王成
, 李颢颖
WANG Cheng, LI Haoying
版权声明: 2017 地理科学进展 《地理科学进展》杂志 版权所有
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作者简介:
作者简介：王成(1975- ),男,重庆荣昌人,教授,博士生导师,主要从事土地利用与乡村发展研究,E-mail: wchorange@126.com。
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摘要
中国乡村发展正步入转型的新阶段,乡村生产空间正经历以家庭为单元的土地细碎化经营向多种形式的适度规模化经营转变,呈现出乡村多元主体利益竞合的空间博弈及乡村生产空间资源配置不匹配等新型矛盾。本文将系统论思想引入乡村生产空间,提出“乡村生产空间系统”理念,并从地理学与空间、行为空间和空间行为、“空间的生产”理论和人地关系地域系统学术思想出发厘清了乡村生产空间系统的思想缘起,凝练乡村生产空间系统的核心内涵;并对乡村生产空间系统的学理辨析、演化机制、形成机理、优化调控等基本问题域进行讨论,初步构建乡村生产空间系统的研究框架;进而提出未来研究需重点关注乡村生产空间系统的要素构成及其关系界定、“人”与“地”之间的相互作用机理及人地关系行为机制、探讨多学科融合多方法集成、辅以长时序数据支持的方法体系,旨在为乡村生产空间可持续发展由基础研究走向实践应用提供理论基石。
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Abstract
As China enters a new stage of rural transformation, rural production space is changing from household-based fragmented land management to moderate-scale land management of various forms. New conflicts due to the spatial competition of multiple stakeholders in the rural area and disordered spatial allocation of rural production resources have arisen. By introducing system theory thinking into the study of rural production space, this research puts forward the concept of rural production space system. Inspired by a series of theories and concepts, including the space concept in geography, behavior space and spatial behavior, the theory of "production of space," and the thoughts of regional system of human-land relation, this study traced the theoretical origin of rural production space system and proposed its core connotation. Following the logic of conceptual development to operation and regulation, this study proposed four basic problem domains of rural production space system, including its theoretical analysis, mechanism of change, mechanism of formation, and optimization and regulation. After briefly outlining a research framework of rural production space system, this article prospects three important objects of future research. We need to understand the essential factors that rural production space system consists of, as well as the definition of their relationships; focus on the mechanism of interactions between "human" and "land"; and pay close attention to the behavioral aspect of human-land relationship. Also, we should explore the use of new approaches that are multidisciplinary and integrate multiple methods. On these bases, this study aimed at providing a theoretical basis for the research of sustainable development of rural production space, expanding from basic research to practical applications.
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21世纪以来,中国城市化进程不断加快,全国城市建成区面积从2000年的2.24万km2增加到2015年的5.21万km2,城市空间的外延式扩张已成为中国快速城市化建设的普遍模式。城市不断蔓延导致了大量农用地向建设用地转移,由此引发的土地利用、城乡空间转换和乡村产业发展等一系列变化,对乡村生产空间产生了巨大影响：乡村生产空间非自然性缩减导致产业规模与环境承载力的不匹配;农村青壮劳动力流失导致了乡村生产空间的利用效率低下;新型农业经营主体和服务主体等多元主体入驻导致了乡村生产空间内部竞争与资源配置越发错综复杂。在这一系列影响下,中国乡村生产空间正面临着“五化”(农村空心化、务农老龄化、要素非农化、农民兼业化、农业副业化)、“双高”(高成本、高风险)、“双紧”(资源环境约束趋紧、青壮年劳动力紧缺)的新形势,同时伴随“支持新型农业经营主体发展的政策框架”的出台①,如何引导乡村生产空间发展并实现农业现代化已成为当前中国乡村发展亟待解决的难题。当前对乡村生产空间的研究主要侧重于国家及社会经济发达地区的实证应用,多集中于探讨乡村农业、工业或旅游业等单一类型空间的布局优化、格局演化及驱动机制、农户意愿及行为选择等诸多方面的问题,并取得了丰硕的成果。但乡村生产空间本身是一个复杂开放的系统,单一类型的某一空间优化并不能反映乡村生产空间系统整体效应优化,迄今学界尚未明确提出“乡村生产空间系统”概念及其相关问题域,因此,本文将系统论思想引入乡村生产空间研究,并提出了“乡村生产空间系统”理念,通过界定乡村生产空间系统的内涵,初步构建了开展研究乡村生产空间系统研究的基本框架,旨在夯实乡村生产空间系统研究的理论基础,指导乡村生产空间发展实践。
乡村地域是乡村人口及其各项社会经济活动组成的一个整体,它利用周围环境实现其获取产品与服务的目的,在此过程中,产生了乡村聚落,也形成了生产空间和生态空间。生产空间具有专门化特征,是人们从事生产活动在一定区域内形成特定的功能区,展现了“人”与“地”相互作用关系。人地关系并不是简单的人与地理环境的关系,而是具有区域性和系统性的。因此,要厘清乡村生产空间系统理论内涵,必须明确“人”和“地”这两方面要素按照一定的规律相互交织在一起及其相互作用的理论溯源。地理学将地球表层作为人类活动的空间来研究,是一门研究地球表层自然要素与人文要素相互作用与关系及其时空规律的科学(郑度等, 2001)。梳理地理学与空间、行为空间与空间行为、“空间的生产”理论和人地关系地域系统学术思想,有助于准确地诠释乡村生产空间系统的内涵和本质,即其思想缘起。
空间是地理学的核心概念,地理空间本身是被各种各样的物质、能量或者实物所充盈;同时地理空间又是一个框架,各种事实和事件均处于这个框架之中。人们在讨论空间、描述空间以及分析空间时,意味着人们从概念上而不是事实上将空间从实体中分离出来,其理论与实践源于事实和事件的空间概念化,以及某种想象发生或预见的空间效应(大卫·哈维, 1996)。尽管地理学各分支学科对地理空间的理解各具特色(孙中伟等, 2014),但总体上经历了由单一走向多维、从客观实体到观念感知的过程。具体表现为：一是人文社会科学思想的渗透。自19世纪人文地理学开始从自然地理学中分离,地理学者就广泛引入社会学、经济学、政治学等人文社会科学观点,脱离传统区域描述来讨论人与区域环境的关系,使地理空间由实体领域发展到观念领域;20世纪90年代由于地理学的文化转向,哲学和心理学的理念深刻影响着地理学,地理空间的研究更倾向于对地理空间本质和空间感知等领域;二是经济地理空间模型的丰富和地理信息科学的发展。20世纪60年代的计量革命为地理学创造了工业、农业等大量区位模型,90年代的信息革命催生出的赛博空间(Cyberspace)又使地理学者对空间的认知从物质世界拓展到虚拟世界,孕育出信息空间和网络空间,空间哲学与空间思维得以发展(张晓祥, 2014)。因此,在论及乡村生产空间及其特征时,可把乡村生产空间概念的生成看作是一个连续统(continuum),以地理学对地理空间的独特视角和理论、方法,针对中国当前乡村生产空间可持续发展面临的关键问题,构建乡村生产空间系统研究框架,有助于探讨乡村生产空间要素流的转换机制。
人与环境互动关系的实质为影响空间形成的各种人类活动(柴彦威等, 2006)。行为空间作为行为地理学研究的核心问题,探讨人类区别于动物的有意识的行为选择过程,包括人类活动地理投影形成的“行为空间”,以及表明特定空间人类行为规律的“空间行为”(张文奎, 1990)。空间行为是与利用场所有关的人类知觉、选择、行为(沃姆斯利等, 1988),人们对地理环境发生感应后,要作出判断,也即作出选择,然后决定处事和行为(陈傳康, 1985)。空间行为是行为主体在城市空间制约下的选择结果,同时由于行为主体的主观能动性,人类行为对城市空间同样有着塑造与再塑造的作用(柴彦威, 2014)。简言之,行为空间表明人类活动地理投影形成的行为结果;空间行为表明特定空间人类行为规律。这些思想能诠释乡村生产空间系统中利益相关者的行为选择与行为实践,为总结乡村生产空间系统的多元行为主体的微观行为选择和空间行为规律提供思想源泉。
“空间的生产”(the production of space)理论于1974年由法国哲学家和社会学家Henri Lefebvre所撰写的《空间的生产》一书中首先提出,其核心为“任何空间都是社会的产物”。Lefebvre辩证地将空间划分为空间实践(spatial practice)、空间表征(representations of space)以及表征空间(spaces of representation)三个维度(路程, 2014),建构了以城市空间是(资本主义生产和消费活动的)产物和生产过程为核心观点的“空间的生产”理论(叶超等, 2011)。“空间的生产”理论打破了实证主义的区位理论无法解释应对的各种社会经济问题,而后期以David Harvey为代表的新马克思主义学派和以Edward Soja为代表的后现代主义学派等学者将Lefebvre的思想继承发展,使马克思主义哲学的空间思想逐渐在世界范围内得到传播。作为人类社会经济活动的主要空间,乡村生产空间发展与重构是社会经济发展和乡村生产功能更新的必然过程,也是乡村区域人地关系演化的重要表现形式。在当前乡村生产空间非自然性缩减、农村青壮劳动力流失、新型农业经营主体和服务主体等多元主体涌现的新形势下,乡村生产空间的演化发展愈加复杂,借鉴“空间的生产”理论对乡村空间进行解读,有助于全面系统地破解新形势下中国乡村生产空间可持续发展面临的难题。
1979年,在广州召开的中国地理学会第四届代表大会,吴传钧院士提出地理学研究对象是“人地关系地域系统”,认为人地关系地域系统是以地球表层一定地域为基础的人地关系系统,即人与地在特定的地域相互联系、相互作用形成的一种动态结构,强调“对人地关系的认识,一直是地理学的研究核心”(吴传钧, 1991)。经30多年深入研究,人地关系地域系统学术思想经历了从系统架构形成阶段到系统研究完善阶段(陆大道, 2002),研究渗透到区域经济、社会、人口、资源、生态、环境、规划等各个领域,研究成果已被广泛应用于解决国家经济社会发展问题和优化调控区域人地关系。人地关系是一种动态过程,其作为一种理论思维必将随着时代而改变,但人地关系地域系统的思维主线始终是围绕人地和谐共生这一核心展开。而乡村地域是乡村人口及其经济活动组成的一个整体,它依托周围环境实现其经济和社会目的。伴随大力推进农业供给侧结构性改革,加快农业现代化建设,中国乡村的经济结构和社会结构正经历着由传统向现代的全面快速转型,乡村生产空间正经历以家庭为单元的土地细碎化经营向多种形式的适度规模化经营转变,乡村空间几十年乃至数百年所形成的生产经营行为受到挑战,要了解这一特殊人地关系中人与地之间的相互作用机理,必须加强人地关系行为机制的研究。人地关系地域系统学术思想为系统分析乡村生产空间结构优化与可持续发展实践提供了坚实的理论源。
