周素红
, 何嘉明
ZHOU Suhong, HE Jiaming
版权声明: 2017 地理科学进展 《地理科学进展》杂志 版权所有
基金资助:
作者简介:
作者简介: 周素红(1976-),女,广东饶平人,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为城市地理、时空间行为、城市交通、健康地理等,E-mail: eeszsh@mail.sysu.edu.cn。
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摘要
本文从健康地理跨学科的视角入手,以广州市典型郊区的102个样本为研究对象,并选择10个城区街道的927个样本作为参照组进行对比研究,重点探讨中国式快速郊区化背景下,郊区居民健身活动时空约束对心理健康状况的影响。通过构建多元线性回归模型,从微观层面探讨居民城市建成环境、健身行为和心理健康之间的相互关系。结果表明：基于WHO-5反映心理健康量表的评分,郊区样本心理健康状况平均分值只有8.411分,远低于城区样本的平均12.788分,郊区居民的心理健康问题需要引起重视。相对于城区居民,郊区居民健身活动受长距离的通勤及不完善的公共交通系统的时空约束更为明显,健身活动频率更低、时间更短、空间上主要集中在住宅附近。这种差异除了受个人经济社会属性、邻里社区融入等因素影响外,还明显受到建成环境因素的影响。研究结论对弥补过度市场化逐利下造成的城市公共性缺失,维护社会空间公平,完善中国式郊区化下的公共服务设施配套体系,改善郊区居民心理健康状况有重要意义,同时也可为郊区规划及公共政策制定提供参考。
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Abstract
Rapid suburbanization has been an important issue in the urban and social transformation period of China. From the perspective of suburban resident individual activities, urban geography mainly focuses on commuting, leisure, shopping, and other daily behavior, but lack of research on individual mental health. Although mental health issue has been widely discussed in disciplines such as psychology, public health, and medical science, in most studies residents are considered as a homogeneous group, or simply divided by gender, age, income, and other social and economic attributes, and there is a lack of analysis on different spatial dimensions and built environment factors in various urban spaces. As such, based on the interdisciplinary perspective of health geography, this article concentrates on the mental health of suburban residents in the context of the market-oriented suburbanization. A total of 1029 resident samples in 11communities in Guangzhou City were selected for this study. Among these samples, 102 were from the suburban area and 927 were from the inner city area. A multiple linear regression model was used to examine the impact of the urban built environment and health behavior on mental health outcome, in order to reveal the public service inequality between inner city and suburban areas in the rapid suburbanization process. The results show that based on the WHO-5 indices, the average score of mental health of suburban samples was only 8.411 points, which was far lower than the average score of inner city samples of 12.788. Therefore attention should be paid to the mental health situation of suburban residents. The physical activities of the suburban residents are spatially and temporally constrained, which lead to an obvious poor mental health compared to the inner city residents. This health outcome differentiation is not only affected by the economic and social attributes of the individuals and neighborhood relationships, but also significantly affected by the built environment in different urban areas. For inner city residents, their health behaviors can be positively influenced by the high density of fitness facilities and land use patterns both in workplace and residence. However, for suburban