导介质等油气成藏的基本要素，认为涠西南凹陷拥有较好的烃源岩、发育多套储集层、多种类型囤闭和复合的输导介质，具备油气藏形成的基本条件，具有广阔的油气勘探前景。
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南海东北部珠江口盆地成生演化与油气运聚成藏规律 [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-3657.2012.01.011 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract锛歍he Zhujiangkou basin is a special tectonic location of passive continental margin with complex regional background and oil and gas geological conditions. The region has not only basic characteristics of Cenozoic continental rift and fault basin in eastern China but also its unique features. Because oil and gas geological conditions are different in different basin zones, there exist the regularity of migration and accumulation of oil in the north and that of gas in the south, and the characteristics of association and superimposition of various resources are obvious: The north rift zone and the East Sha uplift shallow water zone constitute the thinning location of the continental crust, with the scale of the fault depression and sedimentation being smaller than that of the deep water area in the north rift zone; in addition, the area has low geothermal gradient and small heat flow, its thermal evolution of source rocks is in the range of oil window, and it produces large quantities of oil accompanied by a small amount of oil type gas, thus forming a petroleum accumulation zone in the sallow water of north continental shelf, which mainly includes Wenchang, Yunping, Xijiang, Huizhou, Lufeng and Liuhua oil fields. The exotic source mechanism of the oil and gas migration and accumulation system is the Oligocene delta sandstone and Miocene reef limestone in the area. There exist large quantities of natural gas and a small amount of light oil, which mainly include gas reservoirs of LW3-1, LH34-2 and LH29-1 and oil reservoir of LH16-2 in eastern Baiyun depression and a small gas reservoir group in Panyu uplift of Baiyun depression, which constitute a rich natural gas district with resource potential of oil and oil-gas in the south rift zone and the south uplift zone. Because the south rift zone and the deep water zone of southern uplift constitute the location of near-ocean crust characterized by thin crust and large-scale fault depression, the area has more marine hydrocarbon source rocks than northern shallow water. There exist high geothermal gradient and large heat flow in this area, and the thermal evolution of the source rocks is at the stage of mature-highly mature condensate oil and wet gas; besides, there is mixed source mechanism of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation characterized by the hydrocarbon system of Oligocene delta coastal sandstone and the deep-water fan system, and there also exists the paragenetic and superimposition relationship between gas hydrates in the seafloor and shallow gas and conventional oil and gas in the deep water.
The evolution, migration and accumulation regularity of oil and gas in Zhujiangkou basin, northeastern South China Sea [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-3657.2012.01.011 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract锛歍he Zhujiangkou basin is a special tectonic location of passive continental margin with complex regional background and oil and gas geological conditions. The region has not only basic characteristics of Cenozoic continental rift and fault basin in eastern China but also its unique features. Because oil and gas geological conditions are different in different basin zones, there exist the regularity of migration and accumulation of oil in the north and that of gas in the south, and the characteristics of association and superimposition of various resources are obvious: The north rift zone and the East Sha uplift shallow water zone constitute the thinning location of the continental crust, with the scale of the fault depression and sedimentation being smaller than that of the deep water area in the north rift zone; in addition, the area has low geothermal gradient and small heat flow, its thermal evolution of source rocks is in the range of oil window, and it produces large quantities of oil accompanied by a small amount of oil type gas, thus forming a petroleum accumulation zone in the sallow water of north continental shelf, which mainly includes Wenchang, Yunping, Xijiang, Huizhou, Lufeng and Liuhua oil fields. The exotic source mechanism of the oil and gas migration and accumulation system is the Oligocene delta sandstone and Miocene reef limestone in the area. There exist large quantities of natural gas and a small amount of light oil, which mainly include gas reservoirs of LW3-1, LH34-2 and LH29-1 and oil reservoir of LH16-2 in eastern Baiyun depression and a small gas reservoir group in Panyu uplift of Baiyun depression, which constitute a rich natural gas district with resource potential of oil and oil-gas in the south rift zone and the south uplift zone. Because the south rift zone and the deep water zone of southern uplift constitute the location of near-ocean crust characterized by thin crust and large-scale fault depression, the area has more marine hydrocarbon source rocks than northern shallow water. There exist high geothermal gradient and large heat flow in this area, and the thermal evolution of the source rocks is at the stage of mature-highly mature condensate oil and wet gas; besides, there is mixed source mechanism of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation characterized by the hydrocarbon system of Oligocene delta coastal sandstone and the deep-water fan system, and there also exists the paragenetic and superimposition relationship between gas hydrates in the seafloor and shallow gas and conventional oil and gas in the deep water.
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南海及临近海域黄鳍金枪鱼渔场时空分布与海表温度的关系 [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-2490.2016.01.002 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
为得到南海及临近海域黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacores)渔场最适宜栖息海表温度(SST)范围,基于美国国家海洋大气局(NOAA)气候预测中心月平均海表温度(SST)资料,结合中西太平洋渔业委员会(WCPFC)发布的南海及临近海域金枪鱼延绳钓渔业数据,绘制了月平均SST和月平均单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)的空间叠加图,用于分析南海及临近海域黄鳍金枪鱼渔场CPUE时空分布和SST的关系。结果表明,南海及临近海域黄鳍金枪鱼CPUE在16℃~31℃均有分布。在春季和夏季(3~8月),位于10°~20°N的大部分渔区CPUE较高,其南北侧CPUE较低;而到了秋季和冬季(9月到次年2月),高产渔场区域会向南拓宽。CPUE在各SST区间的散点图呈现出明显的负偏态分布,高CPUE主要集中在26℃~30℃,最高值出现在29℃附近;在22℃~26℃范围内CPUE散点分布较为零散,但在这个范围也会出现相当数量的高CPUE;在22℃以下的CPUE几乎属于低CPUE和零CPUE;零CPUE的平均SST为26.7℃(±3.2℃),低CPUE的平均SST为27.8℃(±2.1℃),高CPUE的平均SST为28.4℃(±1.5℃),高CPUE在各SST区间的分布要比零CPUE和低CPUE更为集中。采用频次分析和经验累积分布函数计算其最适SST范围,得到南海及临近海域黄鳍金枪鱼最适SST为26.9℃~29.4℃。本研究初步得到南海及临近海域黄鳍金枪鱼中心渔场时空分布特征及SST适宜分布区间,可为开展南海及临近海域金枪鱼渔情预报工作提供理论依据和参考。
Relationship between temporal-spatial distribution of yellow fintuna Thunnus albacares fishing grounds and sea surface temperature in the South China Sea and adjacent waters [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-2490.2016.01.002 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
为得到南海及临近海域黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacores)渔场最适宜栖息海表温度(SST)范围,基于美国国家海洋大气局(NOAA)气候预测中心月平均海表温度(SST)资料,结合中西太平洋渔业委员会(WCPFC)发布的南海及临近海域金枪鱼延绳钓渔业数据,绘制了月平均SST和月平均单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)的空间叠加图,用于分析南海及临近海域黄鳍金枪鱼渔场CPUE时空分布和SST的关系。结果表明,南海及临近海域黄鳍金枪鱼CPUE在16℃~31℃均有分布。在春季和夏季(3~8月),位于10°~20°N的大部分渔区CPUE较高,其南北侧CPUE较低;而到了秋季和冬季(9月到次年2月),高产渔场区域会向南拓宽。CPUE在各SST区间的散点图呈现出明显的负偏态分布,高CPUE主要集中在26℃~30℃,最高值出现在29℃附近;在22℃~26℃范围内CPUE散点分布较为零散,但在这个范围也会出现相当数量的高CPUE;在22℃以下的CPUE几乎属于低CPUE和零CPUE;零CPUE的平均SST为26.7℃(±3.2℃),低CPUE的平均SST为27.8℃(±2.1℃),高CPUE的平均SST为28.4℃(±1.5℃),高CPUE在各SST区间的分布要比零CPUE和低CPUE更为集中。采用频次分析和经验累积分布函数计算其最适SST范围,得到南海及临近海域黄鳍金枪鱼最适SST为26.9℃~29.4℃。本研究初步得到南海及临近海域黄鳍金枪鱼中心渔场时空分布特征及SST适宜分布区间,可为开展南海及临近海域金枪鱼渔情预报工作提供理论依据和参考。
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海南岛海区(含西沙海域)渔海况速报试验 [J].
利用航空遥感或卫星遥感技术手 段，对大面积海域进行观测，采集处理有关海洋环境要素如海水温度、盐度等，然后进行对比分析、判断，为海洋渔业生产提供可靠服务。本文以１９９４年７月海 南岛海区的实际飞行试验，清楚地表明，航空遥感或卫星遥感技术在渔业生产领域的广阔应用前景。
Test of rapid forecast of fishery hydrographic states in the Hainan Island sea areas [J].
利用航空遥感或卫星遥感技术手 段，对大面积海域进行观测，采集处理有关海洋环境要素如海水温度、盐度等，然后进行对比分析、判断，为海洋渔业生产提供可靠服务。本文以１９９４年７月海 南岛海区的实际飞行试验，清楚地表明，航空遥感或卫星遥感技术在渔业生产领域的广阔应用前景。
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| [12] |
南海渔业资源衰减相关问题研究 [J].Studies on the decrement of fishery resource in the South China Sea [J]. |
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基于多源数据的南海油气平台检测及油气资源安全态势评价 [D].Oil and gas platforms detection and oil and gas resources security situation evaluation based on multi-source data in the South China Sea [D]. |
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珊瑚礁白化研究进展 [J].