综上所述,乡村生产空间系统是人地关系地域系统的多种形式之一,是乡村多元主体在乡村生产空间中与地理环境相互作用的各种可能结果的表征,具有一定结构和功能机制。系统中任何一个要素的变化,都会引起其他要素的相应变化,因此乡村生产空间系统又是一个不稳定的、非线性的、远离平衡状态的耗散结构。简言之,乡村生产空间系统是在乡村生产空间中,乡村多元主体进行各种社会生产活动、建立复杂的社会经济关系,形成具有一定结构形态和功能组合机制的空间集合体,是一种动态结构。
尽管学界尚未明确提出“乡村生产空间系统”理念,但对乡村生产空间研究却拥有悠久的历史,通过对国内外乡村生产空间研究文献的梳理发现：在发达国家,乡村生产空间研究自工业革命开始,就伴随工业化与城市化进程不断发展,经历了“农业生产—从农业生产剥离—多元化发展”的历程;在中国,乡村生产空间发展却发生在改革开放以来,经历了从初期为工业化和城市化提供资源,到中期受“工业反哺农业”政策支持,再到城乡一体化协同发展的历程。但总体上,中国乡村生产空间发展却走过了与发达国家百余年来相似的历程,乡村生产空间的内涵和外延也在发展中不断拓展,在不同阶段发挥其功能和作用。目前,中国正处于快速城市化、工业化和农业现代化加速期,乡村发展正步入转型的新阶段,乡村生产空间发展面临着哪些新的机遇和挑战,乡村生产空间系统研究如何解决新的问题和矛盾,乡村生产空间系统研究如何指导乡村生产空间实践等等,都是开展乡村生产空间系统研究亟待解决的难题。因此,本文遵循乡村生产空间发展历程,按照时序脉络对乡村生产空间研究进行梳理,旨在明晰乡村生产空间发展特征、规律及其运行轨迹,为综合、系统地开展乡村生产空间研究提供理论基础。
国外乡村生产空间研究与国家或地区工业化、城市化进程息息相关。工业革命前,乡村地理学尚未从农业地理中分离,乡村生产空间的早期探索多集中在农业领域。早在19世纪,法国维达尔学派率先从人地关系视角探索农业生产和地理环境之间的关系,德国地理学家杜能提出的农业区位论成为指导农业生产空间布局的理论基础。但随着工业革命的推进,乡村生产空间研究进展缓慢。两次工业革命推动了生产力变革和西方各国的快速城市化与工业化进程,乡村经济结构也随之发生变化,地理学者逐步从农业地理学转向乡村地理学,在农业区划及农区分异规律、乡村商品农业、现代农业及工业等方面取得了丰硕成果并促进城乡协调与乡村经济发展(Elliott, 1936; Nerlove, 1956; 郭焕成, 1988, 1989)。
20世纪50年代,发达国家进入工业化中后期,郊区化和逆城市化引起人口、资源向乡村回流。同时,出于粮食安全考虑,国家或地区对乡村生产的政策支持力度加大(Holmes, 2006),在生产主义(productivism)理念的主导下,学者们对商业化和商品农业进行了大量研究,讨论技术变迁、全球化以及政府宏观调控共同作用下的农业生产(Ilberly, 1998; Wilson, 2001)。
到了20世纪80年代,对农业生产的过分强调引发了生产过剩、土地退化和生态退化等问题,可持续农业成为了世界农业发展的主题,基于后生产主义(post-productivism)和乡村多功能性(mutifunctionality)理念,乡村生产空间的研究转向农村经营多样化、乡村文化景观的保护和城郊通勤区域、乡村旅游、工业及边缘地区的开发等领域(Marsden, 2013)。同时,伴随20世纪90年代乡村空间社会、文化转向研究的深入,学者们引入社会学空间本体理论,探讨“乡村性(rurality)”的内涵和外延(Woods, 2010),以三层次建构(three-fold architecture)剖析乡村空间(Halfacree, 2007; Galani-Moutafi, 2013),对乡村空间进行本体性思辨,并辅以定量研究方法,进一步推动了乡村空间研究的发展(Karplus et al, 2013)。
21世纪以来,在经济全球化和区域经济一体化的推动下,乡村生产空间范围拓展、主体愈加多元化(Woods, 2005; Cloke, 2014)。部分学者就逆城市化(Halfacree, 2012)、乡村劳动力流动(Gupta, 2016; Rogaly, 2009)、乡村企业(Finke et al, 2016)和乡村休闲旅游消费(Halfacree, 2014)、农业观光旅游(Wright et al, 2014)等对乡村生产空间的影响开展研究;另有部分学者尝试探讨乡村生产空间与乡村景观、社会关系的相互作用(Daly, 2015; Marsden, 2016),研究乡村生产空间的转型与重组(Mitchell, 2013; Nakamura, 2016),丰富了乡村生产空间的研究内容。
自20世纪30年代起,以李旭旦、吴传钧为代表的老一辈地理学家就从乡村聚落和土地利用角度对乡村生产空间进行了探索,但受制于中国2000多年来的小农经济物质基础,直到20世纪70年代,地理学者对乡村生产空间的研究还多集中在农业生产范畴,重点为农业生产发展和布局方面的研究(郭焕成等, 1993)。直至1978年,推行家庭联产承包责任制,揭开了农村改革开放的序幕,促进了农村生产力的长足发展,至今仍然在不断发展和完善,因此,中国乡村生产空间研究与改革开放的战略部署紧密相联。
改革开放初期,农村家庭联产承包责任制的推行解放了农村生产力,一部分农业地理工作者开始转向乡村地理研究(张小林, 1997),在产业结构调整(黄贤金等, 2002)、发展乡镇企业和生态农业(曾菊新, 1990)、劳动力转移(郭焕成等, 1990)等方面进行理论探讨与实证研究;另一部分学者从人地关系视角探讨乡村工业化发展战略(苗长虹等, 1994)、农业生产力(吴承明, 1989)和粮食问题(温铁军, 1995),为稳定推进农村改革、缓解乡村人多地少矛盾、促进社会稳定等提供了理论支持(李秀彬, 2009; 孔祥斌等, 2010)。
随着农村改革的深入,在国际可持续农业发展战略的影响理论的推动下(刘彦随等, 2011),区域农业持续发展(黄贤金, 1992; 刘彦随等, 2001; 房艳刚, 刘继生, 程叶青, 2009)、农业产业化(蔡海龙, 2013)、耕地保护(李秀彬, 1999; 黄贤金等, 2001; 谈明洪等, 2004; 方斌等, 2011)和新农村建设(李伯华等, 2008; 房艳刚, 刘继生, 2009)等方面的理论和实证研究均取得新进展。如乔家君等在强调区域的人地相互作用理论指导下提出了农户自主发展能力、和农区自主发展能力等概念(乔家君, 2008);李小建等根据中国农业布局实践,修正了“杜能圈”理论,提出建设具有中国特色“农区地理学”的理论构想(李小建等, 2009);李伯华等则提出基于农户空间行为变迁的自组织演化路径(李伯华, 刘沛林等, 2014)。随着现代旅游业向传统农业的延伸,乡村旅游在国内兴起,学者们针对这一时期乡村旅游发展的新态势(郭焕成等, 2010),重点研究了乡村旅游发展的驱动机制、影响效应、利益相关者和地理空间结构(杨军, 2006; 李伯华, 骆丹云等, 2014)。
党的十八大以来,由于推进“四化”和新方法的引入,地理学者针对乡村生产空间呈现出的基础设施空废化、人口老弱化、土地粗放化和经营业态多元化等新形势、新特征(李裕瑞等, 2014),在新型农业经营体系构建(陈晓华, 2014)、农业经营方式(方斌等, 2012)、产业融合(孔祥智, 2016)、专业村发展(乔家君等, 2014)、“三生”空间优化(朱媛媛等, 2015)、空间转型重构(龙花楼, 2013; Long et al, 2016; Wang et al, 2016)等方面取得了显著成果,为乡村生产空间研究奠定了坚实的基础。
在国内外地理学者的共同努力下,乡村生产空间相关研究取得了丰硕成果。由于国内外截然不同的经济社会发展历程决定了乡村生产空间的研究重点有所差别。国外研究紧跟国家工业化和城市化发展脉络,直到近年来才更为重视社会和文化因素对乡村生产空间发展的影响,个体的感知、行为和态度、乡村空间的发展与公众的利益与需求成为乡村生产空间关注的新热点。同时,融入政治经济学、社会学、心理学、行为学以及历史学、人类学等众多学科的方法和理论,不断拓展研究的深度与广度。与发达国家相比,国内学者从尺度、内容与方法上开展大量相关研究,宏观尺度重点为对乡村转型和重构的研究、乡村治理、乡村人居环境的制度设计;微观尺度重点为对土地利用,农户行为,劳动力转移等问题的研究。同时,研究内容由单纯的农业生产空间逐步扩展到乡村工业、商业服务业、旅游业等诸多方面;研究方法上逐步由定性为主转变为定性与定量相结合。但总体而言,当前对乡村生产空间的研究主要侧重于国家、社会经济发达地区的实证应用研究,集中探讨乡村农业、工业或旅游业等单一类型空间布局、格局演化及驱动机制、农户意愿分析及行为选择等方面,对乡村生产空间的系统研究较少,特别对社会经济欠发达、地块破碎、生态环境脆弱和人地相互作用剧烈的典型区域,亟需借鉴西方国家多学科理论融合的做法,从理论上指导乡村空间现实发展的需求,并促进乡村生产空间可持续发展从理论研究走向应用研究。
人类活动的空间结构主要是人类社会、经济活动在物质空间上的反映,乡村的空间地域组织是社会、经济活动演变的结果。因此,乡村生产空间系统研究需厘清其在自然、社会经济环境与人类相互作用、相互关联下的运行轨迹。本文在对乡村生产空间研究的时序脉络梳理的基础上,结合当前乡村生产空间发展的现实需求,基于乡村生产空间系统从均衡到非均衡再到均衡的运行轨迹,遵循乡村生产空间系统认知—乡村生产空间系统运行—乡村生产空间系统优化调控的逻辑进路,从综合认知、驱动力调控、过程调控和状态调控厘清乡村生产空间系统的基本问题域并阐释其研究主题,并在此基础上,初步提出了乡村生产空间系统的研究框架(图1)。按此框架,其研究结果既可避免在制定生产空间规划时对相应的社会、经济结构变革的忽视,也可将分析和制定有关政策问题落实到具体空间地域。
乡村空间系统作为一个有机整体,是“人”与“地”两方面的要素按照一定规律相互交织在一起而构成的复杂开放巨系统,在空间上具有一定的地域范围。在一定的自然和社会经济条件下,村域各类生产活动(农业生产活动、乡村工业生产活动、乡村服务业生产活动)与各生产要素(土地、资金、劳动力)按不同比例、不同方式结合,形成了以乡村生产空间为核心载体的特殊人地关系,构成了乡村生产空间系统的基本要素,即生产活动本底、基础设施网络与乡土情结。生产活动本底指资源条件和生产活动体系,基础设施网络指以农村居民点为节点,以原材料生产和产品运输的道路为边,以生产地块为面联结而成的网络体系,而乡土情结则指乡村生产生活的经济、政治、社会和风俗习惯等人文环境。乡村生产空间系统内各要素间物质、能量、信息流动相互联系、相互作用,形成一定的结构与功能机制,具备一定的整体效应。乡村生产空间系统的内部要素组成结构可以分为三种类型：由自然生产要素结构、人文生产要素结构组成的二元结构,由生产投入结构、生产产出结构、产品销售结构组成的三元结构,和由生产主体结构、生产资源结构、生产环境结构和生产发展结构组成的四元结构。系统功能是通过各个构成要素之间的结构实现,功能与结构是相互依存、相互制约的,结构的状态决定功能,而功能又对结构起反作用,同时环境的任何变化都可能导致系统结构和功能的变化。乡村生产空间系统的功能主要有生产功能、承载功能和反馈功能,生产功能是主导,承载功能是基础,反馈功能是支柱。然而,当前经济高速发展使中国的自然环境结构正在发生巨大变化,在人地关系向广度和深度发展的新时代特征下,系统中任何一个要素的变化,都会引起其他要素相应变化,系统内部要素间非线性运动将被打破,乡村生产空间系统呈现出复杂多样的内部结构,系统原有的结构和功能机制将逐步被破坏,呈现出新的整体功能。乡村生产空间系统的这一人地关系协调抑或矛盾,不取决于“地”而取决于“人”。因此,借鉴人地关系的经典解释,剖析乡村生产空间系统的复杂要素构成及其相互关系,进而探究乡村生产空间系统的结构与功能,从学理层面上厘清乡村生产空间系统的内涵本质及相关原理,是研究和应用乡村生产空间系统的基础和前提。