residents who have to suffer every day from long-distance commuting and poor design and connectivity of public transport, their mental health outcomes are mainly associated with the built environment of residential community. Their fitness activities will be restricted by the low accessibility of urban public space and imperfect public transport system. This study could provide an important reference for the optimization of the land use structure and public services infrastructure in suburban communities for improving the health of the people living there.
Keywords：
郊区化和郊区空间是城市研究长期关注的重要议题。20世纪西方郊区化在居住、工业、商业和办公等多次郊区化浪潮的推动中,大城市郊区已由原来单一的居住职能扩张成为大都市区的一个次级中心(Cervero, 1989; Zhou et al, 2000)。而不同于其城市扩张的动力和模式,中国随着经济结构转型及土地市场化改革,城市空间的组织方式也由计划经济下政府主导的单位制向市场经济主导下的郊区化转型(Feng et al, 2008; 柴彦威等, 2010)。住房市场化成为中国郊区化的重要推手,市场引导下的快速城市空间扩张导致了城市公共性的缺失,大量居住人口集聚郊区,引发了交通拥堵、职住错位、环境污染、设施不足等诸多城市病。因此众多学者开始从微观个体的角度对郊区空间进行实证研究,关注中国复杂的郊区发展模式下,居民的日常通勤、休闲、购物等出行行为,探讨居住空间变迁下活动方式、活动空间以及社会网络在郊区地带的重构(冯健等, 2013, 2017; 张艳等, 2013; 塔娜等, 2015)。研究表明,土地利用功能单一、规划尺度失控、生活空间与生产空间错位、居民通勤时间过长等现实问题深刻地困扰居民的活动行为,公共服务设施建设也难以在短期内满足大型社区多元化的生活需求(Wang et al, 2011; 柴彦威等, 2011; 吴江洁等, 2016)。
尽管上述研究从地理学及社会学的角度对中国特定背景下郊区居民的时空行为进行了详细描述,从活动视角揭示了郊区化的社会过程及效应,但是由此所造成的郊区居民心理健康(健康地理的角度)的状况却长期缺乏关注。事实上,国外不同学科已经开始了对居民健康方面的研究。相关研究发现,一方面,长时间的日常通勤活动会与日常休闲或社会交往活动产生冲突,个人可支配的闲暇时间减少,邻里关系疏远,从而降低了个人的幸福感,对个人身心健康造成负面效应(Hämmig et al, 2009; Hansson et al, 2011);另一方面,每天暴露于嘈杂、拥堵的通勤环境也会增加通勤者的心理压力。这些问题会造成郊区居民心理健康状况恶化,通常表现为精神衰弱、抑郁、焦虑等症状(Gottholmseder et al, 2009)。中国的郊区化进程在过去10多年间发展迅速,然而尚未从城市地理视角下,对郊区化给居民健康带来的影响进行深入研究。因此有必要将郊区居民个体健康研究置于中国复杂的郊区化背景下,深入探讨其影响因素和机制,从而为创造平等的公共活动空间,满足郊区居民健身活动需求,提高其生活质量、改善其心理健康状况提供理论依据。
对于个体的心理健康状况,主流的研究仍集中于医学和心理学等领域。西方运动医学对体育活动和心理健康的关系进行了研究,认为体育锻炼能作为药物治疗和心理治疗外的第三种干预手段,有氧锻炼或无氧锻炼都可预防或降低抑郁、焦虑等心理症状(Brown et al, 2013; Jayakody et al, 2014)。不仅如此,体育锻炼还能改变个人的身体条件,强健的体魄和优美的线型重塑了自身的魅力,从心理上增强自信和自我效能(Elavsky, 2010)。心理学和社会学则认为,与邻里或亲朋好友共同参与健身活动有助于个体建立良好的社会支持网络,促进邻里融合,增加居民社区归属感。这对于缓和工作和生活中积累的紧张情绪和压力有积极意义(Zhang et al, 2009; Chen et al, 2015)。此外,城市建成环境也是影响居民心理健康的潜在因素。研究表明,建成环境能通过影响居民个人行为以及压力释放等方式影响健康(Araya et al, 2007; Giles-Corti et al, 2016);拥挤的居住条件,较差的空气质量会导致心理失常(Evans et al, 2003);便捷的医疗设施供给能使居民更易获取健康服务(Chen et al, 2015);而密度高、可达性强的城市绿色公共空间和健身空间则有助于促进居民的健身活动和社交活动,从而改善心理健康状况(Mass et al, 2006; Melis et al, 2015)。但这些建成环境因素是否存在城、郊差异,如何影响郊区个体的健康行为则仍需进一步研究。
综上所述,由于通勤、健身、环境等因素对个体健康影响的研究大多集中于心理学和医学等领域,研究对象大多基于个体的性别、年龄、收入等经济社会方面的维度进行对比,而普遍缺乏地理空间维度上的分析,对城区或郊区等不同城市空间的影响考虑不足,忽视了城区和郊区居民健身活动的时空约束差异以及由此对个体健康行为造成的影响。在时间地理学的研究中,时空约束直接影响个体活动的空间范围及时空可达性(Yu et al, 2006)。例如,在特定的空间区位,可选择的交通方式,以及可支配时间等条件约束下所能获取的服务或机会(Ettema et al, 2007)。然而,由于城区和郊区居民的出行时空特征存在明显的差异,郊区建成环境中的各种潜在因素是否会对郊区个体获取健身活动机会造成时空上的限制,这种活动空间约束又是否会影响其心理健康状况,而在中国快速郊区化的背景下,城、郊居民心理健康方面的结构差异又反映出怎样的隐性不平等现象,这些问题有待进行深入探究。
基于此,本文以广州郊区的南村镇华南新城为研究对象,通过与广州城区内的其他社区的对比分析,重点讨论城市郊区化背景下,郊区居民健身活动所受到的时空约束对心理健康状况的影响。国内外不同学科相关研究的成果认为,影响居民心理健康的影响因素可分为个人社会经济属性、日常健康行为、社区邻里融入、以及建成环境这几大类,而健康行为中的散步、健身活动等行为又会受日常时空约束及建成环境影响。本文在此基础上提出如下理论假设：居民的个人社会经济属性、日常健康行为、社区邻里融入会影响居民的心理健康,而郊区的通勤距离,健身活动场所密度、公共交通密度等建成环境因素,则通过影响健身活动机会和活动时间安排弹性,间接影响个体的心理健康。