珊瑚礁白化是由于珊瑚失去体内共生的虫黄藻和（或）共生的虫黄藻失去体内色素而导致五彩缤纷的珊瑚礁变白的生态现象。近年来，频繁发生的珊瑚礁白化导致了珊瑚礁生态系统严重退化，并已经影响到全球珊瑚礁生态系统的平衡，受到了人们的高度重视。研究认为：（1）大范围珊瑚礁白化主要是全球环境变化引起的，尤其是全球变暖和紫外辐射增强；（2）导致珊瑚礁白化的机制主要在于细胞机制和光抑制机制；（3）珊瑚礁白化后的恢复与白化程度有关，大范围白化的珊瑚礁完全恢复需要几年到几十年；（4）珊瑚礁白化的后果在于降低珊瑚繁殖能力、减缓珊瑚礁生长、改变礁栖生物的群落结构，导致大面积珊瑚死亡和改变珊瑚礁生态类型，如变为海藻型等；(5) 与珊瑚共生的D系群虫黄藻更适应高温环境，珊瑚礁有可能通过D系群逐渐取代C系群的方式适应全球环境变化。
Recent development in coral reef bleaching research [J].
珊瑚礁白化是由于珊瑚失去体内共生的虫黄藻和（或）共生的虫黄藻失去体内色素而导致五彩缤纷的珊瑚礁变白的生态现象。近年来，频繁发生的珊瑚礁白化导致了珊瑚礁生态系统严重退化，并已经影响到全球珊瑚礁生态系统的平衡，受到了人们的高度重视。研究认为：（1）大范围珊瑚礁白化主要是全球环境变化引起的，尤其是全球变暖和紫外辐射增强；（2）导致珊瑚礁白化的机制主要在于细胞机制和光抑制机制；（3）珊瑚礁白化后的恢复与白化程度有关，大范围白化的珊瑚礁完全恢复需要几年到几十年；（4）珊瑚礁白化的后果在于降低珊瑚繁殖能力、减缓珊瑚礁生长、改变礁栖生物的群落结构，导致大面积珊瑚死亡和改变珊瑚礁生态类型，如变为海藻型等；(5) 与珊瑚共生的D系群虫黄藻更适应高温环境，珊瑚礁有可能通过D系群逐渐取代C系群的方式适应全球环境变化。
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| [15] |
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南沙群岛中北部重要岛礁鱼类资源调查 [J].Survey for coral reef fish resources in the center & north waters of the Nansha Islands [J]. |
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中国大陆1990-2013年海岸线资源开发利用特征变化 [J].
利用遥感和GIS技术对中国1990—2013年23 a间大陆海岸线的变化情况进行了分析,从海岸线空间资源可持续利用角度,构建了海岸线开发利用负荷度和易损度指标,对我国大陆海岸线资源开发利用特征进行了评估,结果显示:1)中国大陆海岸线的变化主要体现在海岸线长度和形态的变化两个方面,长度上,中国大陆海岸线呈现出持续增加的趋势,23 a间增加了1 045.54 km;形态方面,大量的自然岸线转变为平直的人工岸线,人工岸线增加了4 398.14 km,年均增加约200 km。2)大陆海岸线的开发利用负荷不断增加,我国距离大陆海岸线1 km范围内海域被开发利用的面积比例已超过80%;大陆海岸线重度开发岸线长度为3 118.05 km,占总长度的16.43%,其中,河北、天津、山东、江苏、上海和浙江的重度开发岸线长度所占比例均超过了50%;海南、福建和广西区的未开发岸线比例超过60%。3)低易损度海岸线分布存在南北差异,北方沿海地区,除山东外,其他省区的高易损度海岸线所占比例均超过了15%,南方地区海岸线资源的易损度整体较好。海南省、广西区的可开发利用潜力较大,人工岸线与易损度存在正相关。论文可为海岸线空间资源管理和可持续利用提供支持。
Variation of coastline resources utilization in China from 1990 to 2013 [J].
利用遥感和GIS技术对中国1990—2013年23 a间大陆海岸线的变化情况进行了分析,从海岸线空间资源可持续利用角度,构建了海岸线开发利用负荷度和易损度指标,对我国大陆海岸线资源开发利用特征进行了评估,结果显示:1)中国大陆海岸线的变化主要体现在海岸线长度和形态的变化两个方面,长度上,中国大陆海岸线呈现出持续增加的趋势,23 a间增加了1 045.54 km;形态方面,大量的自然岸线转变为平直的人工岸线,人工岸线增加了4 398.14 km,年均增加约200 km。2)大陆海岸线的开发利用负荷不断增加,我国距离大陆海岸线1 km范围内海域被开发利用的面积比例已超过80%;大陆海岸线重度开发岸线长度为3 118.05 km,占总长度的16.43%,其中,河北、天津、山东、江苏、上海和浙江的重度开发岸线长度所占比例均超过了50%;海南、福建和广西区的未开发岸线比例超过60%。3)低易损度海岸线分布存在南北差异,北方沿海地区,除山东外,其他省区的高易损度海岸线所占比例均超过了15%,南方地区海岸线资源的易损度整体较好。海南省、广西区的可开发利用潜力较大,人工岸线与易损度存在正相关。论文可为海岸线空间资源管理和可持续利用提供支持。
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南沙珊瑚环礁的遥感复合信息熵与类型 [J].https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0253-4193.2000.01.005 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
In the viewpoint that the oaral reef atolls' growth index of the Nanshe Islands is influenced by many factors,the measured remote sensing composite information including scmae mutually related factoes is divided inw 10 geographic events as ,, ,,and the analysis of the atolls' information entropy is made.From the value of the entropy,the closed related factors with the index of the emerged atolls are shown.In proper order,the factors are reef top's area (0.319),lagoon's area (0.324),open-degree of atoll (0.336),trend of atoll (0.551).On the basis cd this work,a new description function of the emerged atoll growth index is proposed.This function can be used to identify the open type of Nansha atoll growth.
The remote sensing composite information entropy and types of Nansha coral reef atolls [J].https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0253-4193.2000.01.005 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
In the viewpoint that the oaral reef atolls' growth index of the Nanshe Islands is influenced by many factors,the measured remote sensing composite information including scmae mutually related factoes is divided inw 10 geographic events as ,, ,,and the analysis of the atolls' information entropy is made.From the value of the entropy,the closed related factors with the index of the emerged atolls are shown.In proper order,the factors are reef top's area (0.319),lagoon's area (0.324),open-degree of atoll (0.336),trend of atoll (0.551).On the basis cd this work,a new description function of the emerged atoll growth index is proposed.This function can be used to identify the open type of Nansha atoll growth.
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东、西纳土纳盆地石油地质特征及对比研究 [D].Contrast and research of petroleum geological characteristics: West and East Natunabasin [D]. |
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南海南沙海域沉积盆地与油气分布 [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1552.2005.03.017 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
在较详细分析南沙海域区域地质背景的基础上，研究该海域主要沉积盆地地质构造特征，分析不同区域沉积盆地的油气地质条件，研究和总结各盆地中的油气分布特征。研究表明，万安盆地、曾母盆地和文莱-沙巴盆地具有丰富的油气资源，北康盆地、北巴拉望盆地油气资源远景次之，礼乐盆地和南薇西盆地油气资源远景较差。
Distribution of sedimentary basins and petroleum potential in southern South China Sea [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1552.2005.03.017 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
在较详细分析南沙海域区域地质背景的基础上，研究该海域主要沉积盆地地质构造特征，分析不同区域沉积盆地的油气地质条件，研究和总结各盆地中的油气分布特征。研究表明，万安盆地、曾母盆地和文莱-沙巴盆地具有丰富的油气资源，北康盆地、北巴拉望盆地油气资源远景次之，礼乐盆地和南薇西盆地油气资源远景较差。
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万安盆地构造沉降与沉积速率及其油气资源前景 [J].Tectonic subsidence, sedimentary rates and petroleum resources potential in the Wan'an basin [J]. |
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3S 空间信息技术在海洋渔业研究与管理中的应用 [J].Applications of 3S spatial information technology in marine fishery [J]. |
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基于 SAR 影像的海上石油平台识别方法研究 [J].https://doi.org/10.13474/j.cnki.11-2246.2014.0016 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
近年来我国南海油气资源遭到周边国家的掠夺,进行非法海上石油平 台的识别对于维护海洋权益是非常有意义的.对海上石油平台的识别,传统的基于岸基和岛屿站的观测方法范围非常有限.本文结合星载SAR全天时、全天候及免 受云雾干扰的优势,尝试了一种基于SAR影像识别海上石油平台的方法.利用多景多时相SAR影像,首先在TerraSA R-X影像中做平台目标的初步识别;然后利用另一景不同时相的RADARSAT-2 SAR影像作对比,进行舰船目标的排除和初步识别结果的检验.以南海地区的3景SAR影像为数据源,共识别出5处石油平台,验证了通过SAR影像识别海上 石油平台的可行性.
Research on detection method of the offshore oil platform based on SAR images [J].https://doi.org/10.13474/j.cnki.11-2246.2014.0016 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
近年来我国南海油气资源遭到周边国家的掠夺,进行非法海上石油平 台的识别对于维护海洋权益是非常有意义的.对海上石油平台的识别,传统的基于岸基和岛屿站的观测方法范围非常有限.本文结合星载SAR全天时、全天候及免 受云雾干扰的优势,尝试了一种基于SAR影像识别海上石油平台的方法.利用多景多时相SAR影像,首先在TerraSA R-X影像中做平台目标的初步识别;然后利用另一景不同时相的RADARSAT-2 SAR影像作对比,进行舰船目标的排除和初步识别结果的检验.以南海地区的3景SAR影像为数据源,共识别出5处石油平台,验证了通过SAR影像识别海上 石油平台的可行性.
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南海北部莺歌海盆地与琼东南盆地油气成藏条件比较研究 [J].