乡村生产空间系统内部各要素及其相互之间均存在竞争与合作的关系,是非线性的,当外界达到一定阈值时,就可能从原来无序状态转变为一种在时空和功能上的有序状态。乡村生产空间系统运行主要通过农业产品产供销、乡村旅游服务的输出推动和高新技术、先进设备、管理人员的输入拉动,并以促进乡村生产空间内资源优化配置和系统可持续发展的各种力的集合的改变而实现。乡村生产空间系统实质上是一个远离平衡状态的耗散结构,其状态集合和环境集合都是非空的,状态参量会伴随时间和空间不断变化、发展不平衡,在其内外涨落影响中,随着时间与空间推移按照“有序—新的无序—新的有序”的总体趋势演化。演化机制是影响乡村生产空间系统演化的各种因素的构成及其相互联系、相互作用的方式和原理,这种方式和原理在乡村生产空间系统发展中起决定性作用。在乡村生产空间系统中,乡村多元主体对政策认知及其行为响应结果各异,加之乡村生产空间的自然禀赋与环境承载能力的不同和历史积淀的差异,不同时间节点的乡村生产空间系统显现结果的可能性复杂多样,其实质是乡村多元主体与地理环境作用过程中大量随机现象的累积或者叠加,表征某一时刻乡村生产空间的人地关系状态;据此厘清乡村生产空间系统的演化过程,有助于探究系统内各要素间及其与周围环境的物质、信息、能量流的基本特征,阐释乡村生产空间系统演化力的作用方向与强度,揭示乡村生产空间系统的演化机制,对合理构筑和不断优化生产空间格局,实现生产空间资源优化配置和系统可持续发展具有重要的指导作用。
在中国,不同空间尺度都存在着人和自然之间、生产和生活活动之间、自然生态系统内部关系不尽协调的矛盾,以人地和谐共生为核心思维的人地关系地域系统是协调这些矛盾并实现可持续发展的理论基石。在乡村生产空间系统中,由于乡村多元主体的利益诉求差异,乡村多元主体生产、消费、就业、交往等行为中的物质和非物质元素之间发生各式各样的交互作用,促使乡村生产空间系统的结构发生相应转变,系统的生产功能、承载功能和反馈功能也随即发生变化,使乡村生产空间系统不断从非均衡状态向均衡状态演变,最终实现人地协调共生。在这一过程中,乡村生产空间系统的承载力是有限的,因此作为理性经济人的乡村多元主体,为获取自身发展所需的资源势必展开竞争,形成优胜劣汰、适者生存的竞争淘汰过程。一方面,当乡村多元主体各自所占有的资源不足时,乡村多元主体的内生需求会驱动其行为发生变化,寻求匹配性强的伙伴进行共生合作,目的是通过合理的资源媒介共建共享实现自身利益最大化;另一方面,一定的乡村生产空间系统所能容纳的乡村多元主体的数量相对稳定,一旦乡村多元主体出现极化现象,乡村生产空间系统平衡被打破,系统的自适应性将形成新的均衡。因此,通过测度乡村生产空间资源环境承载力,辨析乡村多元主体竞争与合作的共生作用关系,模拟乡村多元主体与乡村生产空间的正负作用过程,最终演化为人地互惠共生的乡村生产空间系统的均衡状态,这一过程将有助于揭示乡村生产空间系统的形成机理。
乡村生产空间系统处于不断进化又不断退化的循环之中,这种无限循环实质上是一个螺旋上升的过程,当系统远离平衡状态时,系统内部诸要素的随机涨落必然打破系统原有的稳定结构,推动系统朝向某一方向运动,以形成新的整体性特征。中国乡村转型过程中,由于乡村产业发展模式、农户生计来源和就业方式、消费结构等的显著变化,加剧了乡村生产空间内部竞争与资源配置的复杂化。乡村生产空间系统的优化调控,通过差异化调控策略形成的外部刺激引导乡村生产空间系统运行方向,保障其结构要素供给,激励乡村生产需求,科学引导乡村生产活动等,重塑乡村生产空间系统,以实现系统整体效应。而乡村生产空间系统的重塑过程,一方面可通过厘清乡村生产空间系统内多元主体的认知能力和行为响应过程,以调控乡村生产空间系统的内部要素和结构,消除各要素间的消极关系,建立积极的关系,促进乡村生产空间系统的人地关系优化;另一方面,由于乡村生产空间系统是一开放的巨系统,协调生产、生活、生态子系统,通过制定宏观调控策略,实现从子系统优化到系统优化,是解决当前乡村空间发展的现实需求,有利于促进乡村空间可持续发展。
乡村生产空间系统是人地关系地域系统的多种存在形式之一,着眼于解决中国进入快速转型期乡村生产空间系统面临的现实问题。多角度研究乡村生产空间系统有利于深化对人地关系地域系统的认识,既是乡村地理学研究的重要前沿课题,又是解决当前农业供给侧结构性改革,“三产”深度融合背景下亟需研究的重要科学问题。未来乡村地理学关于乡村生产系统的研究应重点关注以下几个问题。
(1) 乡村生产空间系统的要素构成及其关系界定。培育新型农业经营主体和服务主体,大力发展农业新型业态,推行“互联网+现代农业”行动,使得乡村生产空间系统的构成要素复杂多样且具动态性。各要素之间的相互作用,要素变化过程互为因果关系,不同要素构成边界模糊及重复,不同层次要素位置的可移动性导致的主导要素和要素层次的变化等,导致在探讨乡村生产空间系统各要素具体作用过程时,对要素难以进行结构化处理,对要素的主导或从属地位、间接或直接作用的界定亦相当困难,而乡村生产空间系统的要素构成是形成系统结构与功能的关键,因此,在新时代特征下,准确界定乡村生产空间要素构成及其关系是解构乡村生产空间系统的基础和关键。
(2) 乡村生产空间系统的“人”与“地”之间的相互作用机理及人地关系行为机制。人地关系并不是简单的人与地理环境的关系,而是一种动态关系,具区域性和系统性。乡村生产空间系统的人地关系的矛盾,实质上是多元主体价值和利益分配的矛盾,表现为环境的益损,根源为多元主体的利益得失。因此,选取典型区域,特别是社会经济欠发达、生态环境脆弱的区域,以地域界限完整的行政村为研究单元,通过微观尺度多样本比较,可清晰地解析人地关系的内部机理,揭示其内在规律性,有利于剖析乡村生产空间系统的动态演化与形成机制,既是乡村生产空间可持续发展的理论基础,又是乡村生产空间可持续发展从基础研究走向实践应用的客观需要。
(3) 乡村生产空间系统的多学科融合与多方法集成,辅以长时序数据支持的方法体系探讨。乡村生产空间系统是一个开放的巨系统,是远离平衡状态的耗散结构,受乡村自然、社会、经济等多方面重大改革的影响,在空间上存在着地域差异,在时间上不断发展演化,是多元发展主体与地理环境交互作用,按照一定规律相互交织而构成的整体。任何忽视空间尺度和区域特征,忽视发展阶段,简单地放大某种要素(要素群)的作用,片面强调某种方法的科学性,都不利于对乡村生产空间系统的认知。而地理学以不同尺度区域的人地关系为研究核心,以综合法和因素法为其主要研究方法,因此,以地理学独特的视角和理论、方法,辅以哲学对空间和人类行为的理念,生态学中的生态学理论、环境学中的环境承载力理论、经济学中增长极理论等,建立多学科集成的方法论体系,才能推进乡村地理学综合发展。
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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The paper critically assesses the more turbulent period in agri-food since 2007鈥8 by applying a transitions perspective to a range of empirical data collected from key private and public stakeholders in the UK during that period. It argues that increased volatility and a series of interdependent landscape pressures on the dominant agri-food regime are profoundly affecting the former more stable regulatory period of post-productionism and retailer-led, private-interest governance, which emerged from the 1980s. We now witness a more stark contestation between this dominant regime and a proliferation of socio-technical niches. To resolve these contestations, and to create a more sustainable platform for transitions to occur, it is argued that it will be necessary to create policy spaces for more place-based forms of reflexive governance. There is some evidence of this occurring amidst a less coherent and more contested set of multi-level regulatory conditions.
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Exploring the rural eco-economy: Beyond neoliberalism [J].https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12139 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract Rural areas become central sites for the development of the post-carbon transition, yet this is a highly contested and contingent process whereby neo-liberal models of development and framings compete with the emergence of the alternative circular eco-economy. The article argues for a grounded conceptual and empirical approach in tracing this overall process of sustainable place-making. It explores three key highly contested dimensions: reflexive governance, distributed eco-economies, and re-financialisation, arguing that such explorations are critical in developing more sustainable rural-urban functionalities for the necessary post- carbon and post-neoliberal transition.
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Creative destruction or creative enhancement? Understanding the transformation of rural spaces [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2013.09.005 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
For more than fifty years, rural scholars have demonstrated the increasing fluidity and dynamism of rural spaces. In select locales, quotidian activity has given way to hedonic ventures as stakeholders have introduced innovative functions to attract the pleasure-seeking consumer. I have described this scenario as a type of ‘creative destruction’. This process, however, does not apply to all rural communities undergoing functional change. To address this issue, I present an alternative neologism, ‘creative enhancement,’ to account for the varied evolutionary trajectories that non-metropolitan spaces are taking. I re-examine three Canadian villages (Elora, St. Jacobs and Ferryland) to illustrate how these twin processes unfold in amenity-rich locales. My findings enrich our understanding of how rural landscapes change as they transition from a productivist-based to potentially multi-functional state.