数据来源于2016年1月进行的“广州市居民居住就业变迁与医疗健康情况”问卷调查。本文重点探讨的郊区案例地广州南村镇街华南新城,位于广州环城高速以外,是在住房市场化改革、广州行政区划调整以及城市发展空间南拓等众多动因下,由开发商主导建设的典型大型商品房社区,位于典型的大型郊区化地带。该地带众多大型楼盘的建设缺乏统一的城市规划指引,交通、医疗、基础教育等设施是由地产开发商提供的。过度市场化导致了城市公共性缺失,服务设施供给不足,交通拥堵等众多问题(袁奇峰等, 2011; 陈梓烽等, 2015)。
另外选择位于城区的10个街道中的社区作为对照组进行对比研究,它们位于广州城区的不同区位,涵盖了广州内环路以内的天河区、越秀区、海珠区、荔湾区等中心城区,以及内环路与环城高速之间的过渡区域(图1)。调研社区的选取充分考虑了典型性和代表性,对广州各街道单位进行住房类型划分,分别代表历史街区、单位社区、商品房社区、保障房社区和城中村等5类社区,最终挑选出特征值最突出的10个街道中的社区作为对照研究的样本社区。
图1 广州调研街道空间分布图
Fig. 1 Spatial distribution of the research communities in Guangzhou
居民活动及心理健康数据通过问卷调查获取,受访者均为年满18岁的居民。郊区调查发放并回收有效问卷102份,其中男性52人,女性50人。作为对照组的城区10个社区发放并回收有效问卷927份,其中男性464人,女性463人。所有参与调查者除填写个人和家庭基本信息外,还详细记录了居住与就业变迁、个人健身与生活习惯、社区环境、医疗健康等方面的信息。所有受访者均已阅读问卷首页上的《调查研究知情同意书》并同意确认签字。问卷信度系数α为0.75,能够支撑本文的研究。
其中,居民自评心理健康数据通过世界卫生组织身心健康指标(WHO-5)国际通用量表中的5个问题进行测量(World Health Organization, 1998)。该量表由5个方面的指标组成,包括在过去2周内关于身心情绪的体验,快乐和心情舒畅、宁静和放松、充满活力和精力充沛、得到了充足休息以及生活充满乐有趣的事情等,每个方面的指标有0~5分共6个选项。将这5个方面指标的得分汇总得到反映心理健康状况的综合指标,该指标得分范围为0~25分,0代表最糟糕的心理状况,25则代表最好的心理状态。该量表在国外不同国家和群体的众多心理健康研究中都证明了较高的信度和效度(Primack, 2003; Topp el al, 2015),其中文版本在中国公共卫生学科领域的实际研究应用中也有很强的一致性(欧爱华,2009)。
根据调研问卷数据,分别对表征居民时空活动约束的散步或体力健身活动的时长、频率、通勤距离等维度进行统计,分析郊区和城区居民的日常锻炼活动特征的时间差异。并综合ArcGIS软件的空间分析,描述城、郊居民健身地点选择与居住地的空间关系特征,刻画影响健康行为的空间约束。
为进一步探讨影响郊区居民心理健康的影响因素,运用SPSS 19.0软件统计分析城、郊不同空间区位居民的心理健康状况差异,并通过构建多元线性回归模型,以居民的个人经济社会属性、社区融入等因素作为控制变量,重点讨论居民的健身活动时空约束、居住地和就业地的建成环境等因素如何影响郊区居民的健康行为时空活动特征,深入对比解释广州健身活动等变量如何影响郊区居民的健康行为,并最终影响到心理健康。
模型分析以城区居民的数据进行对比,充分考虑城区与郊区个体在社会经济状况及建成环境间的差异,对活动空间约束影响的异质性进行分析。模型结果有助于揭示中国快速郊区化背景下居民心理状况差异背后的空间隐喻,为满足郊区居民日常身心健康活动需求,创造平等的公共活动空间提供理论依据。
通过对比广州城市内不同社区的居民心理健康水平(表1),发现郊区居民的心理健康水平与城区居民存在较为明显的差异。郊区居民的平均心理健康得分明显偏低,平均分仅为8.411分,远远低于城区居民的心理健康平均得分12.788分,比得分最高（达到14.389分,居住在高教育和旧单位社区）的社区居民,更是平均低将近6分。
表1 广州市郊区与城区居民心理健康得分差异
Tab.1 Mental health score differences between suburban and inner city residents, Guangzhou
| 社会区 | 调研街道 | 样本量 | 心理健康平均得分 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 郊区社区 | 华南新城 | 102 | 8.441 | |
| 城区社区 | 高教育和旧单位社区 | 新港、天河南、 建设、员村 | 329 | 14.389 |
| 旧城和旧机关社区 | 龙津 六榕 | 166 | 12.621 | |
| 商业社区 | 瑞宝、棠下、石牌、同德 | 432 | 11.632 | |
| 城区总计 | 927 | 12.788 | ||
散步或健身等锻炼活动的频率和时长是衡量居民是否受到时间约束的主要指标,同时也是个体健康行为的重要特征。从问卷数据对居民的健身活动时间特征进行分析(表2),郊区居民整体散步健身的频率较低,时长较短。在散步活动方面,郊区和城区居民的平均时长差异不大,但郊区居民的散步频率仅为1.75次/周,低于城区居民1.93次/周。再从健身活动方面来看,郊区居民的健身频率普遍低于城区居民,高频健身(每周健身3次以上)的居民比例不足20%,与城区居民接近30%的比例相比,差异显著;每周健身时长为3.66小时,低于城区居民的4.04小时。
表2 广州市郊区与城区居民健身活动时间特征对比
Tab.2 Comparison of temporal characteristics of fitness activities between suburban residents and inner city residents, Guangzhou
| 空间区位 | 散步频率/(次/周) | 平均散步 时长/min | 高频健身者比例/% | 平均每周健身时长/h | 平均通勤距离/km |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 郊区 | 1.75 | 26.76 | 19.6 | 3.66 | 11.95 |
| 城区 | 1.93 | 25.64 | 28.9 | 4.04 | 5.59 |
个体居民进行散步、健身等日常健康行为活动的安排主要依赖于闲暇时间。对于绝大部分居民个体而言,工作、通勤等跟职业直接相关的生存性需求活动占据了大部分的时间,其次是以满足家庭需求的维护性和责任性家庭活动。在满足上述2类必要活动时间以外,才能较为自如地安排日常锻炼活动。而现实中,郊区居民平均通勤距离超过10 km,约为城区居民通勤距离的2倍,相应消耗在路上的通勤时间更长,工作及家庭生活之余的闲暇时间则会相应压缩,用于个人体育锻炼或外出进行户外交往方面的自由支配时间只能被迫削减,客观或主观上造成活动时间较短,健身频率不足,更有可能导致对健康行为活动的排斥。