<p>莺歌海盆地与琼东南盆地位于南海北部大陆边缘西部，该2盆地虽仅以①号断层相隔，但其油气成藏特征差异明显：莺歌海盆地以中新统三亚—梅山组和上新统底部莺歌海组海相泥岩为主要烃源岩，而琼东南盆地主要烃源岩为渐新统崖城—陵水组近海含煤岩系；泥底辟活动产生的大量垂向断层、裂缝是莺歌海盆地油气垂向运移的主要通道，而琼东南盆地西区则以侧向输导为主，东区兼有垂向和侧向输导特征；莺歌海盆地中新世晚期泥底辟背斜、披覆背斜、断块等构造圈闭及地层岩性圈闭是油气聚集的主要圈闭类型，琼东南盆地则以古近纪构造圈闭为主、新近纪地层岩性圈闭为辅。认为莺歌海盆地下含气系统具有巨大资源潜力，是未来油气勘探的主要靶区；琼东南盆地的主要勘探领域应放在古近系和能与古近系连通的新近纪岩性—构造复合圈闭上，深水区则是该盆地非常重要的油气勘探新领域。</p>
The comparative study of hydrocarbon accumulation conditions in Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins, Northern South China Sea [J].
<p>莺歌海盆地与琼东南盆地位于南海北部大陆边缘西部，该2盆地虽仅以①号断层相隔，但其油气成藏特征差异明显：莺歌海盆地以中新统三亚—梅山组和上新统底部莺歌海组海相泥岩为主要烃源岩，而琼东南盆地主要烃源岩为渐新统崖城—陵水组近海含煤岩系；泥底辟活动产生的大量垂向断层、裂缝是莺歌海盆地油气垂向运移的主要通道，而琼东南盆地西区则以侧向输导为主，东区兼有垂向和侧向输导特征；莺歌海盆地中新世晚期泥底辟背斜、披覆背斜、断块等构造圈闭及地层岩性圈闭是油气聚集的主要圈闭类型，琼东南盆地则以古近纪构造圈闭为主、新近纪地层岩性圈闭为辅。认为莺歌海盆地下含气系统具有巨大资源潜力，是未来油气勘探的主要靶区；琼东南盆地的主要勘探领域应放在古近系和能与古近系连通的新近纪岩性—构造复合圈闭上，深水区则是该盆地非常重要的油气勘探新领域。</p>
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基于 ENVISAT ASAR 的海洋钻井平台遥感检测方法: 以越南东南海域为例 [J].https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201311015 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
海洋钻井平台的位置信息对溢油监测和航道安全有重要意义。针对目前海洋钻井平台遥感信息提取难、验证难的现状,根据海洋钻井平台位置基本保持不变的特性,本文提出了一种基于恒虚警率算法的海洋钻井平台提取方法。该方法包括三个主要步骤:首先利用GDEM数据制作陆地掩膜,然后基于双参数恒虚警率算法对两景成像时间靠近的ENVISAT ASAR影像进行海上目标提取,最后对两时期提取结果进行对比,去除舰船虚警目标,完成海洋钻井平台提取。研究以越南东南海域为实验区,对提出的方法进行实验,结果表明,该方法可以较为有效的确定钻井平台目标。在实验区内,共提取钻井平台30个,主要分布在越南石油招标区块09-1的白虎油田和龙油田。
Drilling platform detection based on ENVISAT ASAR remote sensing data: A case of southeastern Vietnam offshore area [J].https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201311015 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
海洋钻井平台的位置信息对溢油监测和航道安全有重要意义。针对目前海洋钻井平台遥感信息提取难、验证难的现状,根据海洋钻井平台位置基本保持不变的特性,本文提出了一种基于恒虚警率算法的海洋钻井平台提取方法。该方法包括三个主要步骤:首先利用GDEM数据制作陆地掩膜,然后基于双参数恒虚警率算法对两景成像时间靠近的ENVISAT ASAR影像进行海上目标提取,最后对两时期提取结果进行对比,去除舰船虚警目标,完成海洋钻井平台提取。研究以越南东南海域为实验区,对提出的方法进行实验,结果表明,该方法可以较为有效的确定钻井平台目标。在实验区内,共提取钻井平台30个,主要分布在越南石油招标区块09-1的白虎油田和龙油田。
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南海海域新生代沉积盆地的油气资源 [J].Characteristics of tectonic dynamics of the Cenozoic sedimentary basins and the petroleum resources in the South China Sea [J]. |
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珊瑚礁生态系统服务及其价值评估 [J].
珊瑚礁生态系统以其极高的生物多样性和美丽的水下景观而被人类过度利用，为了有效地管理和可持续利用珊瑚礁，对其生态系统服务及价值的评估就显得十分重要。本文介绍了珊瑚礁生态系统服务及其价值，以及评估方法的研究动态。珊瑚礁生态系统服务是指珊瑚礁生态系统与生态过程所形成及维持的人类赖以生存的自然环境条件与其效用，珊瑚礁生态系统服务分为经济性服务、生态性服务和社会性服务3部分，给出相应于珊瑚礁生态系统服务内容的价值分类以及常用的生产效益法、替代费用法、损害费用法、旅行费用法和条件价值法5种评估方法。文中还介绍了中国珊瑚礁的分布与特点，并根据国内珊瑚礁生态系统的状况，指出了中国开展珊瑚礁生态系统服务及其价值评估的迫切性。
Coral reef ecosystem service and its value evaluation [J].
珊瑚礁生态系统以其极高的生物多样性和美丽的水下景观而被人类过度利用，为了有效地管理和可持续利用珊瑚礁，对其生态系统服务及价值的评估就显得十分重要。本文介绍了珊瑚礁生态系统服务及其价值，以及评估方法的研究动态。珊瑚礁生态系统服务是指珊瑚礁生态系统与生态过程所形成及维持的人类赖以生存的自然环境条件与其效用，珊瑚礁生态系统服务分为经济性服务、生态性服务和社会性服务3部分，给出相应于珊瑚礁生态系统服务内容的价值分类以及常用的生产效益法、替代费用法、损害费用法、旅行费用法和条件价值法5种评估方法。文中还介绍了中国珊瑚礁的分布与特点，并根据国内珊瑚礁生态系统的状况，指出了中国开展珊瑚礁生态系统服务及其价值评估的迫切性。
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明清以来南海主要渔场的开发(1368-1949) [D].The fishing grounds development for the South China Sea since the Ming and Qing Dynasties (1368-1949) [D]. |
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基于灯光遥感的南海渔业生产强度时空分布特征研究 [D].Spatio-tempral distribution of fishery production intensiry in the South China Sea based on the night-time images [D]. |
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西沙群岛植物资源调查 [J].
西沙群岛主要的植被类型是常绿珊瑚岛林、灌木林或滨海植被。本区有植物89科224属340种,其中大型真菌6科11属22种,地衣1种,蕨类4科4属5种,被子植物78科208属312种。根据其经济用途,划分为10个类型,主要资源植物有药用植物、蜜源植物、食用植物、观赏植物等。西沙群岛的植物区系与海南岛十分相似,属、种的相似性指标分别为98.46％和94.09％。泛热带分布的属是本区系中最大的部分,占总属数的70.00％。最后对西沙群岛植物资源的保护和利用进行了讨论。
Investigation of plant resources in Xisha Islands [J].