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Alternative spatial structure for sustainable rural economy: A note on socially optimal firm location [J].https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017616650001 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract In developed countries with declining population growth, sustainable rural economic growth is a problematic issue that is made more difficult by severe international cost-saving competition. Well-organized spatial and economic systems may play a key role in solving this specific problem. These systems can be achieved by spatial reorganization and agglomeration economies in less congested rural areas. However, rural areas typically have lower levels of social welfare partly as a result of the limited variety of goods and services, which further reduces centripetal forces on population and economic activity. Accordingly, in rural areas, it may be important to organize a spatial structure that sustains the distribution of a variety of goods and services in insufficient economies of scale and scope by coordinating a common local central place as an interregional spatial framework. This article examines a location model for forming an intermediate hierarchical center to maintain both efficiency and equity for economic agents in rural areas.
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Estimates of the elasticities of supply of selected agricultural commodities [J]. |
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Spaces of work and everyday life: Labour geographies and the agency of unorganised temporary migrant workers [J].https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2009.00290.x URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
In this study, I focus on the agency of unorganised temporary migrant workers 鈥 people who travel away to work for just a few weeks or months. Such workers have been relatively neglected in labour geography. Perhaps surprisingly, given the focus on the agency of capital in much of his writing, I build on two arguments made by David Harvey. First, workers' spatial mobility is complex and may involve short as well as longer term migrations, and secondly that this can have significance both materially and in relation to the subjective experience of employment. The spatial embeddedness of temporary migrant workers' everyday lives can be a resource for shaping landscapes (and ordinary histories) of capitalism, even though any changes may be short-lived and take place at the micro-scale. The article is illustrated with case study material from research with workers in the agriculture sector in India and the UK, and concludes with more general implications for labour geographers engaged with other sectors and places.
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农业产业化经营组织形式及其创新路径 [J].Nongye chanyehua jingying zuzhi xingshi jiqi chuangxin lujing [J]. |
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Rural settlement restructuring based on analysis of the peasant household symbiotic system at village level: A case study of Fengsi Village in Chongqing, China [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.07.002 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
61Rapid rural transition has triggered rural settlement restructuring.61Analyzes rural settlements restructuring based on the symbiosis theory.61A mutualistic symbiotic relationship existed in rural.61Rural settlements should be restructured into two kinds of functional groups.61Promoting the rural development of “put people first”.
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From productivism to post-productivism and back again? Exploring the (un)changed natural and mental landscapes of European agriculture [J].https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5661.00007 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
This paper has evolved out of a growing dissatisfaction with the relatively uncritical acceptance in contemporary debates that agriculture in advanced societies has moved from 'productivism' to 'post-productivism'. A brief review of current conceptualizations of productivist and post-productivist agricultural regimes reveals inconsistencies in current understandings these dualistic terms. The problem has partly been that the conceptual literature on post-productivism has largely failed to take into account the wealth of actor-oriented and behaviourally grounded research. Productivist and post-productivist agricultural regimes have also been conceptualized from a UK-centric perspective that has largely failed to discuss whether the concept has wider applicability within Europe and beyond. The paper discusses the time-lag and spatial inconsistencies in the adoption of post-productivist action and thought, and emphasizes that different localities are positioned at different points in a temporal, spatial and conceptual transition from 'pre-productivist' to 'post-productivist' agricultural regimes. The notion of the 'territorialization' of productivist and post-productivist actor spaces highlights the wide-ranging diversity that exists within the productivist/post-productivist spectrum, and that productivist and post-productivist action and thought occurs in multidimensional coexistence leads one to question the implied directionality of the traditional productivist/post-productivist debate. It is suggested that the notion of a 'multifunctional agricultural regime' better encapsulates the diversity, non-linearity and spatial heterogeneity that can currently be observed in modern agriculture and rural society.
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基于居民移动—活动行为的城市空间研究 [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-2398.2006.05.024 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
在以人为本及后现代思潮的大背景下，人文地理学研究越来越关注个体人的行为以及生活质量问题，基于居民移动．活动行为的城市空间研究正成为人文地理及城市规划学等学科的焦点。论文在对城市活动空间研究及城市交通出行研究中的问题进行梳理的基础上，提出一个基于居民移动．活动行为的城市空间研究新框架，强调行为与空间之间的互动关系，强调RP法和SP法的结合。强调现实行为、现实空间与理想行为、理想空间之间的和谐。
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Rural geography: Processes, responses and experiences in rural restructuring [M]. |
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Performing rurality and practising rural geography [J].https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132509357356 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Recent research in rural geography has shown increasing interest in the ways in which rurality is performed and enacted by diverse actors. Rural geographers have also demonstrated increasing awareness of their own 'performances' as researchers, including their enactment of multiple roles in engaging with research subjects, funders and users. This progress report for rural geography discusses recent contributions on these two related themes, briefly summarizing research on the performance and enactment of rurality and rural identities before proceeding to review publications that have reflected on methodological developments, positionality in rural research and political and policy engagement in rural geography.
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Travel-activity based on research frame of urban spatial structure [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-2398.2006.05.024 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
在以人为本及后现代思潮的大背景下，人文地理学研究越来越关注个体人的行为以及生活质量问题，基于居民移动．活动行为的城市空间研究正成为人文地理及城市规划学等学科的焦点。论文在对城市活动空间研究及城市交通出行研究中的问题进行梳理的基础上，提出一个基于居民移动．活动行为的城市空间研究新框架，强调行为与空间之间的互动关系，强调RP法和SP法的结合。强调现实行为、现实空间与理想行为、理想空间之间的和谐。
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行为地理学的研究对象、内容和意义 [J].Subject, content and significance of behavioristic geography [J]. |
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大力培育新型农业经营主体: 在中国农业经济学会年会上的致辞 [J].
近年来各类新型经营主体不断发育成长，应准确把握新型农业经营主体的基本特征和组织属性，正确处理承包经营农户与新型农业经营主体的相互关系，充分发挥不同经营主体在不同领域和环节的优势和作用，进一步明确培育新型农业经营主体的重点任务，培育土地流转市场，健全配套扶持政策，完善人才培养体系，健全工作引导机制。
Dali peiyu xinxing nongye jingying zhuti: Zai Zhongguo nongye jingji xuehui nianhui shang de zhici [J].
近年来各类新型经营主体不断发育成长，应准确把握新型农业经营主体的基本特征和组织属性，正确处理承包经营农户与新型农业经营主体的相互关系，充分发挥不同经营主体在不同领域和环节的优势和作用，进一步明确培育新型农业经营主体的重点任务，培育土地流转市场，健全配套扶持政策，完善人才培养体系，健全工作引导机制。
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农村土地股份合作制发展模式及路径分析 [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.2095-1329.2012.04.003 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
改革开放30年，土地家庭承包责任制已极大地促进了农村经济社会的发展和农民生活水平的提高。但随着城乡居民收入差距的逐步拉大，土地股份制的概念与发展模式应逐步回归，“破”其弊，“立”其优。研究认为，树立以土地家庭联产承包责任制为基础的大土地股份制的理念，加大国家对农业的政策扶持与技术支持力度，建立、健全以农村集体经济组织为单元的农村合作社体系，完善农业规模化、产业化和专业化发展的各种服务，才是有效提升农村经济发展水平、缩小城乡差距最有效的路径。
Analysis of development patterns and implement routes for rural land joint-stock cooperative system in China [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.2095-1329.2012.04.003 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
改革开放30年，土地家庭承包责任制已极大地促进了农村经济社会的发展和农民生活水平的提高。但随着城乡居民收入差距的逐步拉大，土地股份制的概念与发展模式应逐步回归，“破”其弊，“立”其优。研究认为，树立以土地家庭联产承包责任制为基础的大土地股份制的理念，加大国家对农业的政策扶持与技术支持力度，建立、健全以农村集体经济组织为单元的农村合作社体系，完善农业规模化、产业化和专业化发展的各种服务，才是有效提升农村经济发展水平、缩小城乡差距最有效的路径。
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基于区域经济发展水平的耕地社会责任价值补偿 [J].Study on value compensation for social responsibility of cultivated land based on the level of regional economic development [J]. |
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集聚型农业村落文化景观的演化过程与机理: 以山东曲阜峪口村为例 [J].https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEOE-EQEC.2009.5194697 URL 摘要
随着新农村建设的推进,农业型村落的建设将会成为今后的要点和难点。而集聚型农业村落乡村文化景观的代表性、典型性和示范性,使其文化景观演化研究对新农村建设具有重要参考意义。本文以山东曲阜峪口村为例,通过实地调查和入户访谈,对这一问题进行实证研究。研究发现,改革开放30年来集聚型农业村落文化景观的演化大致经历了三个阶段。其中,聚落空间演变经历了机械型外向扩展、蔓延型外向扩展与空心化、内部重填与再集聚三个阶段;民居景观演变经历了传统四合院、平顶化和立体发展三个阶段;土地利用经历了圈层化、细碎化与集约利用、集中化与粗放利用三个阶段。其演化是城乡关系、国家经济发展与现代化进程、计划生育与农地制度、国家政策等驱动因子影响下产生的乡村人口、社会、经济和文化变化所导致的。未来,聚落空间的再集聚,民居景观的现代化、生态化和特色化并重,土地利用景观的规模化、集约化和可持续发展将会成为集聚型农业村落的发展趋势。
Cultural landscape evolution of cluster agricultural village: The case of Yukou Village in Shandong Province [J].https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEOE-EQEC.2009.5194697 URL 摘要
随着新农村建设的推进,农业型村落的建设将会成为今后的要点和难点。而集聚型农业村落乡村文化景观的代表性、典型性和示范性,使其文化景观演化研究对新农村建设具有重要参考意义。本文以山东曲阜峪口村为例,通过实地调查和入户访谈,对这一问题进行实证研究。研究发现,改革开放30年来集聚型农业村落文化景观的演化大致经历了三个阶段。其中,聚落空间演变经历了机械型外向扩展、蔓延型外向扩展与空心化、内部重填与再集聚三个阶段;民居景观演变经历了传统四合院、平顶化和立体发展三个阶段;土地利用经历了圈层化、细碎化与集约利用、集中化与粗放利用三个阶段。其演化是城乡关系、国家经济发展与现代化进程、计划生育与农地制度、国家政策等驱动因子影响下产生的乡村人口、社会、经济和文化变化所导致的。未来,聚落空间的再集聚,民居景观的现代化、生态化和特色化并重,土地利用景观的规模化、集约化和可持续发展将会成为集聚型农业村落的发展趋势。
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农村区域经济发展理论和模式的回顾与反思 [J].Theories versus practices of economic development in Chinese rural regions [J]. |
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乡村地理学的性质与任务 [J].
<正> 一、乡村与乡村地理学乡村也称农村。由于我国农村产业结构和人口就业结构发生变化,农村不仅从事农业,而且还从事非农业,因此称乡村更合适。乡村是指城市以外的广大地区,也称非城市化地区。乡村是介于城市之间、构成独立行政单元的地区。从这个概念出发,乡村应是一个特定的空间地域单元。它既包括乡村居民点、又包括居民点所管辖的周围地区。所以,乡村的完整概念,应是以居民点为中心、与周围地区相联系的区域综合体,也称乡村地域系统。在我国,乡村的范围一般是指县城以下的广大地区,包括乡镇、村庄及其所
Xiangcun dilixue de xingzhi yu renwu [J].