图2a和图2b分别为郊区和城区居民住宅到最常健身地点的空间连线,较好地反映了广州郊区居民健身活动的空间约束现状：绝大部分郊区居民的健身活动地点分布在居住社区及周边,而城区居民的健身地点则有更大的弹性,并不局限于居住地,不少居民能根据活动偏好或日常活动链的安排自主选择健身场所的空间区位,受活动空间的约束明显更少。
图2 广州市郊区与城区居民住宅—健身地空间分布
Fig.2 Spatial distribution of home-fitness places for suburban and inner city residents, Guangzhou
个体外出进行健康行为活动随人群偏好存在显著差异,偏好散步或体力健身活动的人群也存在较大的不同。但总体而言,散步活动对公共空间或服务设施的要求较低,除在城市广场、绿地等公共空间进行散步外,居民还可在街道、小区的附属绿地、商业空间等地进行,活动空间约束更少,对郊区居民影响并非十分显著。但对健身活动而言,则需要特定的场馆、仪器等设施或者广场、绿道、公园等大面积的城市公共空间,因此要满足这类健身活动,对城市的公共服务设施建设的要求会更高。由于郊区地带活动服务设施不足或可达性较低,导致郊区居民健身活动地点较为单一,明显受限于社区内部或住区周边的公共活动空间。
通过对健身活动时空特征的描述分析,与城区居民相比,郊区居民健康行为活动的时间和空间所受到的约束更为明显,不仅表现为时长更短,频率更低,还表现在活动地点较为受限。为深入理解郊区居民健身活动的时空约束对心理健康状况所造成的影响,将通过建立多元线性回归模型,进一步探讨在快速郊区化背景下,居民个体的心理健康与个人经济社会属性、活动时空间约束、社区融入以及建成环境之间的关系。
在回归模型中,因变量为WHO-5个体心理健康总分,直接反映了居民的身心健康状况。经检验,调查样本的得分分布偏度为0.40,峰度为-0.01,两者均小于1且接近0,数据符合正态分布,同时因变量属于连续变量,因此可采用多元线性回归模型进行分析。
该模型中,个人社会属性和社区邻里融入作为控制变量,解释变量则包括活动空间约束属性以及所处社区的建成环境属性这几大类。具体选择的自变量为：个人属性包括性别、年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、就业状况、是否拥有孩子,作为自变量;反映休闲健身活动的时空间约束的属性则选取通勤距离、每周散步的频率、平均每次散步的时长、每周体力健身活动的频率、平均每次体力健身活动的时长以及健身活动满意度作为自变量;社区融入则通过居住社区内亲友的数量,除亲友外在社区内见面打招呼的居民数量,以及通过邻里关系综合评分量表得出的邻里关系总分作为邻里融入的自变量;居住区建成环境则参照了美国学者(Cervero et al, 1997; Ewing et al, 2010)等提出的建成环境变量指标,并基于地理背景的不确定性因素考虑(Kwan, 2012),同时关注居住地和工作地2大核心锚点的建成环境,对周边的建成环境进行多维度量化评估。分别考虑所属社区或工作地点所属社区的密度、多样性、公交便捷度等维度,对应选取了5个方面的建成环境指标：采用广州市土地利用数据计算土地利用混合度;根据广州市兴趣点POI数据计算社区范围内活动健身设施密度,包括广场、公园、绿地、体育场馆、健身设施等服务设施类型点的密度;同理通过POI密度计算医疗服务设施密度;通过广州市公交车及地铁站点信息计算社区范围内公共交通站点密度(Weich et al, 2002; Galea et al, 2005; Chen et al, 2015; Melis et al, 2015)。城、郊居住区建成环境数据总体对比如表3所示。从整体均值上看,郊区样本社区在混合度和密度各项指标均明显低于城区样本的总体均值,但是否与心理健康有直接关联仍需进一步验证。
表3 广州市郊区与城区居住区建成环境数据均值对比
Tab.3 Comparison of the built environment between suburban and inner city communities, Guangzhou
| 空间区位 | 用地混合度 | 医疗服务设施密度/(个/km2) | 公共交通站点密度/(个/km2) | 健身活动设施密度/(个/km2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 郊区样本社区 | 0.520 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 2.43 |
| 城区样本社区 | 0.641 | 18.79 | 22.12 | 33.72 |
模型1对郊区居民群体心理健康得分进行多元线性回归分析,解释变量为健身活动的时空约束因素和就业地周边建成环境因素,而个人经济社会属性及社区融入状况等因素则作为控制变量;模型2则是对城区居民群体心理健康的回归分析,作为模型1的对照组进行对比分析;而模型3则是全体样本居住地建成环境对健康得分影响的回归模型(表4)。
表4 广州郊区与城区居民心理健康的多元线性回归模型结果
Tab.4 Results of multiple linear regression model of mental health of Guangzhou residents
| 变量 | 取值 | 回归系数 B | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 模型1(郊区样本) | 模型2(城区样本) | 模型3(全体样本) | ||
| 性别 | 1=男 | -0.604 | -0.127 | -0.229 |
| 年龄 | 1=19~30岁 | 2.120 | 1.223 | 1.433 |
| 2=31~45岁 | 1.744 | 0.465 | 0.853 | |
| 3=46~55岁 | -0.975* | -0.318** | -0.056** | |
| 文化程度 | 1=初中及以下 | -3.241** | -1.349*** | -1.811** |
| 2=高中、职高、大专 | -0.774 | -0.605* | -0.605 | |
| 婚姻状况 | 1=未婚 | 0.130 | 0.882 | 0.341 |
| 2=已婚 | -0.014* | -0.022** | -0.017** | |
| 有否孩子 | 1=有 | -0.166 | -0.087 | -0.117 |
| 职业状况 | 1=有受雇佣 | 0.346 | 0.837 | 0.586 |
| 社区融入 | 社区内亲友数 | 0.926 | -0.114 | 0.279 |
| 社区打招呼朋友数 | 1.357*** | 0.495*** | 0.541*** | |
| 邻里关系 | 0.684** | 0.787** | 0.772** | |
| 健身活动时空约束 | 散步频率 | -0.092 | 0.029 | 0.014 |
| 平均散步时长 | 0.015 | 0.008* | 0.013* | |