西沙群岛主要的植被类型是常绿珊瑚岛林、灌木林或滨海植被。本区有植物89科224属340种,其中大型真菌6科11属22种,地衣1种,蕨类4科4属5种,被子植物78科208属312种。根据其经济用途,划分为10个类型,主要资源植物有药用植物、蜜源植物、食用植物、观赏植物等。西沙群岛的植物区系与海南岛十分相似,属、种的相似性指标分别为98.46％和94.09％。泛热带分布的属是本区系中最大的部分,占总属数的70.00％。最后对西沙群岛植物资源的保护和利用进行了讨论。
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基于 3S 集成平台的南海渔业信息动态采集与实时自动分析系统研发 [J].https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1231.2014.48926 Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
以全球定位系统（GPS）、地理信息系统（GIS）和遥感（RS）等3S技术集成平台，并结合船舶监控系统（VMS）、北斗卫星短报文信道、ARM高性能处理器、NR嵌入式操作系统等前沿技术，建立“南海渔业信息动态采集与实时自动分析系统”。该系统是一个分布式系统，包括船载捕捞信息实时采集装备、南海渔业数据集成中心、南海渔业捕捞地理信息系统及外海渔场预报系统等4个完全独立分布的子系统。本系统自主研发了具备北斗通信功能的船载捕捞实时采集装备，并创新性地利用北斗卫星短报文信道实现了海上渔船与地面数据中心的实时信息交互，此外利用VPN信道实现了数据中心与数据处理分析应用系统之间安全可靠的数据共享，从而最终建立了海上渔船与岸上数据分析系统之间的无缝连接虚拟网络。基于这一网络，海上渔船将渔业捕捞数据实时发送至南海渔业捕捞GIS系统，进行实时分析与显示海洋捕捞（分）渔区/渔船/鱼类产量的数据分析专题图；外海渔场预报系统依据多年的捕捞、渔业生物学及渔场环境数据收集与分析将南海外海鸢乌贼渔场信息发送给海上渔船，推进海上渔业捕捞的高效生产。
Research and development of South China Sea fisheries information dynamic collection and realtime automatic analysis system based on GPS, GIS and RS integration [J].https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1231.2014.48926 Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
以全球定位系统（GPS）、地理信息系统（GIS）和遥感（RS）等3S技术集成平台，并结合船舶监控系统（VMS）、北斗卫星短报文信道、ARM高性能处理器、NR嵌入式操作系统等前沿技术，建立“南海渔业信息动态采集与实时自动分析系统”。该系统是一个分布式系统，包括船载捕捞信息实时采集装备、南海渔业数据集成中心、南海渔业捕捞地理信息系统及外海渔场预报系统等4个完全独立分布的子系统。本系统自主研发了具备北斗通信功能的船载捕捞实时采集装备，并创新性地利用北斗卫星短报文信道实现了海上渔船与地面数据中心的实时信息交互，此外利用VPN信道实现了数据中心与数据处理分析应用系统之间安全可靠的数据共享，从而最终建立了海上渔船与岸上数据分析系统之间的无缝连接虚拟网络。基于这一网络，海上渔船将渔业捕捞数据实时发送至南海渔业捕捞GIS系统，进行实时分析与显示海洋捕捞（分）渔区/渔船/鱼类产量的数据分析专题图；外海渔场预报系统依据多年的捕捞、渔业生物学及渔场环境数据收集与分析将南海外海鸢乌贼渔场信息发送给海上渔船，推进海上渔业捕捞的高效生产。
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南海珊瑚环礁开放程度模型构建研究 [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1009-5470.2014.03.008 Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
南海环礁发育过程中形成了开放程度不同的环礁类型, 依据环礁不同地貌部位的几何因子作为反映环礁开放程度的指标可以定量划分环礁开放程度类型。如果将澙湖潮汐通道作为环礁地貌结构要素用来反映环礁开放程度, 则潮汐通道可以成为新的度量因子。利用高分辨率遥感影像结合GIS技术, 以澙湖潮汐通道的几何参数为主构建反映环礁开放程度的模型, 结果表明, 以口门宽度与礁体中轴线长度之比为指标建立的经验式, 可用来划分环礁开放程度类型, 封闭型环礁的开放度为0, 准封闭型环礁的开放度为0~0.06, 半开放型环礁的开放度为0.06~0.25, 开放型岛礁的开放度为0.25~1。因此, 采用这一量化表达式反映南海环礁的开放程度类型, 可为珊瑚环礁的开放程度发育规律研究提供科学工具。
Research on building a model of the open type for coral atolls in the South China Sea [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1009-5470.2014.03.008 Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
南海环礁发育过程中形成了开放程度不同的环礁类型, 依据环礁不同地貌部位的几何因子作为反映环礁开放程度的指标可以定量划分环礁开放程度类型。如果将澙湖潮汐通道作为环礁地貌结构要素用来反映环礁开放程度, 则潮汐通道可以成为新的度量因子。利用高分辨率遥感影像结合GIS技术, 以澙湖潮汐通道的几何参数为主构建反映环礁开放程度的模型, 结果表明, 以口门宽度与礁体中轴线长度之比为指标建立的经验式, 可用来划分环礁开放程度类型, 封闭型环礁的开放度为0, 准封闭型环礁的开放度为0~0.06, 半开放型环礁的开放度为0.06~0.25, 开放型岛礁的开放度为0.25~1。因此, 采用这一量化表达式反映南海环礁的开放程度类型, 可为珊瑚环礁的开放程度发育规律研究提供科学工具。
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南海南沙海域主要盆地含油气系统特征 [J].https://doi.org/10.13745/j.esf.2015.03.004 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
南沙海域主要盆地含油气系统及其成藏要素受构造演化阶段控制和影响,表现为不同类型盆地的充填却具有类似的特点,即同期地层沉积特征相似且起分隔作用的不整合年龄相当。主要盆地经历了古近纪—早中新世裂谷期和中中新世以来的后裂谷期构造发展阶段,发育4种各具特色的含油气系统：（1）万安盆地西部发育裂谷早期湖相含油气系统;（2）万安盆地东部、曾母盆地巴林坚地区、礼乐盆地和西北巴拉望盆地发育裂谷晚期海侵三角洲含油气系统;（3）曾母盆地中、西卢卡尼亚和东纳土纳发育后裂谷早期海相含油气系统;（4）文莱-沙巴盆地发育后裂谷晚期海退三角洲含油气系统。烃源岩以中新统泥岩为主;煤系仅对气有贡献;其中海陆过渡相烃源岩占主导地位;海相烃源岩对油的贡献约占一半;陆相烃源岩贡献微弱。储层以上中新统砂岩、中—上中新统灰岩为主;前者聚油,后者聚气。聚油圈闭以构造为主,其次是地层-构造圈闭;聚气圈闭则依次为地层、地层-构造和构造;基岩圈闭常为前裂谷期的裂缝性火成岩或变质岩。
Petroleum systems of the major sedimentary basins in Nansha sea waters(South China Sea) [J].https://doi.org/10.13745/j.esf.2015.03.004 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
南沙海域主要盆地含油气系统及其成藏要素受构造演化阶段控制和影响,表现为不同类型盆地的充填却具有类似的特点,即同期地层沉积特征相似且起分隔作用的不整合年龄相当。主要盆地经历了古近纪—早中新世裂谷期和中中新世以来的后裂谷期构造发展阶段,发育4种各具特色的含油气系统：（1）万安盆地西部发育裂谷早期湖相含油气系统;（2）万安盆地东部、曾母盆地巴林坚地区、礼乐盆地和西北巴拉望盆地发育裂谷晚期海侵三角洲含油气系统;（3）曾母盆地中、西卢卡尼亚和东纳土纳发育后裂谷早期海相含油气系统;（4）文莱-沙巴盆地发育后裂谷晚期海退三角洲含油气系统。烃源岩以中新统泥岩为主;煤系仅对气有贡献;其中海陆过渡相烃源岩占主导地位;海相烃源岩对油的贡献约占一半;陆相烃源岩贡献微弱。储层以上中新统砂岩、中—上中新统灰岩为主;前者聚油,后者聚气。聚油圈闭以构造为主,其次是地层-构造圈闭;聚气圈闭则依次为地层、地层-构造和构造;基岩圈闭常为前裂谷期的裂缝性火成岩或变质岩。
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南海在新一代过复杂的构造演化史。中生代末至新生代早期。由于亚洲东南部燕山造山带岩石圈之 拆沉作用，使下地悫及岩石圈上地幔向东南方向蠕动，在当时地表产生一系列北东向断裂，以及彼此分卫的地堑、半地堑。这次运动称做神狐运动。古新世一始新世 时，这些地堑、半地堑接受了陆相沉积、它们构造南海诸沉积盆地的下构造层。在神狐运动期间，亚洲东南部岩石圈向东南方向蠕动，其西界是哀牢山－红河－莺歌 海－南海西缘－万安大断裂，
The tectonic evolution and sedimentary basins of South China Sea in Cenozoic [J].
南海在新一代过复杂的构造演化史。中生代末至新生代早期。由于亚洲东南部燕山造山带岩石圈之 拆沉作用，使下地悫及岩石圈上地幔向东南方向蠕动，在当时地表产生一系列北东向断裂，以及彼此分卫的地堑、半地堑。这次运动称做神狐运动。古新世一始新世 时，这些地堑、半地堑接受了陆相沉积、它们构造南海诸沉积盆地的下构造层。在神狐运动期间，亚洲东南部岩石圈向东南方向蠕动，其西界是哀牢山－红河－莺歌 海－南海西缘－万安大断裂，
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南海南部海域曾母盆地油气地质特征 [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-3657.2008.03.015 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
曾母盆地是位于南海南部的一个大型新生代沉积盆地,具有面积大、沉积速率快、沉积厚度大的特点.围内外油气勘探和研究表明,曾母盆地具有十分良好的油气地质条件,主要发育渐新统海陆过渡相炭质页岩、煤层、海相泥岩和下-中中新统海相泥岩两大套烃源岩,以及渐新统-中新统砂岩和中-上中新统灰岩或礁灰岩两大套储层.康西坳陷和东巴林坚坳陷为盆地两个主要生烃区.纵向上,油气主要赋存于下中新统砂岩和中上中新统碳酸盐岩,前者以含油为主,后者以含气为主;横向上,曾母盆地具有南油北气的特征,气田主要分布在东部南康台地上和西部斜坡上,油田主要赋存在巴林坚地区.油气分布具有明显的分区性,主要与盆地不同构造单元构造和沉积作用的差异性相关.
Petroleum geology of the Zengmu basin in the southern South China Sea [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-3657.2008.03.015 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
曾母盆地是位于南海南部的一个大型新生代沉积盆地,具有面积大、沉积速率快、沉积厚度大的特点.围内外油气勘探和研究表明,曾母盆地具有十分良好的油气地质条件,主要发育渐新统海陆过渡相炭质页岩、煤层、海相泥岩和下-中中新统海相泥岩两大套烃源岩,以及渐新统-中新统砂岩和中-上中新统灰岩或礁灰岩两大套储层.康西坳陷和东巴林坚坳陷为盆地两个主要生烃区.纵向上,油气主要赋存于下中新统砂岩和中上中新统碳酸盐岩,前者以含油为主,后者以含气为主;横向上,曾母盆地具有南油北气的特征,气田主要分布在东部南康台地上和西部斜坡上,油田主要赋存在巴林坚地区.油气分布具有明显的分区性,主要与盆地不同构造单元构造和沉积作用的差异性相关.