<正> 一、乡村与乡村地理学乡村也称农村。由于我国农村产业结构和人口就业结构发生变化,农村不仅从事农业,而且还从事非农业,因此称乡村更合适。乡村是指城市以外的广大地区,也称非城市化地区。乡村是介于城市之间、构成独立行政单元的地区。从这个概念出发,乡村应是一个特定的空间地域单元。它既包括乡村居民点、又包括居民点所管辖的周围地区。所以,乡村的完整概念,应是以居民点为中心、与周围地区相联系的区域综合体,也称乡村地域系统。在我国,乡村的范围一般是指县城以下的广大地区,包括乡镇、村庄及其所
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国外农业区划研究现状、特点及发展趋势(连载) [J].https://doi.org/10.7621/cjarrp.1005-9121.19890216 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
一、国外农业区划的现状和特点农业区划在国际上早已引起各国的重视,并进行了大量研究和实践工作。但由于各国的条件、特点和农业发展要求不同,农业区划的名称、形式及研究重点不同,有的称农业区划(地带),如苏联、保加利亚;有的称农业专业化地带,如美国、西德;有的称农业类型,如波兰、捷克、印度;有的称农业经济区划,如法国、日本;有的称农业生态区划,如苏联、英国;有的称农业景观区划,如东德、澳大利亚;有的还称农业整治区划和农村功能分区,如法国、波兰。
Guowai nongye quhua yanjiu xianzhuang, tedian ji fazhan qushi (lianzai) [J].https://doi.org/10.7621/cjarrp.1005-9121.19890216 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
一、国外农业区划的现状和特点农业区划在国际上早已引起各国的重视,并进行了大量研究和实践工作。但由于各国的条件、特点和农业发展要求不同,农业区划的名称、形式及研究重点不同,有的称农业区划(地带),如苏联、保加利亚;有的称农业专业化地带,如美国、西德;有的称农业类型,如波兰、捷克、印度;有的称农业经济区划,如法国、日本;有的称农业生态区划,如苏联、英国;有的称农业景观区划,如东德、澳大利亚;有的还称农业整治区划和农村功能分区,如法国、波兰。
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我国乡村地理学研究的回顾与展望 [J].On the study of rural geography in china: A review and prospect [J]. |
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中国乡村旅游发展综述 [J].https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2010.12.018 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Rural tourism is such a new industry which combines primary industry with tertiary industry. Rural tourism is based on agriculture, aiming at developing tourism in rural area and serving the urban residents by providing various services. Rural tourism can develop landscape resources in rurban fringe to promote eco-tourism and to realize the coordinated development of the cities and countryside. In China, rural tourism successively experiences three stages, eg. early rising stage, initial development stage and later normative operating stage. This paper, based on the background and the concept of rural tourism, comprehensively discusses the development of rural tourism in China, analyzes the current situations and the main patterns of rural tourism, and puts forward some relevant countermeasures for the current problems. Finally, the paper discusses the prospect of the future sustainable development of rural tourism in China.
Review on the development of rural tourism in China [J].https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2010.12.018 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Rural tourism is such a new industry which combines primary industry with tertiary industry. Rural tourism is based on agriculture, aiming at developing tourism in rural area and serving the urban residents by providing various services. Rural tourism can develop landscape resources in rurban fringe to promote eco-tourism and to realize the coordinated development of the cities and countryside. In China, rural tourism successively experiences three stages, eg. early rising stage, initial development stage and later normative operating stage. This paper, based on the background and the concept of rural tourism, comprehensively discusses the development of rural tourism in China, analyzes the current situations and the main patterns of rural tourism, and puts forward some relevant countermeasures for the current problems. Finally, the paper discusses the prospect of the future sustainable development of rural tourism in China.
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关于我国农村劳动力剩余与转移问题 [J].Guanyu woguo nongcun laodongli shengyu yu zhuanyi wenti [J]. |
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持续农业与我国农业持续发展 [J].
正 一、农业发展的否定之否定与持续农业 由于社会、经济、生态环境条件的变化,致使由这些因素所决定的农业发展也存在着相应的阶段性和模式,随着事异时迁,农业发展模式亦将推陈出新,这便是农业发展的否定之否定。人们所探索的农业发展模式很多,但归结起来主要有传统农业、现代农业、互生农业和持续农业四种。
Chixu nongye yu woguo nongye chixu fazhan [J].
正 一、农业发展的否定之否定与持续农业 由于社会、经济、生态环境条件的变化,致使由这些因素所决定的农业发展也存在着相应的阶段性和模式,随着事异时迁,农业发展模式亦将推陈出新,这便是农业发展的否定之否定。人们所探索的农业发展模式很多,但归结起来主要有传统农业、现代农业、互生农业和持续农业四种。
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区域产业结构调整与土地可持续利用关系研究 [J].Relationship between regional economic sector development and sustainable land use [J]. |
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耕地总量动态平衡政策存在问题及改革建议 [J].Operational analysis and reform to policy of dynamic overall cultivated land balance in China [J]. |
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基于农户用地行为的耕地生产力及隐性损失研究 [J].https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2010.07.014 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Research on grain production capacity in China mostly put emphasis on rigid loss, and neglects elastic loss of grain productivity, especially that from the perspective of farm household land use behavior. At first, the paper elaborates, at different regional scales and temporal levels, the hierarchy of farm household land use and grain production capacity, and the impacts of farm household land use on the elastic loss of grain production capacity. Then, the research progresses in farm household land use, cultivated land intensive use and farmland productivity. We put forward a research framework of grain productivity on the basis of farm household land use and discuss the related study contents and methods. The study on the process, state, and mechanism of farm household land use behavior is the important basis for grain production capacity elastic loss evaluation. We need to explore the spatial and temporal changes of cultivated land intensive use of farm households and the impacts of the difference in intensity on farmland productivity, to analyze the intensity and the difference of elastic loss of grain production capacity at different spatial and temporal scales, and to set up the model of farm household land use-crop growth-the effects on grain production capacity. The researches include the following five aspects: (1) to analyze the mechanism of household land use, (2) to establish a farm household land use decision-making model, (3) to discuss the difference in household land use, (4) to probe into the impacts of farm household land use on grain productivity, (5) to study the change of arable land intensive use and its effects on grain production capacity. Moreover, we need to apply multidisciplinary methods to study on the elastic loss of grain production capacity, such as traditional study method in combination with remote sense information identification, GIS and spatial orientation, and we also need to make some advances in data collection.
Arable land productivity and its elastic loss on the basis of farm household land use behavior [J].https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2010.07.014 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Research on grain production capacity in China mostly put emphasis on rigid loss, and neglects elastic loss of grain productivity, especially that from the perspective of farm household land use behavior. At first, the paper elaborates, at different regional scales and temporal levels, the hierarchy of farm household land use and grain production capacity, and the impacts of farm household land use on the elastic loss of grain production capacity. Then, the research progresses in farm household land use, cultivated land intensive use and farmland productivity. We put forward a research framework of grain productivity on the basis of farm household land use and discuss the related study contents and methods. The study on the process, state, and mechanism of farm household land use behavior is the important basis for grain production capacity elastic loss evaluation. We need to explore the spatial and temporal changes of cultivated land intensive use of farm households and the impacts of the difference in intensity on farmland productivity, to analyze the intensity and the difference of elastic loss of grain production capacity at different spatial and temporal scales, and to set up the model of farm household land use-crop growth-the effects on grain production capacity. The researches include the following five aspects: (1) to analyze the mechanism of household land use, (2) to establish a farm household land use decision-making model, (3) to discuss the difference in household land use, (4) to probe into the impacts of farm household land use on grain productivity, (5) to study the change of arable land intensive use and its effects on grain production capacity. Moreover, we need to apply multidisciplinary methods to study on the elastic loss of grain production capacity, such as traditional study method in combination with remote sense information identification, GIS and spatial orientation, and we also need to make some advances in data collection.
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农业供给侧结构性改革的基本内涵与政策建议 [J].
当前农业领域的供给侧改革主要包括三方面内容：一是通过土地制度改革形成适应市场经济要求的、生机勃勃的新型农业经营主体,重点是农村土地承包经营权权属落实、农村集体经营性建设用地改革、农村宅基地制度改革和征地制度改革。二是通过结构调整实现农业领域去产能、降成本、补短板,包括农业经营结构调整,要通过改革形成高效率的新型农业经营主体和新型农业社会化服务体系;农业生产结构调整,要树立大粮食和大国土观念,促进粮食作物、经济作物、饲草料三元种植结构协调发展,促进一二三产业融合互动,充分利用国内国际两种资源、两个市场。三是通过粮食价格体制和补贴制度改革,形成具有国际竞争力的粮食产业,理顺粮食价格机制,设计好和粮价脱钩的粮食补贴政策,树立全新的粮食安全观。
The basic connotation and policy suggestions on the structural reform of agricultural supply side [J].
当前农业领域的供给侧改革主要包括三方面内容：一是通过土地制度改革形成适应市场经济要求的、生机勃勃的新型农业经营主体,重点是农村土地承包经营权权属落实、农村集体经营性建设用地改革、农村宅基地制度改革和征地制度改革。二是通过结构调整实现农业领域去产能、降成本、补短板,包括农业经营结构调整,要通过改革形成高效率的新型农业经营主体和新型农业社会化服务体系;农业生产结构调整,要树立大粮食和大国土观念,促进粮食作物、经济作物、饲草料三元种植结构协调发展,促进一二三产业融合互动,充分利用国内国际两种资源、两个市场。三是通过粮食价格体制和补贴制度改革,形成具有国际竞争力的粮食产业,理顺粮食价格机制,设计好和粮价脱钩的粮食补贴政策,树立全新的粮食安全观。
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乡村人居环境系统的自组织演化机理研究 [J].Analysis of self-organizing evolution mechanism of rural human settlement system [J]. |
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大南岳旅游圈旅游景区空间结构特征分析 [J].Analysis on characteristics of spatial structure in great Nanyue tourism circle [J]. |
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乡村人居环境研究进展与展望 [J].
乡村人居环境的内涵可分解为人文环境、地域空间环境和自然生态环境,三者之间遵循一定的逻辑关联,共同构成乡村人居环境的内容。国外乡村人居环境研究经历了乡村地理、乡村发展和乡村转型3个阶段,研究趋势也由单一学科向综合学科发展。国内乡村人居环境的研究学科主要有建筑学、地理学和社会政治学等,其中地理学经历了乡村聚落研究、乡村环境研究和乡村文化转型研究3个阶段。该文讨论目前乡村人居环境研究存在的问题,并指出其研究方向。
Progress and prospects on the research of rural human settlement environment [J].