| 健身频率 | 0.873** | 0.376*** | 0.632*** | |
| 平均健身时长 | 0.303** | 0.276*** | 0.232** | |
| 通勤距离 | -0.433** | -0.173* | -0.395* | |
| 就业地建成环境 | 用地混合度 | 0.021* | 0.001 | |
| 医疗服务设施密度 | 0.065 | -0.011 | ||
| 公交站点密度 | 0.942 | -0.027 | ||
| 健身活动设施密度 | 0.598 | 0.357* | ||
| 居住地建成环境 | 用地混合度 | 0.018** | ||
| 医疗服务设施密度 | 0.032 | |||
| 公交站点密度 | 0.115* | |||
| 健身活动设施密度 | 0.704** | |||
| 截距 | 7.112 | 9.992 | 6.119 | |
从模型的拟合信息看,模型1、模型2和模型3的R2分别为0.447、0.539和0.387,模型总体显著性均为0.000,拟合程度均达到预期。结果显示,在控制变量方面,城区和郊区居民的结果比较相似,个人基本经济社会属性是居民健康状况的主要影响因素。其中年龄、文化程度等因素对郊区居民的心理健康影响较为显著,低收入阶层及学历为初中以下的群体,自我效能感和生活满意度普遍更低,心理不健康的概率也更大;性别、是否有孩子、就业状况等方面的因素在模型检验中并不显著;在社区融入的指标中,“社区内打招呼的朋友数量”对居民心理健康有显著的正向作用;同样,邻里关系的综合评分也对居民心理健康有显著积极的作用。
4.2.1 个体健身活动影响心理健康
在反映健身活动时空约束的指标方面,健身活动的时长、频率以及健身满意度都对城区和郊区居民健康有显著的正向作用。另外,通过偏相关分析进行检验,即便在剔除通勤距离等因素对心理健康的直接影响后进行偏相关检验,健身活动的时长和频率仍与心理健康状况在0.01的显著水平下存在正相关性,这也与运动医学的主流研究结论一致。一方面,体育锻炼能磨练意志品质,培养忍耐力、自制力、自信心等心理品质,同时还能通过宣泄或代偿迁移的方式缓解工作和生活中产生的情绪波动;另一方面,锻炼活动有助于增强与亲友的沟通信任,消除隔阂,提高集体荣誉感和责任感,从而消除人的紧张抑郁情绪(Biddle et al, 2011; Brown et al, 2013; Jayakody et al, 2014)。但从模型1和2结果对比可以得出,郊区居民健身活动约束方面几个指标的回归系数B的绝对值都较大,健康状况受通勤距离、健身活动频率、满意度的影响都明显比城区居民大。遗憾的是,郊区居民由于通勤距离更长,通勤时耗更长,个人自由支配的闲暇时间更少,受时空约束更大(van Ommeren et al, 2011; Delbosc, 2012)。相应地,参与锻炼活动的频率也更低,每次活动的时长有限,以致长期的生活工作压力无法得到有效的宣泄,这也是造成心理健康状况更差的重要原因。
4.2.2 健身活动机会影响心理健康
居民健身活动机会主要体现在建成环境因素的影响。由于就业地和居住地是日常出行活动的2个核心时空锚点,两者的空间区位及周边建成环境是影响出行及活动链安排的一个重要因素。对于居住在城区的居民而言,就业地健身活动设施密度与城区居民健康有正相关关系,完善的公共服务及健身活动配套设施能为居民提供更多的健身活动机会,同时让居民的活动空间有更多的选择弹性,既可靠近工作地,在工作之余享受文体活动;也可在居住社区附近自主选择锻炼活动设施和活动空间,满足更多个性化的锻炼活动需求。但对于郊区居民而言,就业地的健身活动设施密度影响并不显著。结合问卷中健身地点空间区位选择,郊区居民的活动健身地点基本都集中在居住社区周边,原因是郊区居民的通勤活动受限于特定的出行方式。为此,必须调整自己的活动规律,被动地根据物业巴士、单位班车或城市公共交通的刚性时刻表来安排日常出行活动链。在这种情况下,郊区居民往往不得不放弃在工作地附近进行体育健身,仅局限于住区周边进行休闲活动。这种长期不受主观意愿控制的僵硬生活安排往往会对个体的心理状况产生负面效益,居民更容易产生抑郁等情绪。
为进一步认识居住地的建成环境是否会对郊区居民的健身活动造成时空约束,本文在模型1和2的基础上,通过模型3对广州居民居住地建成环境进行回归分析。但由于郊区居民样本建成环境存在一定的同质性,无法进行分类回归,因此在模型3中将所有样本共同进入模型中考察居住社区周边建成环境对心理健康的影响。
模型3结果显示,居住社区的用地混合度、公交站点密度和健身活动设施密度具有一定的显著性。而表3所显示的用地混合度、健身活动设施密度等建成环境的城区和郊区差异,也进一步表征了城市绿色公共空间或健身活动设施空间布局的不均衡,空间上的可达性成为影响居民健身散步活动频率和时长的重要因素。对于用地类型单一、健身活动设施不足的郊区社区而言,居民就近外出健身活动的选择性较少,往往需要耗费更多的时间成本才能满足个性化的健身活动需求。因此公共交通站点密度低的居住区很可能会对健康行为产生机会剥夺和空间限制,这对于每天需要长时间通勤而耗费大量时间的郊区居民来说影响较大。可以说,日常健身活动的时空约束造成了郊区居民更少的健身活动机会,持续紧张的工作和生活状态难以得到有效排解,最终折射出较差的心理健康状况。
由房地产主导下的城市建设成为中国郊区化空间扩张的主要动力,在深刻改变城市空间结构的同时,还带来了居住区服务设施配置、公共活动空间、个体居民健康等城市公共性的话题。本文以城市郊区居民的基本健身活动时空特征为基础,通过对日常心理健康状况进行分析,以揭示快速郊区化背景下城郊通勤、公服配套、土地利用等建成环境因素对日常锻炼行为活动的约束,最终影响居民的心理健康状况。这也是从城市地理、公共健康、运动医学领域的一次跨学科实证研究探索,主要研究结论有：
(1) 郊区居民心理健康得分偏低。利用WHO-5量表对被调查心理健康状况进行评分,发现郊区样本平均分值只有8.411分,远低于城区样本的12.788分,郊区居民的心理健康问题需要引起重视。
(2) 健康行为活动的时空特征差异揭示了郊居城区居民之间隐性的活动机会与权利的不平等现象。本文在控制个人社会经济属性等变量后发现,健身活动对个体心理健康产生重要的影响。城区居民不仅有更多的身心锻炼时间,更高的健身频率,而且在空间上也有更多的自主选择弹性和个性化的活动机会,因此也拥有更好的心理健康状态。而郊区居民除了每天的职业工作外,其日常锻炼、散步等健康行为则更明显地受制于漫长的通勤时耗和刚性的通勤模式,不仅直接压缩了私人可支配的闲暇时间,健身活动频率更低,而且空间上也长期禁锢在社区范围内,并由此削减了健康行为的机会和权利,对生活质量及心理健康产生负面影响。