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海洋渔业遥感技术及其渔场渔情应用进展 [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.2095-0780.2007.01.011 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
遥感已成为渔情分析和预报的重要技术手段之一。文章回顾了国内外渔业遥感技术的发展，对国外遥感渔场渔情分析应用现状进行了简要的评述，并详细介绍了我国在海洋渔场环境分析和渔场预报服务方面的研究进展。对我国今后的渔业遥感应用研究提出了几点建议。
Recent progress on remote sensing technology for marine fisheries in China [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.2095-0780.2007.01.011 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
遥感已成为渔情分析和预报的重要技术手段之一。文章回顾了国内外渔业遥感技术的发展，对国外遥感渔场渔情分析应用现状进行了简要的评述，并详细介绍了我国在海洋渔场环境分析和渔场预报服务方面的研究进展。对我国今后的渔业遥感应用研究提出了几点建议。
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南海中西部渔场上升流时空变化特征分析 [J].https://doi.org/10.11759/hykx20140522004 Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
南海中西部海域是我国外海渔业开发的潜在渔场之一, 摸清该海域的物理环境特征可为我国开发中西部渔场提供参考。本文以遥感风场和海温数据为基础, 分析了2003～2012 年西南季风期起止时间的年变化、上升流中心位置时空变动以及风场对上升流中心位置变动的影响。结果表明: 在南海中西部海域, 西南季风期通常从5 月份开始, 到9 月份结束, 西南季风持续天数平均值为129.4 d, 其中,风向角呈51°～60°的天数最多, 占总季风天数的21.98%, 西南季风期持续时间有增加的现象。上升流中心位置变动范围为11°～15°N, 109°～112°E。西南季风期平均风速减小时, 年平均上升流中心在经向上向近岸移动, 在纬向上向高纬度移动; 平均风速增加时, 年平均上升流中心在经向上向离岸方向移动,在纬向上向低纬度移动; 当西南季风期平均风向角减小时, 年平均上升流中心向低纬度移动, 平均风向角增大时, 年平均上升流中心向高纬度移动。此外, 发现厄尔尼诺年此上升流面积显著大于非厄尔尼诺年, 而最低温度比2003～2012 年平均最低温度低1.3℃。
Analysis of the upwelling in the fishing ground in midwestern South China Sea [J].https://doi.org/10.11759/hykx20140522004 Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
南海中西部海域是我国外海渔业开发的潜在渔场之一, 摸清该海域的物理环境特征可为我国开发中西部渔场提供参考。本文以遥感风场和海温数据为基础, 分析了2003～2012 年西南季风期起止时间的年变化、上升流中心位置时空变动以及风场对上升流中心位置变动的影响。结果表明: 在南海中西部海域, 西南季风期通常从5 月份开始, 到9 月份结束, 西南季风持续天数平均值为129.4 d, 其中,风向角呈51°～60°的天数最多, 占总季风天数的21.98%, 西南季风期持续时间有增加的现象。上升流中心位置变动范围为11°～15°N, 109°～112°E。西南季风期平均风速减小时, 年平均上升流中心在经向上向近岸移动, 在纬向上向高纬度移动; 平均风速增加时, 年平均上升流中心在经向上向离岸方向移动,在纬向上向低纬度移动; 当西南季风期平均风向角减小时, 年平均上升流中心向低纬度移动, 平均风向角增大时, 年平均上升流中心向高纬度移动。此外, 发现厄尔尼诺年此上升流面积显著大于非厄尔尼诺年, 而最低温度比2003～2012 年平均最低温度低1.3℃。
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闽南—台湾浅滩渔场海表温度对鲐鲹鱼类群聚资源年际变动的影响初探 [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-6392.2005.04.015 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
利用闽南-台湾浅滩渔场1986—1997年遥感海表温度资料与同期灯光围网渔业信息船的渔捞日志，对该渔场海表温度与鲐鲣鱼类群聚资源年际变动之间的关系进行了初步的探讨。结果表明，沿着25．5℃等温线形成一个中心渔场，空间位置的年际摆动范围在纬向上小于0．5°；海表温度距平（SSTA）与鲐鳢鱼类资源指数的变动在年际尺度上没有关联，但在年代际尺度上存在一定关联，1988年起SSTA摆动的频度和幅度在正值态大于负值态，而资源指数则呈现逐步上升的趋势。
Potential influence of sea sufrace temperature on the interannual fluctuation of the catch and the distribution of chub macherel and round scad in the Minnan-Taiwan bank fishing ground, China [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-6392.2005.04.015 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
利用闽南-台湾浅滩渔场1986—1997年遥感海表温度资料与同期灯光围网渔业信息船的渔捞日志，对该渔场海表温度与鲐鲣鱼类群聚资源年际变动之间的关系进行了初步的探讨。结果表明，沿着25．5℃等温线形成一个中心渔场，空间位置的年际摆动范围在纬向上小于0．5°；海表温度距平（SSTA）与鲐鳢鱼类资源指数的变动在年际尺度上没有关联，但在年代际尺度上存在一定关联，1988年起SSTA摆动的频度和幅度在正值态大于负值态，而资源指数则呈现逐步上升的趋势。
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珊瑚礁区的生物多样性及其生态功能 [J].https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2006.01.025 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
珊瑚礁区生物多样性程度可以与陆地热带雨林相提并论,目前关于珊瑚礁物种多样性及其空间分布特征方面研究进展迅速,是生物多样性研究的重要基地。作为一种生态资源,珊瑚礁还具有重要的生态功能,近年来由于全球气候逐渐变暖、人类活动影响不断加剧,导致其生物多样性缩减、生态功能严重退化。珊瑚礁生态系统多样性、遗传多样性已成为珊瑚礁研究热点,珊瑚礁生态环境效应和保护管理方面的研究也越来越受到重视。我国珊瑚礁主要分布在广阔的南海海域和海南岛、台湾岛、香港和广东广西沿岸,礁区生物种类繁多,多样性程度较高,以往研究主要涉及地质、地貌、生物、环境等方面,现今和今后一段时间里迫切需要加强生物多样性和生态功能研究,以确保更有效地保护和管理珊瑚礁。
Review on coral reefs biodiversity and ecological function [J].https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2006.01.025 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
珊瑚礁区生物多样性程度可以与陆地热带雨林相提并论,目前关于珊瑚礁物种多样性及其空间分布特征方面研究进展迅速,是生物多样性研究的重要基地。作为一种生态资源,珊瑚礁还具有重要的生态功能,近年来由于全球气候逐渐变暖、人类活动影响不断加剧,导致其生物多样性缩减、生态功能严重退化。珊瑚礁生态系统多样性、遗传多样性已成为珊瑚礁研究热点,珊瑚礁生态环境效应和保护管理方面的研究也越来越受到重视。我国珊瑚礁主要分布在广阔的南海海域和海南岛、台湾岛、香港和广东广西沿岸,礁区生物种类繁多,多样性程度较高,以往研究主要涉及地质、地貌、生物、环境等方面,现今和今后一段时间里迫切需要加强生物多样性和生态功能研究,以确保更有效地保护和管理珊瑚礁。
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| [41] |
多目标珊瑚岛礁地貌遥感信息提取方法: 以西沙永乐环礁为例 [J].https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201504007 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
南海珊瑚岛礁资源极为丰富,实时、快速、高效、准确地获取大范围珊瑚岛礁地貌遥感信息具有现实意义。研究提出了一种双尺度转化下的模型与数据混合驱动的岛礁地貌信息提取框架,并设计了珊瑚岛礁地貌分类体系及相应技术流程:首先采用自上而下模型驱动的GVF Snake模型进行宏观地理分带的粗分割,然后采用自下而上数据驱动的云影极值抑制下多阈值OTSU分类算法进行微观地貌类型的精细分类,最终利用区域生长算法提取离散分布的暗沙、暗滩等浅水地貌单元。针对西沙永乐环礁利用CBERS-02B数据进行实验,精度验证表明:珊瑚岛礁地貌遥感信息提取方法总体精度优于经典数据驱动的监督分类算法,且具有抗噪能力强、顾及空间拓扑关系、自动灵活等特点。
Geomorphologic information extraction for multi-objectivecoral islands from remotely sensed imagery:A case study forYongle Atoll, South China Sea [J].https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201504007 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
南海珊瑚岛礁资源极为丰富,实时、快速、高效、准确地获取大范围珊瑚岛礁地貌遥感信息具有现实意义。研究提出了一种双尺度转化下的模型与数据混合驱动的岛礁地貌信息提取框架,并设计了珊瑚岛礁地貌分类体系及相应技术流程:首先采用自上而下模型驱动的GVF Snake模型进行宏观地理分带的粗分割,然后采用自下而上数据驱动的云影极值抑制下多阈值OTSU分类算法进行微观地貌类型的精细分类,最终利用区域生长算法提取离散分布的暗沙、暗滩等浅水地貌单元。针对西沙永乐环礁利用CBERS-02B数据进行实验,精度验证表明:珊瑚岛礁地貌遥感信息提取方法总体精度优于经典数据驱动的监督分类算法,且具有抗噪能力强、顾及空间拓扑关系、自动灵活等特点。
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| [42] |
1973-2013年广西大陆海岸线遥感变迁分析 [D].Shoreline change analysis of Guangxi mainland based on remote sensing from 1973 to 2013 [D]. |
| [43] |
南海渔业资源及其可持续开发利用 [C]//Fishery resources in the South China Sea and its sustainable development and utilization [C]// |
| [44] |
南海周边国家近 20 年海岸线时空变化分析 [J].https://doi.org/10.11840/j.issn.1001-6392.2015.05.001 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
利用遥感和 GI S技术获取了 1990-2010年 3期南海周边国家不同类型海岸线的时空分布，对近 20年来南海周边国 家海岸线时空变化特征进行了分析研究。结论如下： （ 1 ） 南海周边国家岸线人工化趋势明显，自然的生物岸线 （ 主要是红 树林 ） 和基岩岸线消失显著。除中国和新加坡外，总体开发强度尚处于初级阶段； （ 2 ） 研究区大部分区域岸线受人为开发 因素影响显著，空间位置以向海推进为主，平均推进速度为 8. 09 m/ a。而湄公河口、泰国湾以及印度尼西亚西北部等区域由 于海水的侵蚀作用，向陆后退趋势明显，平均后退速度为 5. 96 m/ a； （ 3 ） 研究区各个国家海岸线长度变化不一，反映各国 对海岸线的开发强度和阶段不同，其中，新加坡岸线开发强度最高，菲律宾和柬埔寨处于简单的海岸开发阶段； （ 4 ） 中国、 新加坡和文莱对其海岸带的开发主要集中在 2000年前，而 2000年后海岸开发强度有所减弱，其他国家对海岸带的开发主要 集中在 2000年后，尤其是越南、泰国、马来西亚、印度尼西亚比较明显，而菲律宾对海岸带的开发强度最弱，说明南海周 边国家沿海区域经济发展的不均衡性。
Analysis on spatial-temporal changes of the coastline in the countries around the South China Sea in recent two decades [J].https://doi.org/10.11840/j.issn.1001-6392.2015.05.001 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
利用遥感和 GI S技术获取了 1990-2010年 3期南海周边国家不同类型海岸线的时空分布，对近 20年来南海周边国 家海岸线时空变化特征进行了分析研究。结论如下： （ 1 ） 南海周边国家岸线人工化趋势明显，自然的生物岸线 （ 主要是红 树林 ） 和基岩岸线消失显著。除中国和新加坡外，总体开发强度尚处于初级阶段； （ 2 ） 研究区大部分区域岸线受人为开发 因素影响显著，空间位置以向海推进为主，平均推进速度为 8. 09 m/ a。而湄公河口、泰国湾以及印度尼西亚西北部等区域由 于海水的侵蚀作用，向陆后退趋势明显，平均后退速度为 5. 96 m/ a； （ 3 ） 研究区各个国家海岸线长度变化不一，反映各国 对海岸线的开发强度和阶段不同，其中，新加坡岸线开发强度最高，菲律宾和柬埔寨处于简单的海岸开发阶段； （ 4 ） 中国、 新加坡和文莱对其海岸带的开发主要集中在 2000年前，而 2000年后海岸开发强度有所减弱，其他国家对海岸带的开发主要 集中在 2000年后，尤其是越南、泰国、马来西亚、印度尼西亚比较明显，而菲律宾对海岸带的开发强度最弱，说明南海周 边国家沿海区域经济发展的不均衡性。
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| [45] |
全球变化下南海珊瑚礁遥感监测与未来演变模拟研究 [D].Remote sensing of coral reefs in the South China Sea and their future evolution under climate change [D]. |
| [46] |
Satellite Images for Detection of Coastal Landuse and Coastline Change in MueangPrachuapKhiri Khan District, Thailand duing 1987-2009 [J]. |
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Climate change and coral reef bleaching: An ecological assessment of long-term impacts, recovery trends and future outlook [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2008.09.003 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Since the early 1980s, episodes of coral reef bleaching and mortality, due primarily to climate-induced ocean warming, have occurred almost annually in one or more of the world's tropical or subtropical seas. Bleaching is episodic, with the most severe events typically accompanying coupled ocean tmosphere phenomena, such as the El Ni o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which result in sustained regional elevations of ocean temperature. Using this extended dataset (25+ years), we review the short- and long-term ecological impacts of coral bleaching on reef ecosystems, and quantitatively synthesize recovery data worldwide. Bleaching episodes have resulted in catastrophic loss of coral cover in some locations, and have changed coral community structure in many others, with a potentially critical influence on the maintenance of biodiversity in the marine tropics. Bleaching has also set the stage for other declines in reef health, such as increases in coral diseases, the breakdown of reef framework by bioeroders, and the loss of critical habitat for associated reef fishes and other biota. Secondary