乡村人居环境的内涵可分解为人文环境、地域空间环境和自然生态环境,三者之间遵循一定的逻辑关联,共同构成乡村人居环境的内容。国外乡村人居环境研究经历了乡村地理、乡村发展和乡村转型3个阶段,研究趋势也由单一学科向综合学科发展。国内乡村人居环境的研究学科主要有建筑学、地理学和社会政治学等,其中地理学经历了乡村聚落研究、乡村环境研究和乡村文化转型研究3个阶段。该文讨论目前乡村人居环境研究存在的问题,并指出其研究方向。
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中国近20年来耕地面积的变化及其政策启示 [J].https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-3037.1999.04.007 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
利用国家，省，县三级行政单位的统计和普查数据，分析了我国近２０年来耕地面积变化的总体趋势，空间特征和驱动因子。作者建议重新检讨现行的土地管理政策，提出了应尽快从行政区“耕地总量平衡”向“基本农田的有效效保护”转移等等政策措施。
Change of arable land area in China during the past 20 years and its policy implications [J].https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-3037.1999.04.007 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
利用国家，省，县三级行政单位的统计和普查数据，分析了我国近２０年来耕地面积变化的总体趋势，空间特征和驱动因子。作者建议重新检讨现行的土地管理政策，提出了应尽快从行政区“耕地总量平衡”向“基本农田的有效效保护”转移等等政策措施。
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对加速城镇化时期土地利用变化核心学术问题的认识 [J].Research priorities for land use change in the accelerated phase of urbanization [J]. |
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不同环境下农户自主发展能力对收入增长的影响 [J].https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2009.06.001 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
采用改进的信息熵值法和多元线性回归法对河南11个村1251农户调研数据进行处理,基于时空耦合的概念,定量分析了不同地理环境条件下农户自主发展能力与农户持续增收的内在关系。得出如下结论：①农户自主发展能力影响农户农业收入,但耕地和地形等地理因素的影响更为突出,且耕地增长的贡献度在山区最大,丘陵次之,平原最小,能力增长的贡献度恰好相反。②农户自主发展能力和家庭劳动投入显著影响农户非农收入,地理因素对家庭非农收入没有直接影响,地域通达性通过影响家庭自主发展能力间接影响家庭非农收入。③不同阶段农户自主发展能力对农户非农发展的贡献度不同。初级阶段,农户非农发展几乎完全依赖劳动投入的增长,能力增长几乎没有起作用;中级阶段,能力增长和劳动增长的贡献各半;高级阶段,能力的贡献度又跌至15%。④农民非农收入报酬率的增长依赖农户能力增长和地域通达性提高。在低报酬阶段,能力的贡献度约占2/3,但进入中下报酬阶段后,报酬的增长完全依赖地域通达性的增强,进入中上报酬阶段后,地域通达性的作用开始下降,到达高报酬阶段后下降到零,这时报酬的增长完全依赖能力的增长。
Self-developing ability of rural households and its impact on growth of the household income: A geographical study [J].https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2009.06.001 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
采用改进的信息熵值法和多元线性回归法对河南11个村1251农户调研数据进行处理,基于时空耦合的概念,定量分析了不同地理环境条件下农户自主发展能力与农户持续增收的内在关系。得出如下结论：①农户自主发展能力影响农户农业收入,但耕地和地形等地理因素的影响更为突出,且耕地增长的贡献度在山区最大,丘陵次之,平原最小,能力增长的贡献度恰好相反。②农户自主发展能力和家庭劳动投入显著影响农户非农收入,地理因素对家庭非农收入没有直接影响,地域通达性通过影响家庭自主发展能力间接影响家庭非农收入。③不同阶段农户自主发展能力对农户非农发展的贡献度不同。初级阶段,农户非农发展几乎完全依赖劳动投入的增长,能力增长几乎没有起作用;中级阶段,能力增长和劳动增长的贡献各半;高级阶段,能力的贡献度又跌至15%。④农民非农收入报酬率的增长依赖农户能力增长和地域通达性提高。在低报酬阶段,能力的贡献度约占2/3,但进入中下报酬阶段后,报酬的增长完全依赖地域通达性的增强,进入中上报酬阶段后,地域通达性的作用开始下降,到达高报酬阶段后下降到零,这时报酬的增长完全依赖能力的增长。
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中国"四化"协调发展的区域格局及其影响因素 [J].https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb201402005 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
工业化、城镇化、信息化与农业现代化(简称"四化")是促进城乡统筹和区域发展的现实需要与战略导向。本文着力构建综合评价指标体系以揭示我国地级区域四化协调发展的空间格局,借助空间计量经济模型探讨四化协调发展的影响因素,结合相关分析探讨四化协调指数与区域发展主要指标的关联关系,建立识别方法开展基于四化发展状态的问题区域识别研究。结果表明:四化各自发展水平、综合指数、耦合度、协调度均存在明显的空间差异;四化协调发展水平越高,区域经济发展水平和农村发展水平越高,而城乡居民的收入差距和消费差距越低;社会经济、交通区位及自然地理类要素对四化协调状况有不同程度的影响,尤以农业和农村的社会投资、财政投入及金融支持,以及大中型企业发展、道路基础设施建设、居民消费等因素对四化协调发展的影响更为稳健而积极;识别出四化发展存在若干问题的7类计145个地市,主要分布在中部传统农区、西南山地丘陵区和青藏高原区。在城乡转型发展新时期,推进四化协调发展既需要共性制度创新,还需要针对问题区域及其区域问题研制区域政策,有必要继续加大对农业农村的社会投资、财政投入与金融扶持力度,积极扩大内需,优化外向型经济发展战略,提升城镇投资和教育投资的效率。
Spatial pattern and influencing factors of the coordination development of industrialization, informatization, urbanization and agricultural modernization in China: A prefecture level exploratory spatial data analysis [J].https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb201402005 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
工业化、城镇化、信息化与农业现代化(简称"四化")是促进城乡统筹和区域发展的现实需要与战略导向。本文着力构建综合评价指标体系以揭示我国地级区域四化协调发展的空间格局,借助空间计量经济模型探讨四化协调发展的影响因素,结合相关分析探讨四化协调指数与区域发展主要指标的关联关系,建立识别方法开展基于四化发展状态的问题区域识别研究。结果表明:四化各自发展水平、综合指数、耦合度、协调度均存在明显的空间差异;四化协调发展水平越高,区域经济发展水平和农村发展水平越高,而城乡居民的收入差距和消费差距越低;社会经济、交通区位及自然地理类要素对四化协调状况有不同程度的影响,尤以农业和农村的社会投资、财政投入及金融支持,以及大中型企业发展、道路基础设施建设、居民消费等因素对四化协调发展的影响更为稳健而积极;识别出四化发展存在若干问题的7类计145个地市,主要分布在中部传统农区、西南山地丘陵区和青藏高原区。在城乡转型发展新时期,推进四化协调发展既需要共性制度创新,还需要针对问题区域及其区域问题研制区域政策,有必要继续加大对农业农村的社会投资、财政投入与金融扶持力度,积极扩大内需,优化外向型经济发展战略,提升城镇投资和教育投资的效率。
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中国农业与乡村地理研究进展与展望 [J].https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2011.12.005 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
本文回顾了中国农业地理与乡村发展学科的简要发展历程，分析了本学科近年来的研究进展、取得的重要成果及其在区域农业与农村发展决策实践中的应用。通过比较国内外相关领域的研究进展，进一步讨论了适应新时期国家战略需求的中国农业地理与乡村发展创新研究的主要任务和科学命题。中国农业地理与乡村发展学科的最新研究进展归纳为研究成果、新方法与新技术应用、基础研究平台建设与人才培养等方面。其中新近研究成果主要包括：①农业与乡村地理学综合研究；②农村空心化与空心村整治；③新农村建设综合研究；④区域农业与乡村发展研究；⑤研究成果的系统化与国际化。
Research progress and prospect in the disciplines of agricultural geography and rural development in China [J].https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2011.12.005 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
本文回顾了中国农业地理与乡村发展学科的简要发展历程，分析了本学科近年来的研究进展、取得的重要成果及其在区域农业与农村发展决策实践中的应用。通过比较国内外相关领域的研究进展，进一步讨论了适应新时期国家战略需求的中国农业地理与乡村发展创新研究的主要任务和科学命题。中国农业地理与乡村发展学科的最新研究进展归纳为研究成果、新方法与新技术应用、基础研究平台建设与人才培养等方面。其中新近研究成果主要包括：①农业与乡村地理学综合研究；②农村空心化与空心村整治；③新农村建设综合研究；④区域农业与乡村发展研究；⑤研究成果的系统化与国际化。
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国内外可持续农业发展的典型模式与途径 [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-4616.2001.02.029 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
可持续农业作为未来农业发展的一种新趋势和新模式 ,已受到世界各国的普遍关注 .但因历史背景与国情的不同 ,以及对可持续农业发展认识上的差异 ,不同国家和地区在实施可持续农业战略过程中必然存在着不同的模式与途径 .中国的可持续农业总体上适宜确立发展高效生态农业的道路 .具体模式与途径的选择可以是多元的 ,但应强调因地制宜和突出区域特色的原则 .
Typical models and approach of sustainable agricultural development in foreign and home [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-4616.2001.02.029 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
可持续农业作为未来农业发展的一种新趋势和新模式 ,已受到世界各国的普遍关注 .但因历史背景与国情的不同 ,以及对可持续农业发展认识上的差异 ,不同国家和地区在实施可持续农业战略过程中必然存在着不同的模式与途径 .中国的可持续农业总体上适宜确立发展高效生态农业的道路 .具体模式与途径的选择可以是多元的 ,但应强调因地制宜和突出区域特色的原则 .
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论土地整治与乡村空间重构 [J].
目前,中国新型工业化、城镇化和农业现代化的推进仍缺乏重要抓手和空间支撑平台,严重影响了城乡一体化发展进程。亟需通过开展农村土地综合整治,重构乡村生产、生活和生态空间,为推进新农村建设和城乡一体化发展搭建新平台。本文在界定了乡村空间重构,即在快速工业化和城镇化进程中,伴随乡村内生发展需求和外源驱动力综合作用下导致的农村地区社会经济结构重新塑造,乡村地域上生产空间、生活空间和生态空间的优化调整乃至根本性变革的过程,及其产业发展集聚、农民居住集中和资源利用集约3个方面内涵的基础上,分析了工业化和城镇化进程对乡村生产、生活和生态空间的影响;探讨了乡村空间重构的土地整治类型及助推机制;结合农用地整治、空心村整治和工矿用地整治提出了乡村生产、生活和生态空间重构的模式与途径,以及依托土地整治的以自下而上为主、自上而下为辅的乡村空间重构战略。作为城乡一体化发展根基的乡村空间其重要性和基础平台作用应受到足够重视,乡村集约高效的生产空间、宜居适度的生活空间和山清水秀的生态空间的优化重构,有赖于区域农村土地整治工程技术、政策机制与模式的创新。
Land consolidation and rural spatial restructuring [J].