(3) 居住空间的建成环境进一步加剧对郊区居民健身活动的时空约束。模型结果显示,对于土地利用类型单一、公共健身活动空间可达性不高、公共交通设施不足的郊区而言,郊区居民进行改善自我身心条件的健康活动机会受到较大的限制。由于郊区居民的通勤距离较长,出行模式也很大程度上受楼盘的物业巴士、单位班车及其他公共交通的刚性时空约束,因而对公共广场、绿道、大型公园及健身活动设施布局的可达性及均衡性有更多的依赖,而这也直接影响到居民的日常健康行为的选择机会。遗憾的是,目前郊区的公共活动设施供给不足也暴露了中国市场主导下快速郊区化带来的弊病。城市化的往外蔓延形成了用地类型较为单一的居住楼盘,而市场主导下的土地利用发展模式往往容易走向偏差,难以满足人口快速增长对公共服务设施的需求,客观上对郊区居民的健身活动造成机会剥夺和空间限制,长期积累的工作生活压力无法及时排解,最终折射出较低的生活质量和较差心理状态。
活动视角下健康地理研究的意义在于从个体健康方面入手,揭示市场化背景下城市建成环境的不平等现象,为提高郊区居民的生活质量,满足身心健康活动需求,实现真正意义上的公共服务均等化提供决策依据。由于郊区居民的空间移动性受到较大的限制,在出行空间和活动环境方面处于弱势地位,迫切需要探索以人为本的郊区化发展政策予以应对。一方面,需要对郊区扩张的时序和相应的配套进行合理的引导,实现土地利用、公共交通、社区开发与服务设施之间的协同发展;另一方面,城市规划及公共政策的编制需要更多考虑空间公平性的问题,对过度市场化的开发现状进行及时“纠偏”,根据郊区居民活动需求合理分配郊区的公共活动资源,改善土地利用结构,弥补商业资本逐利下造成的城市公共性的缺失。为改善个体身心健康状况提供更好的环境。
本文对心理健康的研究侧重从城市居住空间分化的角度进行考察,但由于数据的限制,未能充分将不同郊区类型的空间差异进行度量并引入模型,同时由于缺乏活动日志数据,未能从个体居民详细的时空安排角度进行分析,这些问题将在后续的研究中加以改进。
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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应对全球气候变化, 重新审视中国城市单位社区 [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-9493.2010.01.005 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
作为对全球气候变化的一种选择,低碳城市空间与规划成为当下关注的焦点.面对快速城市化、经济社会全面转型与城市空间重构,中国大城市亟需反思当前的城市空间组织模式与郊区化模式,并思考适合中国国情的低碳城市空间组织原则.本文从经济效益和社会效益两个角度,全面比较两种主要的城市空间组织模式:分区制与单位制,力图从单位的视角给出低碳城市空间发展的启示.另外,文章借鉴美国,日本等发达国家城市郊区化的经验与教训,反思了目前中国城市郊区化模式及郊区空间组织方式.尝试提出转型期中国城市构建低碳城市的空间组织原则和发展战略,设想了可能应对全球气候变化的中国城市空间组织模式.
Rethinking danwei community in urban China: Actions to global climate changes [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-9493.2010.01.005 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
作为对全球气候变化的一种选择,低碳城市空间与规划成为当下关注的焦点.面对快速城市化、经济社会全面转型与城市空间重构,中国大城市亟需反思当前的城市空间组织模式与郊区化模式,并思考适合中国国情的低碳城市空间组织原则.本文从经济效益和社会效益两个角度,全面比较两种主要的城市空间组织模式:分区制与单位制,力图从单位的视角给出低碳城市空间发展的启示.另外,文章借鉴美国,日本等发达国家城市郊区化的经验与教训,反思了目前中国城市郊区化模式及郊区空间组织方式.尝试提出转型期中国城市构建低碳城市的空间组织原则和发展战略,设想了可能应对全球气候变化的中国城市空间组织模式.
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职住分离的空间差异性及其影响因素研究 [J].https://doi.org/10.11821/xb201102002 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
制度转型与空间重构背景下,中国大城市的居住与就业空间关系发生明显变化,职住分离现象逐渐凸显。尽管城市地理学者逐步关注转型期城市居住与就业空间关系的变化对居民通勤行为的影响,然而深入探讨微观个体所承受的职住分离程度的差异性及其影响因素的实证研究仍然缺乏。基于对北京城市520户家庭、806个通勤样本的问卷调查数据,本文借助多元回归模型验证了居住区类型、家庭及住房状况、以及其他社会经济属性等居民职住分离程度差异性的影响,从而折射城市转型过程中宏观制度性及结构性因素（如土地市场化改革、住房政策、单位制度改革、城市空间扩展等）对个体日常生活经历差异性的影响。
Spatial differences of home-work separation and the impacts of housing policy and urban sprawl: Evidence from household survey data in Beijing [J].https://doi.org/10.11821/xb201102002 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
制度转型与空间重构背景下,中国大城市的居住与就业空间关系发生明显变化,职住分离现象逐渐凸显。尽管城市地理学者逐步关注转型期城市居住与就业空间关系的变化对居民通勤行为的影响,然而深入探讨微观个体所承受的职住分离程度的差异性及其影响因素的实证研究仍然缺乏。基于对北京城市520户家庭、806个通勤样本的问卷调查数据,本文借助多元回归模型验证了居住区类型、家庭及住房状况、以及其他社会经济属性等居民职住分离程度差异性的影响,从而折射城市转型过程中宏观制度性及结构性因素（如土地市场化改革、住房政策、单位制度改革、城市空间扩展等）对个体日常生活经历差异性的影响。
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| [3] |
不同模式下城市郊区居民工作日出行行为的比较研究: 基于北京与广州的案例分析 [J].A comparative studies of suburban residents' travel behavior on weekdays under different suburbanization modes: A case analysis of Beijing and Guangzhou [J]. |
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西方社会空间视角下的郊区化研究及其启示 [J].