ecological effects, such as the concentration of predators on remnant surviving coral populations, have also accelerated the pace of decline in some areas. Although bleaching severity and recovery have been variable across all spatial scales, some reefs have experienced relatively rapid recovery from severe bleaching impacts. There has been a significant overall recovery of coral cover in the Indian Ocean, where many reefs were devastated by a single large bleaching event in 1998. In contrast, coral cover on western Atlantic reefs has generally continued to decline in response to multiple smaller bleaching events and a diverse set of chronic secondary stressors. No clear trends are apparent in the eastern Pacific, the central-southern-western Pacific or the Arabian Gulf, where some reefs are recovering and others are not. The majority of survivors and new recruits on regenerating and recovering coral reefs have originated from broadcast spawning taxa with a potential for asexual growth, relatively long distance dispersal, successful settlement, rapid growth and a capacity for framework construction. Whether or not affected reefs can continue to function as before will depend on: (1) how much coral cover is lost, and which species are locally extirpated; (2) the ability of remnant and recovering coral communities to adapt or acclimatize to higher temperatures and other climatic factors such as reductions in aragonite saturation state; (3) the changing balance between reef accumulation and bioerosion; and (4) our ability to maintain ecosystem resilience by restoring healthy levels of herbivory, macroalgal cover, and coral recruitment. Bleaching disturbances are likely to become a chronic stress in many reef areas in the coming decades, and coral communities, if they cannot recover quickly enough, are likely to be reduced to their most hardy or adaptable constituents. Some degraded reefs may already be approaching this ecological asymptote, although to date there have not been any global extinctions of individual coral species as a result of bleaching events. Since human populations inhabiting tropical coastal areas derive great value from coral reefs, the degradation of these ecosystems as a result of coral bleaching and its associated impacts is of considerable societal, as well as biological concern. Coral reef conservation strategies now recognize climate change as a principal threat, and are engaged in efforts to allocate conservation activity according to geographic-, taxonomic-, and habitat-specific priorities to maximize coral reef survival. Efforts to forecast and monitor bleaching, involving both remote sensed observations and coupled ocean tmosphere climate models, are also underway. In addition to these efforts, attempts to minimize and mitigate bleaching impacts on reefs are immediately required. If significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions can be achieved within the next two to three decades, maximizing coral survivorship during this time may be critical to ensuring healthy reefs can recover in the long term.
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| [48] |
Economic and demographic factors affecting mangrove loss in the coastal provinces of Thailand, 1979-1996 [J].https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-31.4.351 URL PMID: 12174606 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The following paper analyzes the economic and demographic factors determining the conversion of mangroves in the coastal provinces of Thailand to commercial shrimp farming. Mangrove conversion therefore is determined by the returns to shrimp farmers, (i.e. the price of shrimp), the input costs to farming shrimp (e.g. feed price and wages) and the "accessibility" of mangrove areas. Additional exogenous influences, such as income per capita, population growth, and inmigration (i.e. the number of shrimp farms) also are important. Both a mangrove conversion and a shrimp farm expansion relationship are estimated empirically through a panel analysis across 21 coastal provinces of Thailand between 1979-1996. Results show that the price of shrimp, minimum wage, distance from market, feed price, population growth, income per capita, and shrimp-farm density all have important influences on mangrove loss due to shrimp farming in Thailand.
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| [49] |
Coral bleaching: causes and consequences [J].https://doi.org/10.1007/s003380050249 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
It has been over 10 years since the phenomenon of extensive coral bleaching was first described. In most cases bleaching has been attributed to elevated temperature, but other instances involving high solar irradiance, and sometimes disease, have also been documented. It is timely, in view of our concern about worldwide reef condition, to review knowledge of physical and biological factors involved in bleaching, the mechanisms of zooxanthellae and pigment loss, and the ecological consequences for coral communities. Here we evaluate recently acquired data on temperature and irradiance-induced bleaching, including long-term data sets which suggest that repeated bleaching events may be the consequence of a steadily rising background sea temperature that will in the future expose corals to an increasingly hostile environment. Cellular mechanisms of bleaching involve a variety of processes that include the degeneration of zooxanthellae in situ, release of zooxanthellae from mesenterial filaments and release of algae within host cells which become detached from the endoderm. Photo-protective defences (particularly carotenoid pigments) in zooxanthellae are likely to play an important role in limiting the bleaching response which is probably elicited by a combination of elevated temperature and irradiance in the field. The ability of corals to respond adaptively to recurrent bleaching episodes is not known, but preliminary evidence suggests that phenotypic responses of both corals and zooxanthellae may be significant.
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| [50] |
Status of Southeast Asia Coral Reefs [C]// |
| [51] |
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| [52] |
Coral reef bleaching: Ecological perspectives [J].https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00303779 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Coral reef bleaching, the whitening of diverse invertebrate taxa, results from the loss of symbiotic zooxanthellae and/or a reduction in photosynthetic pigment concentrations in zooxanthellae residing within the gastrodermal tissues of host animals. Of particular concern are the consequences of bleaching of large numbers of reef-building scleractinian corals and hydrocorals. Published records of coral reef bleaching events from 1870 to the present suggest that the frequency (60 major events from 1979 to 1990), scale (co-occurrence in many coral reef regions and often over the bathymetric depth range of corals) and severity (>95% mortality in some areas) of recent bleaching disturbances are unprecedented in the scientific literature. The causes of small scale, isolated bleaching events can often be explained by particular stressors (e.g., temperature, salinity, light, sedimentation, aerial exposure and pollutants), but attempts to explain large scale bleaching events in terms of possible global change (e.g., greenhouse warming, increased UV radiation flux, deteriorating ecosystem health, or some combination of the above) have not been convincing. Attempts to relate the severity and extent of large scale coral reef bleaching events to particular causes have been hampered by a lack of (a) standardized methods to assess bleaching and (b) continuous, long-term data bases of environmental conditions over the periods of interest. An effort must be made to understand the impact of bleaching on the remainder of the reef community and the long-term effects on competition, predation, symbioses, bioerosion and substrate condition, all factors that can influence coral recruitment and reef recovery. If projected rates of sea warming are realized by mid to late AD 2000, i.e. a 2 C increase in high latitude coral seas, the upper thermal tolerance limits of many reef-building corals could be exceeded. Present evidence suggests that many corals would be unable to adapt physiologically or genetically to such marked and rapid temperature increases.