目前,中国新型工业化、城镇化和农业现代化的推进仍缺乏重要抓手和空间支撑平台,严重影响了城乡一体化发展进程。亟需通过开展农村土地综合整治,重构乡村生产、生活和生态空间,为推进新农村建设和城乡一体化发展搭建新平台。本文在界定了乡村空间重构,即在快速工业化和城镇化进程中,伴随乡村内生发展需求和外源驱动力综合作用下导致的农村地区社会经济结构重新塑造,乡村地域上生产空间、生活空间和生态空间的优化调整乃至根本性变革的过程,及其产业发展集聚、农民居住集中和资源利用集约3个方面内涵的基础上,分析了工业化和城镇化进程对乡村生产、生活和生态空间的影响;探讨了乡村空间重构的土地整治类型及助推机制;结合农用地整治、空心村整治和工矿用地整治提出了乡村生产、生活和生态空间重构的模式与途径,以及依托土地整治的以自下而上为主、自上而下为辅的乡村空间重构战略。作为城乡一体化发展根基的乡村空间其重要性和基础平台作用应受到足够重视,乡村集约高效的生产空间、宜居适度的生活空间和山清水秀的生态空间的优化重构,有赖于区域农村土地整治工程技术、政策机制与模式的创新。
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列斐伏尔的空间理论研究[D] . |
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本文强调地理学面临的问题正在由自然因素引发的环境变化到人类因素引发的环境变化,分析了我国“人地关系”变化的严峻态势。指出地理学对“人地关系地域系统”研究可为实施可持续发展战略提供理论基础。阐述了“人地关系地域系统”研究在我国地理学理论发展中的地位,并对如何研究“人地关系地域系统”进行了探讨。
Theoretical studies of man-land system as the core of geographical science [J].https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-0585.2002.02.001 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
本文强调地理学面临的问题正在由自然因素引发的环境变化到人类因素引发的环境变化,分析了我国“人地关系”变化的严峻态势。指出地理学对“人地关系地域系统”研究可为实施可持续发展战略提供理论基础。阐述了“人地关系地域系统”研究在我国地理学理论发展中的地位,并对如何研究“人地关系地域系统”进行了探讨。
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河南农村工业化进程中的人地关系研究 [J].A Study on the man-land relationship in rural industrialization of Henan Province [J]. |
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农业型专业村发展的时空演化: 以河南省南阳市专业村为例 [J].
以实地调查的南阳市83个农业型专业村70多个属性数据为依据,利用ArcGIS软件予以空间可视化,可得如下结论:在农业型专业村属性方面,产值规模普遍偏小,产业类型以蔬菜种植、养殖为主,销售市场主要集中于省域内部,国内市场也占有一定比重;在专业村发展的时间演化方面,呈现明显的阶段性特征,产业结构也发生相应变化;在专业村分布的空间变化方面,由最初的最适宜农业区向山区、城区方向转移,并具有行政边缘化的特征,可以用空间界面理论予以诠释。
Temporal-spatial evolution of agricultural specialized villages development: The case of Nanyang City, Henan Province, China [J].
以实地调查的南阳市83个农业型专业村70多个属性数据为依据,利用ArcGIS软件予以空间可视化,可得如下结论:在农业型专业村属性方面,产值规模普遍偏小,产业类型以蔬菜种植、养殖为主,销售市场主要集中于省域内部,国内市场也占有一定比重;在专业村发展的时间演化方面,呈现明显的阶段性特征,产业结构也发生相应变化;在专业村分布的空间变化方面,由最初的最适宜农业区向山区、城区方向转移,并具有行政边缘化的特征,可以用空间界面理论予以诠释。
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地理学空间研究的转向: 从自然到社会、现实到虚拟 [J].Turns of geography space research: From natural space to social space and realistic space to virtual space [J]. |
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20世纪90年代中国大中城市建设用地扩张及其对耕地的占用 [J].Urban land expansion and arable land loss of the major cities in China in the 1990s [J]. |
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粮食是问题, 但不是粮食的问题 [J].
粮食是问题，但不是粮食的问题农业部农研中心副研究员温铁军一、题解对于中国这样人均仅有０．１公顷农地，且占人口８０％的农民被迫生活在被城市现代化所隔绝的乡士社会中的发展中国家而言，粮食不言而喻是个永恒的问题。但也正因为人地关系高度紧张这种基本国情，是制...
Liangshi shi wenti, dan bushi liangshi de wenti [J].
粮食是问题，但不是粮食的问题农业部农研中心副研究员温铁军一、题解对于中国这样人均仅有０．１公顷农地，且占人口８０％的农民被迫生活在被城市现代化所隔绝的乡士社会中的发展中国家而言，粮食不言而喻是个永恒的问题。但也正因为人地关系高度紧张这种基本国情，是制...
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中国近代农业生产力的考察 [J].
农业占我国国民收入70％左右,农民占全国人口80％左右,农业状况对我国近代国民经济有决定性作用。50年代的经验,一年农业丰收,次年工业即有较大发 展;歉收,即会招致工业困难。我国近代(1840—1949年)农业生产如何,还是个谜,言者各异。我们不能重作调查,只有利用前人研究,作综合考察。
Zhongguo jindai nongye shengchanli de kaocha [J].
农业占我国国民收入70％左右,农民占全国人口80％左右,农业状况对我国近代国民经济有决定性作用。50年代的经验,一年农业丰收,次年工业即有较大发 展;歉收,即会招致工业困难。我国近代(1840—1949年)农业生产如何,还是个谜,言者各异。我们不能重作调查,只有利用前人研究,作综合考察。
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论地理学的研究核心: 人地关系地域系统 [J].Lun dilixue de yanjiu hexin: Rendi guanxi diyu xitong [J]. |
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中国乡村旅游驱动力因子及其系统优化研究 [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-575X.2006.04.002 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
我国乡村旅游系统主要由城市居民、农民、旅游业、政府4个子系统构成。各个子系统在乡村旅游中的基本诉求，形成了乡村旅游的需求动力、供给动力、营销动力和扶持动力，构成了乡村旅游发展的核心动力系统。文章通过对乡村旅游动力系统中8个驱动因子的分析，认为各个驱动因子间存在一定的摩擦，影响系统效能的发挥，并给出了相应的系统优化建议。
A study of the driving factors of rural tourism in China and the systematic optimization [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-575X.2006.04.002 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
我国乡村旅游系统主要由城市居民、农民、旅游业、政府4个子系统构成。各个子系统在乡村旅游中的基本诉求，形成了乡村旅游的需求动力、供给动力、营销动力和扶持动力，构成了乡村旅游发展的核心动力系统。文章通过对乡村旅游动力系统中8个驱动因子的分析，认为各个驱动因子间存在一定的摩擦，影响系统效能的发挥，并给出了相应的系统优化建议。
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“空间的生产”理论、研究进展及其对中国城市研究的启示 [J].Review on studies on production of urban space [J]. |
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大数据时代的空间分析 [J].https://doi.org/10.13203/j.whugis20140143 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
近年来，大数据越来越多地被用来描述正在到来的信息爆炸的时代，也引起了产学研政府部门的高 度重视。首先综述了大数据和空间大数据的特点和最新发展。其次，从GIS基础理论方法的角度回顾和评述了空间分析、空间建模和空间优化等三个地理信息科学 的核心议题。在此基础上，引申出空间理论方法背后隐含的空间哲学和空间思维。最后指出了大数据时代地理信息科学发展的机遇与挑战。
Spatial analysis in the era of big data [J].https://doi.org/10.13203/j.whugis20140143 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
近年来，大数据越来越多地被用来描述正在到来的信息爆炸的时代，也引起了产学研政府部门的高 度重视。首先综述了大数据和空间大数据的特点和最新发展。其次，从GIS基础理论方法的角度回顾和评述了空间分析、空间建模和空间优化等三个地理信息科学 的核心议题。在此基础上，引申出空间理论方法背后隐含的空间哲学和空间思维。最后指出了大数据时代地理信息科学发展的机遇与挑战。
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地理学研究进展与前沿领域 [J].https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1001-8166.2001.05.002 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Geography is a science specializing in the study of the interaction between natural and human elements on the Earth surface and their space-and-time regular patterns. In nature, it is an inter-discipline possessed of the characters innate to natural sciences and social sciences alike and features both integration and regionality. Contemporary geography includes physical geography, human geography and geo-informatics. The achievements attained in the 20th century are listed as following:laws on regional differentiation revealed and exploration of regional systems, a comprehensive study of natural processes taking place on the Earth鈥檚 surface, the man-nature system and regional development research, compilation of various cartographic works in series such as national albums of maps and atlases, development and application of the geographic information system (GIS). Development trends in geographical research features the following aspects: transdisciplinary intersection, infiltration and interdisciplinary fusion with various adjacent disciplines, enhancement of integrated studies within geography itself, further deepening of microscopic studies on geographical processes, the expansion of applied research fields, the modernization of experimental geography and related technical means, change in theoretical thinking models etc. In order to promote development of the Earth system science and to coordinate man-nature relationship, geographers may make contributions to the following research frontiers: a comprehensive study on the processes and spatial patterns of the terrestrial surface, global change and regional responses to it, guarantees of natural resources and ecosystem reconstruction, sustainable regional development, mechanism of man-nature relationship and regulations, geo-informatics and strategies of digital Earth research, etc.
Progress and disciplinary frontiers of geographical research [J].https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1001-8166.2001.05.002 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Geography is a science specializing in the study of the interaction between natural and human elements on the Earth surface and their space-and-time regular patterns. In nature, it is an inter-discipline possessed of the characters innate to natural sciences and social sciences alike and features both integration and regionality. Contemporary geography includes physical geography, human geography and geo-informatics. The achievements attained in the 20th century are listed as following:laws on regional differentiation revealed and exploration of regional systems, a comprehensive study of natural processes taking place on the Earth鈥檚 surface, the man-nature system and regional development research, compilation of various cartographic works in series such as national albums of maps and atlases, development and application of the geographic information system (GIS). Development trends in geographical research features the following aspects: transdisciplinary intersection, infiltration and interdisciplinary fusion with various adjacent disciplines, enhancement of integrated studies within geography itself, further deepening of microscopic studies on geographical processes, the expansion of applied research fields, the modernization of experimental geography and related technical means, change in theoretical thinking models etc. In order to promote development of the Earth system science and to coordinate man-nature relationship, geographers may make contributions to the following research frontiers: a comprehensive study on the processes and spatial patterns of the terrestrial surface, global change and regional responses to it, guarantees of natural resources and ecosystem reconstruction, sustainable regional development, mechanism of man-nature relationship and regulations, geo-informatics and strategies of digital Earth research, etc.
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国家限制开发区"生产—生活—生态"空间的优化: 以湖北省五峰县为例 [J].https://doi.org/10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2015.04.004 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
结合空间利用的效率观、质量观和融合观等相关理论,在科学界定生产空间、生活空间、生态空间涵义的基础上,根据五峰县的具体情况,基于NPP的生态空间评估模型构建了三生空间区划的指标体系,运用地理信息系统、遥感和数理统计等现代技术方法,定量划定三生的空间范围.通过实地调研,结合各乡镇的发展规划体系,以村为单位对定量区划方案进行修正,最终形成了五峰县三生空间的划分方案.由于空间的稀缺性和五峰县三生空间发展面临的系列难题,加之国家对限制开发区三生空间优化的明确导向,拟构建合理的三生空间法律保障体系,健全生态考核机制;明确生态补偿规则,搭建生态补偿政策平台;同时以耕地红线、城乡规划线、生态红线为约束,旨在建设五峰县集约高效的生产空间、宜居适度的生活空间、山清水秀的生态空间,从而实现其生产、生活和生态空间的最优发展.