作为一种分散型城市化,郊区化始于20世纪20年代,盛于二战后的发达国家。西方早期的郊区化研究主要集中在郊区化的发展浪潮,郊区化的界定方法、发展机制、后果和政府调控等方面,90年代所提出的＂新郊区化＂概念将郊区化与边缘城市、郊区次级就业中心的发展联系在一起。21世纪以来,社会空间成为西方郊区化研究者最关注的话题。本文基于近年西方学者关于郊区化研究的最新文献,从郊区化与居住空间重构、郊区化与住房选择和分异、郊区化与居民通勤行为、郊区化与居民生活空间、郊区化的社会影响等方面总结了西方学者在社会空间视角下的郊区化研究方面所取得的研究成果。然后,分析了西方研究议题转变和研究方法创新对中国郊区化研究所带来的启示。最后,从研究视角拓展、定性方法应用、微观机理探讨、多重互动模式建构等方面对未来中国郊区化的研究进行展望。
Recent progress of the research of suburbanization in western countries based on the viewpoint of social space and its enlightment [J].
作为一种分散型城市化,郊区化始于20世纪20年代,盛于二战后的发达国家。西方早期的郊区化研究主要集中在郊区化的发展浪潮,郊区化的界定方法、发展机制、后果和政府调控等方面,90年代所提出的＂新郊区化＂概念将郊区化与边缘城市、郊区次级就业中心的发展联系在一起。21世纪以来,社会空间成为西方郊区化研究者最关注的话题。本文基于近年西方学者关于郊区化研究的最新文献,从郊区化与居住空间重构、郊区化与住房选择和分异、郊区化与居民通勤行为、郊区化与居民生活空间、郊区化的社会影响等方面总结了西方学者在社会空间视角下的郊区化研究方面所取得的研究成果。然后,分析了西方研究议题转变和研究方法创新对中国郊区化研究所带来的启示。最后,从研究视角拓展、定性方法应用、微观机理探讨、多重互动模式建构等方面对未来中国郊区化的研究进行展望。
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老年人群心理健康指数量表的应用评价 [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-3674.2009.02.005 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
目的 进行WHO-5幸福感指数量表(WHO-5 Well-Being Index)的评价,初步探讨不同地区老年人群健康状况及可能的影响因素,为开展老年人健康促进工作提供参考依据.方法 采用非随机抽样调查方法,选择WHO-5幸福指数量表及自制调查问卷对广州市、贵州黔西南州60岁及以上老年人进行调查,资料分析采用描述性统计、t检验、χ2检验、可靠性分析及因子分析等.结果 广州老年幸福感指数得分(17.27)高于贵州(11.86),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),WHO-5幸福指数量表评价结果均有较好的信度(Cronbach's α=0.82)、效度(累计贡献率为58.22%)和反应度(t=2.56,P=0.016).结论 WHO-5幸福指数量表适合我国60岁及以上老年人幸福感测量.
Study on the mental health index questionnaire for elder people [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-3674.2009.02.005 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
目的 进行WHO-5幸福感指数量表(WHO-5 Well-Being Index)的评价,初步探讨不同地区老年人群健康状况及可能的影响因素,为开展老年人健康促进工作提供参考依据.方法 采用非随机抽样调查方法,选择WHO-5幸福指数量表及自制调查问卷对广州市、贵州黔西南州60岁及以上老年人进行调查,资料分析采用描述性统计、t检验、χ2检验、可靠性分析及因子分析等.结果 广州老年幸福感指数得分(17.27)高于贵州(11.86),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),WHO-5幸福指数量表评价结果均有较好的信度(Cronbach's α=0.82)、效度(累计贡献率为58.22%)和反应度(t=2.56,P=0.016).结论 WHO-5幸福指数量表适合我国60岁及以上老年人幸福感测量.
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| [6] |
建成环境对北京市郊区居民工作日汽车出行的影响 [J].https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb201510011 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
郊区化导致的汽车出行增加及相关的城市环境与社会问题日益成为城市研究关注的焦点,但目前国内对建成环境与汽车出行行为的研究刚刚起步。基于GPS与活动日志相结合的居民一周活动与出行数据,利用GIS空间分析分别以居住地、工作地和活动空间作为地理背景,分析建成环境对于郊区居民汽车出行距离的影响因素。研究发现,建成环境对工作日汽车出行的影响因地理背景的选择而有不同。整日出行受到工作地和活动空间的影响,工作地与活动空间建设密度增高汽车出行减少,但是居住空间的影响不显著;通勤出行受到居住地、工作地和活动空间的影响,居住地商业密度提高和建设密度降低、工作地和活动空间建设密度提高,汽车出行减少;非工作活动出行也受到居住地、工作地和活动空间的影响,居住地、工作地和活动空间的公交密度低、工作地和活动空间建设密度高,汽车出行少。基于研究结果,本文对地理背景不确定性问题进行了探讨,提出出行行为的研究需要考虑居住地以外其他地理背景的影响,并对控制汽车使用的公共政策提出了建议。
The relationship between the built environment and car travel distance on weekdays in Beijing [J].https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb201510011 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
郊区化导致的汽车出行增加及相关的城市环境与社会问题日益成为城市研究关注的焦点,但目前国内对建成环境与汽车出行行为的研究刚刚起步。基于GPS与活动日志相结合的居民一周活动与出行数据,利用GIS空间分析分别以居住地、工作地和活动空间作为地理背景,分析建成环境对于郊区居民汽车出行距离的影响因素。研究发现,建成环境对工作日汽车出行的影响因地理背景的选择而有不同。整日出行受到工作地和活动空间的影响,工作地与活动空间建设密度增高汽车出行减少,但是居住空间的影响不显著;通勤出行受到居住地、工作地和活动空间的影响,居住地商业密度提高和建设密度降低、工作地和活动空间建设密度提高,汽车出行减少;非工作活动出行也受到居住地、工作地和活动空间的影响,居住地、工作地和活动空间的公交密度低、工作地和活动空间建设密度高,汽车出行少。基于研究结果,本文对地理背景不确定性问题进行了探讨,提出出行行为的研究需要考虑居住地以外其他地理背景的影响,并对控制汽车使用的公共政策提出了建议。
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通勤时间的幸福绩效: 基于中国家庭追踪调查的实证研究 [J].