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| [53] |
Coral bleaching and ocean "hot spots" [J].https://doi.org/10.1080/02786829408959692 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Global sea-surface temperature maps show that mass coral-reef bleaching episodes between 1983 and 1991 followed positive anomalies more than 1 C above long-term monthly averages ("hot spots") during the preceding warm season. Irregular formation, movement, and disappearance of hot spots make their detailed long-term prediction impossible, but they can be tracked in real time from satellite data. Monitoring of ocean hot spots and of coral bleaching is needed if the Framework Convention of Climate Change is to meet its goal of protecting the most temperature-sensitive ecosystems.
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| [54] |
Conservation of coral reefs after the 1998 global bleaching event [J].https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.00011.x URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Large-scale coral bleaching has happenedrepeatedly in the Pacific and Indianoceans and the Caribbean since1982. Previously it was observed onlyon a small scale (Williams and Bunkley-Williams 1990;Jokiel & Coles 1990;Glynn 1988, 1991; Goreau et al. 1993;Goreau & Hayes 1994, 1995). The1998 bleaching event was globally themost extensive such event recordedexcept in the Caribbean and CentralPacific where a comparison of year-byyeartemperature and bleaching mapsshow that it was comparable with thelargest previous events (T.G. et al., unpublisheddata). Global analyses ofcoral bleaching are rare, but critical toan understanding of the widespreadecological effect of bleaching events.
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| [55] |
Contrasting patterns of coral bleaching susceptibility in 2010 suggest an adaptive response to thermal stress [J].https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033353 URL PMID: 3302856 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Background Coral bleaching events vary in severity, however, to date, the hierarchy of susceptibility to bleaching among coral taxa has been consistent over a broad geographic range and among bleaching episodes. Here we examine the extent of spatial and temporal variation in thermal tolerance among scleractinian coral taxa and between locations during the 2010 thermally induced, large-scale bleaching event in South East Asia. Methodology/Principal Findings Surveys to estimate the bleaching and mortality indices of coral genera were carried out at three locations with contrasting thermal and bleaching histories. Despite the magnitude of thermal stress being similar among locations in 2010, there was a remarkable contrast in the patterns of bleaching susceptibility. Comparisons of bleaching susceptibility within coral taxa and among locations revealed no significant differences between locations with similar thermal histories, but significant differences between locations with contrasting thermal histories (Friedman = 34.97; p<0.001). Bleaching was much less severe at locations that bleached during 1998, that had greater historical temperature variability and lower rates of warming. Remarkably, Acropora and Pocillopora, taxa that are typically highly susceptible, although among the most susceptible in Pulau Weh (Sumatra, Indonesia) where respectively, 94% and 87% of colonies died, were among the least susceptible in Singapore, where only 5% and 12% of colonies died. Conclusions/Significance The pattern of susceptibility among coral genera documented here is unprecedented. A parsimonious explanation for these results is that coral populations that bleached during the last major warming event in 1998 have adapted and/or acclimatised to thermal stress. These data also lend support to the hypothesis that corals in regions subject to more variable temperature regimes are more resistant to thermal stress than those in less variable environments.
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| [56] |
Land cover changes in the extended HA long city area, North-Eastern Vietnam during the period 1988-1998 [J].https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011466108499 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The north-eastern province of Quang Ninh is one of the areas in Vietnam characterised by rapid economic, social and environmental development. Using LANDSAT TM images, this paper analyses land cover changes between the period of 1988-1998. The changes were classified into three main groups: coastal features, natural land features and human features. These main groups were further subdivided into 22 different mapping categories. The study shows that by 1998, 39.9 per cent of the 1988 land cover had changed. The results also indicate: (a) a fast expansion of the human features: during these 10 years the area of urban settlements doubled and the area for coal mining activities increased by 75 per cent. (b) the coastal area changed in a complex way driven by expansion of urbanisation, aquaculture activities, agriculture and mangrove expansion (replanting and natural colonisation of tidal flats without vegetation). (c) the original dense forest in the area rapidly declined: of the 2,010 ha cover in 1988, only 335 ha remained in 1998. Dense forests mainly changed to degraded and secondary forest. This approach allows for an accurate quantification, analysis and description of land cover in the present and the past. Therefore the data offer a powerful tool for both planners and strategic environmental assessments. The latter allow for an evaluation of the observed trends and processes in a sustainability context.
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| [57] |
Characteristics of coastline changes in mainland China since the early 1940s [J].https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-5317-5 URL [本文引用: 1] |
| [58] |
The wicked problem of China's disappearing coral reefs [J].https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01957.x URL PMID: 23140101 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
We examined the development of coral reef science and the policies, institutions, and governance frameworks for management of coral reefs in China in order to highlight the wicked problem of preserving reefs while simultaneously promoting human development and nation building. China and other sovereign states in the region are experiencing unprecedented economic expansion, rapid population growth, mass migration, widespread coastal development, and loss of habitat. We analyzed a large, fragmented literature on the condition of coral reefs in China and the disputed territories of the South China Sea. We found that coral abundance has declined by at least 80% over the past 30 years on coastal fringing reefs along the Chinese mainland and adjoining Hainan Island. On offshore atolls and archipelagos claimed by 6 countries in the South China Sea, coral cover has declined from an average of >60% to around 20% within the past 1015 years. Climate change has affected these reefs far less than coastal development, pollution, overfishing, and destructive fishing practices. Ironically, these widespread declines in the condition of reefs are unfolding as China's research and reef-management capacity are rapidly expanding. Before the loss of corals becomes irreversible, governance of China's coastal reefs could be improved by increasing public awareness of declining ecosystem services, by providing financial support for training of reef scientists and managers, by improving monitoring of coral reef dynamics and condition to better inform policy development, and by enforcing existing regulations that could protect coral reefs. In the South China Sea, changes in policy and legal frameworks, refinement of governance structures, and cooperation among neighboring countries are urgently needed to develop cooperative management of contested offshore reefs.
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Oil and gas energy potential at Malaysian seabed and Spar platform for deep water installation [J].https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2011.621493 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Offshore sedimentary basins of Malaysian region indicate abundant sources of energy at its seabed. Furthermore, depletion of oil and gas reserves in its onshore land and shallow water depth has accelerated the exploration toward these deeper waters. Frequent increasing demand requires precise investigation to acquire these energies in optimum custom. A competent exploration structure is also desired for energy extraction from the deep water. In this study, oil and gas status in Malaysian scenario is reconnoitered. As the sea wave influences greatly on offshore structures, approaches for collecting wave data are sightseen. The structural configuration and characteristics of compliant floating spar platform for energy extraction are addressed. The study reveals that the continental shelf offshore of Malaysian waters is divided into seven sedimentary basins, among which three basins have major ongoing oil and gas extraction activity. Around 68% oil and 86% natural gas of the country''s reserves are located in East Malaysia at offshore Sabah and Sarawak. Except the Kebabangan field, all the other offshore energy reserves are located at more than 1000 m depth. In lieu of a fixed platform, a floating platform will be a competent energy extraction structure in this deeper water. The deep water wave data can be appropriately obtained in satellite altimetry approach for its extent of accuracy. The first installed spar at Kikeh field denotes bright possibilities of incorporating spar platform in Malaysian sedimentary basins. If spar platforms are installed at these deeper vicinities, all the basins will certainly climb in optimum operation yielding a huge usable energy.
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Change detection of Land use and riverbank in Mekong Delta, Vietnam using Time Series Remotely Sensed Data [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-764x.2011.04.011 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
By taking the advantages of remote sensing technology, changes of land cover in Ca Mau Peninsular (the Southern part of the Mekong delta) and erosion of riverbank of the Mekong River have been defined. Change detection using time-series optical and radar satellite images (Landsat, SPOT and Radarsat) is the main approach in this study. Typical land cover in Ca Mau Peninsular is mangrove; its changes are observable by analysing imageries from 1973 to 2008. The results showed that more than half of the mangrove area was converted into shrimp farms. This made forest cover severely declined. Riverbank of the Mekong River also was detected to be eroded and accreted in a complicated form. Locations along the left and right banks of Tien and Hau river are defined as hot spots that are seriously suffered erosions. Topographic maps in 1966-1968 were taken into account as base line data, which was analyzed along with satellite images from 1989 to 2009. In addition, the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) package was taken to analyze trend of changes in terms of changing prediction.
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Geologic evolution of the Cuu Long and Nam Con Son basins, offshore southern Vietnam, South China Sea [J]. |
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Satellite data lift the veil on offshore platforms in the South China Sea [J].https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-016-0001-8 URL [本文引用: 1] |
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Automatic extraction of offshore platforms using time-series Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager data [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.12.047 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
61An automatic method for extracting offshore platforms (AMEOP) was proposed61Two strategies (time-series and multi-refinement) were designed in the AMEOP61Three features (contextual, position- and size-invariance features) were incorporated61The AMEOP was well applied to the Gulfs of Thailand, Persian, and northern Mexico61The AMEOP was quantitatively assessed as objective, robust, and cost-effective
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Standing stock of demersal fish assessment in southern part of South China Sea [J]. |
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Coral reefs [J]. |
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South China Sea [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00240-5 URL [本文引用: 1] |
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Coral reef habitat mapping: how much detail can remote sensing provide? [J].https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270050238 URL [本文引用: 1] |
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Modelling of hydrocarbon generation in the Cenozoic Song Hong Basin, Vietnam: a highly prospective basin [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-9547(98)00063-4 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The Cenozoic Song Hong Basin, situated on the northern part of the Vietnamese shelf, has been only sporadically explored for hydrocarbons. A review of the results of the exploration efforts so far shows that the distribution of potential source rocks and their time of hydrocarbon generation are the critical risks for finding commercial amounts of hydrocarbons. In the Song Hong Basin, including the Hanoi Trough, the rocks most likely to have source potential are: (1) oil-prone Eocene–Lower Oligocene lacustrine mudstones and coals, (2) oil- and gas-prone Middle Miocene coal beds, (3) gas-prone Upper Oligocene–Lower Miocene coals, and (4) gas- and oil-prone Miocene marine mudstones. To assess the time of hydrocarbon generation from these units, relative to the formation of traps, the generation history was modelled at 32 well and pseudo-well locations. The modelling demonstrates that the two first-mentioned source rock units are especially important. In the northern and northeastern part of the basin and along its western margin traps may have been charged by Eocene–Lower Oligocene source rocks. In the Hanoi Trough, the excellent Middle Miocene coal beds have probably generated hydrocarbons within the last few million years. Thus the huge and still underexplored Song Hong Basin provides attractive areas for further exploration.