Spatial optimization from three spaces of production, living and ecology in national restricted zones: A case study of Wufeng County in Hubei Province [J].https://doi.org/10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2015.04.004 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
结合空间利用的效率观、质量观和融合观等相关理论,在科学界定生产空间、生活空间、生态空间涵义的基础上,根据五峰县的具体情况,基于NPP的生态空间评估模型构建了三生空间区划的指标体系,运用地理信息系统、遥感和数理统计等现代技术方法,定量划定三生的空间范围.通过实地调研,结合各乡镇的发展规划体系,以村为单位对定量区划方案进行修正,最终形成了五峰县三生空间的划分方案.由于空间的稀缺性和五峰县三生空间发展面临的系列难题,加之国家对限制开发区三生空间优化的明确导向,拟构建合理的三生空间法律保障体系,健全生态考核机制;明确生态补偿规则,搭建生态补偿政策平台;同时以耕地红线、城乡规划线、生态红线为约束,旨在建设五峰县集约高效的生产空间、宜居适度的生活空间、山清水秀的生态空间,从而实现其生产、生活和生态空间的最优发展.
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Producing healthy outcomes in a rural productive space [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.05.007 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Restructuring within European agriculture is an ever-emerging phenomenon shaped by a reforming Common Agricultural Policy agenda, and increased concentration within the food industry. As an element of reorganisation within Irish agriculture, a new phase of expansion into horticulture emerged in the late 1990s. This happened in correspondence with the introduction of a more concentrated retail market and within the context of specific labour market policies developed to facilitate a flexible workforce. Thus, producers were encouraged to expand production and divert from constraints associated within mainstream farming, as part of a wider entrepreneurial drive within agriculture. Regime change such as has taken place within horticulture corresponds with Guthman's valorisation thesis i.e. moving from so-called commodity crops to speciality crops in an attempt at overcoming a crisis in overproduction (2004). Within this context, 鈥榟ealth鈥 emerges as an iteration of a localisation strategy and an attempt to counter the negative effects of globalisation. As the sector has undergone significant contraction, an unintended legacy of this valorisation project has been innovation in migrant workers' (the labour force) reproduction strategies and a dynamic engagement with the rural space. Taken together, these changes foreground the role of intergovernmental policy in shaping rural productive spaces in unintended ways. Furthermore, it suggests that more research needs to focus on health as a production system and the multi-dimensional factors that position it within a food chain context.
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Progress and Problems in Regional Agricultural Planning from the National Point of View [J].
No abstract is available for this item.
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Exploring the character of rural businesses: Performing change and continuity [J].https://doi.org/10.1177/0269094216655407 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The purpose of this paper is to use a series of business interviews in the UK and Denmark as a means of interrogating the categorisation of rural businesses presented in an earlier publication which sought to understand the rural character of different businesses. Rather than defining a rural business purely on its geographical location, the engagement of a business within a rural economy and its relations with both rural and urban environments are more complex issues. A wider conceptualisation how rural social relations, cultural influences and landscape values forms the basis for analysing how these assets can create value for rural businesses. Understanding these issues can better inform organisations that are seeking to support the rural economy and rural communities. It can also guide business owners themselves as to how they might benefit from being a part of, or associated with, the rural economy in capturing the possibilities linked to a growing urban population. The findings reveal how landscape assets are intertwined in the business concepts as positive drivers despite many voices within rural and economic research pointing at disadvantages relating to distance, sparseness of infrastructure or service provision. The research analysis draws on actor-network theory and this tool reveals promising prospects for future place-based studies in how landscape assets can be enacted in the development of the rural economy.
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Rural space (re)produced-practices, performances and visions: A case study from an Aegean island [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2013.04.007 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
This article explores the critical role of agents – their practices, interests, rationalities and identities – in order to re(focus) the materiality, representations and the imagination of rural space. Based on fieldwork carried out in Mesta, a village of the eastern Aegean island of Chios, it documents different versions of rurality, which emerge in association with actors' spatial practices linked to production or consumption activities. Qualitative data analysis unravels an intensely ‘political series of subversions, conflicts and contradictions. The latter emerge in the context of practices centering on tourism and the construction of the agricultural landscape as an ‘aestheticized’ space through the performance of the rural. I argue that underlying the violation of dominant interpretations of space and normative patterns, often expressed as commodification of ‘tradition’, are diverse worldviews and concerns about the ways self- and community interests are expressed and realized.
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Decline of cultivators and growth of agricultural labourers in India from 2001 to 2011 [J]. |
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Trial by space for a 'radical rural': Introducing alternative localities, representations and lives [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2006.10.002 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
This paper is concerned with bringing together and drawing out some diverse strands of thought and action that are striving—from within a broadly green anti-capitalist agenda—to produce a rural space that is different from and a challenge to the mainstream trajectories that the production of the rural is taking in the global North. First, I outline the main elements of a new model for thinking about rural space in general that tries to incorporate three different facets of ‘space’ that have been teased out through geographical scholarship. This draws inspiration from work by Henri Lefebvre. After demonstrating this model in respect of the post-1945 productivist rural, I introduce it to debates about the emerging contours of the post-productivist countryside. Drawing predominantly on British examples, the second half of the paper develops one element within the heterogeneous potentiality of this post-productivism to consider some key aspects of what I term an example of ‘radical’ rural spatiality. This examines its perceived localities, conceived formal representations and partially lived everyday lives. The final main section gives brief consideration to opportunities now being presented to this radical rurality but also notes the considerable challenges that lie ahead.
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Heterolocal identities? Counter-urbanisation, second homes, and rural consumption in the era of mobilities [J].https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.665 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
This paper forms part of a critical engagement with the aspects of the core population geography concept of ‘counterurbanisation’. It argues that contextualising counterurbanisation within the ‘era of mobilities’ has profound consequences for the concept. After introducing the era of mobilities and its implications for social science, migration's central and multiple places within this discourse are outlined. The paper then examines one set of ideas, ‘dynamic heterolocalism’, that facilitates the understanding of the existential significance today of the circulatory expressions of migration. Returning to counterurbanisation, the paper draws into its orbit the consumers of rural second homes, understanding of which has also increasingly adopted a quasi-heterolocal tone. An inclusive model of what is then recast terminologically as ‘counter-urbanisation’ posits it as an extremely heterodox concept, potentially embracing not only second-home owners but also diverse other consumers of rural space or rural sojourners. The paper concludes by reiterating the sustained centrality of ‘rurality’ to counterurbanisation, second-home consumption, and other expressions of identity within the era of mobilities. Copyright 08 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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A critical response to the (non-)place of rural leisure users within the counterurban imagination [J].
The concept of 'counterurbanisation' is now widely recognised within several branches of academia. Over the last four decades it has come to represent the net migration of people to more rural areas, notably although not exclusively across many countries within the Global North. It focuses on 'permanent' relocation, having separated itself within scholarship from more 'temporary' movements to r...
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Impulses towards a multifunctional transition in rural Australia: Gaps in the research agenda [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2005.08.006 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The direction, complexity and pace of rural change in affluent, western societies can be conceptualized as a multifunctional transition, in which a variable mix of consumption and protection values has emerged, contesting the former dominance of production values, and leading to greater complexity and heterogeneity in rural occupance at all scales. This transition is propelled by three dominant driving forces, namely: agricultural overcapacity; the emergence of market-driven amenity values; and growing societal awareness of sustainability and preservation issues. Australia's generous supply of land and sparse investment in agriculture has facilitated local transitions towards enhanced consumption and protection values, enabling a clearer delineation of emerging differentiated modes of rural occupance than in more contested locales. In Australia seven distinctive modes of occupance can be identified, according to the relative precedence given to production, consumption or protection values. These modes are described as: productivist agricultural; rural amenity; small farm (or pluriactive); peri-metropolitan; marginalized agricultural; conservation; and indigenous. Within these seven modes, alternative trajectories are identified, indicating variability in the intensity and type of resource use. Articulation of the transition concept may provide synergy between discrete discourses in rural research.
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The production of space: A neglected perspective in pastoral research [J].https://doi.org/10.1068/d13111 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
This paper offers an overview of the dispersed elements of social spatiality present in the rich work about pastoralists and their space, and brings them together under the conceptual framework of Lefebvre's production of space. The three facets of pastorally produced space are outlined: 'perceived space', low-intensity spatial footprints linked by seasonal migratory trails; 'conceived space', social territoriality and agrarian socialism; and 'lived space', ideologies of spatial attachment that transcend a particular place. Based on this framework, we discuss and illustrate with case studies the relational aspects between pastoral economic, cultural, and political structures and their spatiality. We suggest that such an engagement highlights the reciprocal constitutive interaction between space and society and the coherent nature of the production of pastoral space. We argue that the extent to which pastoral spatial coherence can be maintained in the face of pressures from other, rival, and often more powerful spatialities is paramount to the sustainability of pastoralist existence.
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Farm women and agritourism: Representing a new rurality [J].https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12051 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract This article examines how farm women represent rurality and agriculture within the context of farm tourism. We draw upon qualitative data analysis of a farm women's agritourism network in southern France centred on sheep milk production for Roquefort cheese. Through the use of choreography, staging, performances, and their bodies, we found that women represent rurality and agriculture in multiple and seemingly contradictory ways. At times they paint portraits of rural life that reproduce human-nature and masculine-feminine binaries affiliated with tradition and cultural heritage. At other times, they choreograph, stage, and perform modernity by accentuating materials, ideals, and roles more accurately articulated as a product of contemporary society. The result is a complex amalgam of agriculture and rural life representations constructed for tourist consumption. We conclude by discussing the opportunities such representations hold for enabling farm women to access cultural influence in agriculture.
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The allocation and management of critical resources in rural China under restructuring: Problems and prospects [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.03.011 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Rapid and far-reaching development transition has triggered corresponding restructuring in rural China especially since the turn of the new millennium. Recently, there has been an increasing trend emphasizing regional resources in formulating rural development policy and restructuring rural areas. This paper analyzes the rural restructuring in China affected by the allocation and management of critical resources including human resource, land resource and capital, by establishing a theoretical framework of “elements-structure-function” of rural territorial system. It is argued that rural restructuring is a process of optimizing the allocation and management of the material and non-material elements affecting the development of rural areas and accomplishing the structure optimization and the function maximum of rural development system. Due to the constraints from the maintained urban–rural dualism of land ownership and household registration, the rapid rural restructuring under both globalization and the implementation of the national strategies on industrialization, urbanization, informatization and agricultural modernization, the changes of the allocation of critical resources have brought about many problems and challenges for the future development of rural China, such as the nonagriculturalization, non-grain preference and abandonment of farmland use together with the derelict and idle rural housing land, the weakening mainbody of rural development, the unfair urban–rural allocation of capital and its structural imbalance, and so on. Aiming at how to resolve the problems and adapt to the challenges, it is pivotal to restructure the rural development space, rural industry, and rural social organization and management mainbody. Furthermore, it is necessary to restructure the contours of state intervention in rural societies and economies and allocate and manage the critical resources affecting rural development, from the perspectives of integrating urban and rural resources, improving the efficiency of resources utilization, and fully understanding the influences of globalization on rural restructuring in China.
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