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TM image analysis of island reef topography of the Nansha islands [J].https://doi.org/10.6046/gtzyyg.2002.02.08 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Based on the topographic characteristics of the Nansha Sea Area, this paper has analyzed geologicaland zoological features of island reefs from the growth state of different coral reefs and coral shoals by means of TM image, studied substantial ingredients and growth grades of underwater reefs and beaches according to TM image features, put forward classification method for island reefs shallower than 30m in water depth from TM image, investigated and verified shapes and distribution of islands, reefs,beaches and shoals in the Nansha Islands and perfected classification of island reefs in the Nansha Islands.
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Multi-scale, object-based image analysis for mapping geomorphic and ecological zones on coral reefs [J].https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2011.633122 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Providing accurate maps of coral reefs where the spatial scale and labels of the mapped features correspond to map units appropriate for examining biological and geomorphic structures and processes is a major challenge for remote sensing. The objective of this work is to assess the accuracy and relevance of the process used to derive geomorphic zone and benthic community zone maps for three western Pacific coral reefs produced from multi-scale, object-based image analysis (OBIA) of high-spatial-resolution multi-spectral images, guided by field survey data. Three Quickbird-2 multi-spectral data sets from reefs in Australia, Palau and Fiji and georeferenced field photographs were used in a multi-scale segmentation and object-based image classification to map geomorphic zones and benthic community zones. A per-pixel approach was also tested for mapping benthic community zones. Validation of the maps and comparison to past approaches indicated the multi-scale OBIA process enabled field data, operator field experience and a conceptual hierarchical model of the coral reef environment to be linked to provide output maps at geomorphic zone and benthic community scales on coral reefs. The OBIA mapping accuracies were comparable with previously published work using other methods; however, the classes mapped were matched to a predetermined set of features on the reef.
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Rates and drivers of mangrove deforestation in Southeast Asia, 2000-2012 [J].https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510272113 URL PMID: 26712025 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The mangrove forests of Southeast Asia are highly biodiverse and provide multiple ecosystem services upon which millions of people depend. Mangroves enhance fisheries and coastal protection, and store among the highest densities of carbon of any ecosystem globally. Mangrove forests have experienced extensive deforestation owing to global demand for commodities, and previous studies have identif...
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Valuing mangrove conservation in southern Thailand [J].https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2001.tb00054.x URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Mangroves are ecologically important coastal wetland systems that are under severe threat globally. In Thailand, the main cause of mangrove conversion is shrimp farming, which is a major source of export income for the country. However, local communities benefit from many direct and indirect uses of mangrove ecosystems and may have a strong incentive to protect these areas, which puts them into direct confrontation with shrimp farm operators and, by proxy, government authorities. The article examines whether or not the full conversion of mangroves into commercial shrimp farms is worthwhile once the key environmental impacts are taken into account. The estimated economic value of mangrove forests to a local community is in the range of $27,264-$35,921 per hectare. This estimate includes the value to local communities of direct use of wood and other resources collected from the mangroves as well as additional external benefits in terms of off-shore fishery linkages and coastline protection from shrimp farms. The results indicate that, although shrimp farming creates enormous private benefits, it is not so economically viable once the externalities generated by mangrove destruction and water pollution are included. There is also an incentive for local communities to protect mangroves, which in turn implies that the rights of local people to guard and protect this resource should be formally recognized and enforced by law.
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Mangrove mapping and change detection in Ca Mau Peninsula, Vietnam, using Landsat data and object-based image analysis [J].https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2014.2360691 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Mangrove forests provide important ecosystem goods and services for human society. Extensive coastal development in many developing countries has converted mangrove forests to other land uses without regard to their ecosystem service values; thus, the ecosystem state of mangrove forests is critical for officials to evaluate sustainable coastal management strategies. The objective of this study is to investigate the multidecadal change in mangrove forests in Ca Mau peninsula, South Vietnam, based on Landsat data from 1979 to 2013. The data were processed through four main steps: 1) data preprocessing; 2) image processing using the object-based image analysis (OBIA); 3) accuracy assessment; and 4) multitemporal change detection and spatial analysis of mangrove forests. The classification maps compared with the ground reference data showed the satisfactory agreement with the overall accuracy higher than 82%. From 1979 to 2013, the area of mangrove forests in the study region had decreased by 74%, mainly due to the boom of local aquaculture industry in the study region. Given that mangrove reforestation and afforestation only contributed about 13.2% during the last three decades, advanced mangrove management strategies are in an acute need for promoting environmental sustainability in the future.
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Coastal shrimp farming in Thailand: Searching for sustainability [M/OL]//Hoanh C T, Tuong T P, Gowing J W, et al. |
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Coastal erosion and mangrove progradation of Southern Thailand [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2006.01.011 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Approximately 60% of the southern Thai coastline used to be occupied by mangroves according to the first mangrove forest assessment in 1961. During the past three decades, these mangrove areas have been reduced to about 50% with less than 10% left on the east coast. Coastal erosion and accretion occur irregularly along the coast but an intensification of erosion has been noticed during the past decade. This study assessed the relationship between mangrove presence and changes in coastal area. Mangrove colonization rates were assessed using in situ transects and remote sensing time series. Both methods led to comparable estimates ranging between 5 and 40 m y 611. Quantitative data on changes of coastal segments along southern Thai coastlines as well as available possible factors responsible for these changes were compiled. Overall, net erosion prevailed (1.3 ± 0.4 m y 611). The Gulf of Thailand coastline in the East of the country was found to be most dynamic: change occurred along more coastal segments than in the West (43% vs. 16%). Rates of erosion and accretion were also higher, 3.6 versus 2.9 m y 611 and 2.6 versus 1.5 m y 611, respectively. Total area losses accounted for 0.91 km 2 y 611 for the Gulf coast and 0.25 km 2 y 611 for the West. Coasts with and without mangroves behaved differently: in the presence of mangroves less erosion was observed whilst expansion occurred at particular coastal types with mangrove existence, i.e. river mouths and sheltered bays. Possible underlying causes were examined using multivariate analysis. Eroded areas were found to increase with increased area of shrimp farms, increased fetch to the prevailing monsoon, and when dams reduced riverine inputs. Notably, however, in areas where erosion prevailed, the presence of mangroves reduced these erosion rates. Mangrove loss was found to be higher in the presence of shrimp farms and in areas where mangrove forests used to be extensive in the past.
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Present-day stress and neotectonics of Brunei: Implications for petroleum exploration and production [J].https://doi.org/10.1306/08080808031 URL [本文引用: 1] |
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Characterizing petroleum charge systems in the Tertiary of SE Asia [J]. |
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Spatio-temporal characteristics of the mainland coastline utilization degree over the last 70 years in China [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.06.016 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
61ICUD was built to valuate impacts of human activities on coastline.61Coastline utilization degree variations were detected at three scales.61Mainland coastline utilization degree rose significantly over the nearly 7002years.61There's notable spatio-temporal variability of human impacts on coastline.61Coastal development and utilization in the northern part surpassed the southern part after 1990s.
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U-series dating of dead Porites corals in the South China Sea: Evidence for episodic coral mortality over the past two centuries [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2006.06.005 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
High-precision (up to ±1–2 years) U-series dating of dead in situ massive Porites corals on the reef flats of Yongshu and Meiji Reefs, Nansha area, southern South China Sea reveals that mortality of these massive corals occurred many times over the past two centuries, many of which appear to correlate in time with historic El Ni09o events. Despite different habitats of corals, at least six mortality events occurred simultaneously on both reefs (e.g. in 1869–1873, 1917–1920, 1957–1961, 1971, 1982–1983 and 1999–2000 AD), reflecting the occurrence of large-scale regional events. We speculate that many of such mortality events, especially those dated at 1998–2000, 1991, 1982–1983, 1971, and 1957–1958 AD with an overall uncertainty of ±1–2 years, are probably due to high temperature bleaching during El Ni09o years (e.g. 1997–1998, 1991–1992, 1982–1983, 1972–1973 and 1957–1959 AD). This study demonstrates that individual colonies of massive corals have died at different times over the past two centuries and mass spectrometric U-series dating of very young corals with a precision of up to ±1–2 years is likely to become a powerful tool for reconstruction of past coral mortality history and investigation of global warming and coral bleaching.
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Recent massive coral mortality events in the South China Sea: Was global warming and ENSO variability responsible? [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.05.028 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
78 80 U/Th ages from South China Sea reveal episodes of coral mortality since 1860AD. 78 An increase in frequency and severity of coral mortality has occurred since 1930AD. 78 Coral mortality episodes correlate well with ENSO and PDO on different time scales. 78 The increased frequency of coral mortality coincides with progressively SST warmer.
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Spatial and temporal variability of thermal stress to China's coral reefs in South China Sea [J].https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-015-0741-6 URL [本文引用: 1] |
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