幸福不仅是个人的心愿,也是城市管理者的执政目标之一,因此,对于城市中普遍存在的通勤时间过长所带来的心理影响研究十分必要。本文采用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,考察了通勤时间对于个人主观幸福感的影响。实证结果显示,通勤时间对于个人幸福感存在显著的负向影响,随着个人通勤时间的增加,个人幸福感也随之降低。通勤时间与生活满意度也同样呈现显著的负相关,这也证明了结论的稳健性。通过进一步考察通勤时间负面影响的异质性发现,通勤时间对幸福感的影响在不同社会群体间存在差异,对于个人收入高、教育程度高、家庭收入高的居民而言,通勤时间所造成的负面心理影响更大。因此,政府应重视通勤对居民幸福感的影响,并致力于提高交通效率。
The impact of commuting time on subjective happiness: Evidence from china family panel survey data [J].
幸福不仅是个人的心愿,也是城市管理者的执政目标之一,因此,对于城市中普遍存在的通勤时间过长所带来的心理影响研究十分必要。本文采用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,考察了通勤时间对于个人主观幸福感的影响。实证结果显示,通勤时间对于个人幸福感存在显著的负向影响,随着个人通勤时间的增加,个人幸福感也随之降低。通勤时间与生活满意度也同样呈现显著的负相关,这也证明了结论的稳健性。通过进一步考察通勤时间负面影响的异质性发现,通勤时间对幸福感的影响在不同社会群体间存在差异,对于个人收入高、教育程度高、家庭收入高的居民而言,通勤时间所造成的负面心理影响更大。因此,政府应重视通勤对居民幸福感的影响,并致力于提高交通效率。
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从“大盘”到“新城”: 广州“华南板块”重构思考 [J].
1990年代以来,城市房地产发展建设逐渐成为城市空间拓展与城市建设的"主力军",以至于对城市空间结构产生深刻影响,特别是与城市空间发展和城市公共性等议题密切联系的有关居住区的规模、选址、公共服务配置等,成为政府以及企业博弈的"前台"。然而,广州"华南板块"居住"大盘"开发则提供了一个由于县(区)级政府和市级政府在利益博弈与空间管制过渡期间,开发商主导与"运营"楼盘建设,政府缺位和不作为而导致城市公共性丧失的微观分析样本。本文探讨了"华南板块"大盘开发的形成及其后果,并以广州城市发展战略研究为基础,希冀以"新城"理念重构"华南板块",以弥补城市公共性的缺失,从而促使"居住大盘"有望向真正意义上的城市转变。
From “large community” to “new town”: Reorganization of “south china residential block” [J].
1990年代以来,城市房地产发展建设逐渐成为城市空间拓展与城市建设的"主力军",以至于对城市空间结构产生深刻影响,特别是与城市空间发展和城市公共性等议题密切联系的有关居住区的规模、选址、公共服务配置等,成为政府以及企业博弈的"前台"。然而,广州"华南板块"居住"大盘"开发则提供了一个由于县(区)级政府和市级政府在利益博弈与空间管制过渡期间,开发商主导与"运营"楼盘建设,政府缺位和不作为而导致城市公共性丧失的微观分析样本。本文探讨了"华南板块"大盘开发的形成及其后果,并以广州城市发展战略研究为基础,希冀以"新城"理念重构"华南板块",以弥补城市公共性的缺失,从而促使"居住大盘"有望向真正意义上的城市转变。
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生活活动空间的郊区化研究 [J].https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.12.001 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
中国城市的郊区化不仅重塑了城市内部空间结构，还推动了居民生活方式与生活活动空间的转变。生活活动空间的郊区化成为继人口、工业、商业及办公业等郊区化浪潮之后，郊区化发展的新趋势。面对郊区化所伴随的能源资源消耗、环境污染、交通拥堵、生活质量下降，以及社会极化与空间分异等新问题，亟待引入行为研究方法，从个体生活活动空间的视角重新解读中国城市郊区化的过程，并反思目前郊区化进程中城市空间组织及发展模式的弊端。本文以生活活动空间为切入点，将地理学与社会学相结合，提出了新的郊区化研究视角、研究框架、研究内容与方法，试图基于完整的个体生活经历，对以往单一要素的郊区化研究进行整合，并借助GIS 进行可视化的地理叙事方法，为开展生活活动空间的郊区化研究提供有效途径；这不仅对于郊区化理论创新具有重要意义，同时也丰富了基于个体行为的城市空间研究框架。
Study on suburbanization of living and activity space [J].https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.12.001 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
中国城市的郊区化不仅重塑了城市内部空间结构，还推动了居民生活方式与生活活动空间的转变。生活活动空间的郊区化成为继人口、工业、商业及办公业等郊区化浪潮之后，郊区化发展的新趋势。面对郊区化所伴随的能源资源消耗、环境污染、交通拥堵、生活质量下降，以及社会极化与空间分异等新问题，亟待引入行为研究方法，从个体生活活动空间的视角重新解读中国城市郊区化的过程，并反思目前郊区化进程中城市空间组织及发展模式的弊端。本文以生活活动空间为切入点，将地理学与社会学相结合，提出了新的郊区化研究视角、研究框架、研究内容与方法，试图基于完整的个体生活经历，对以往单一要素的郊区化研究进行整合，并借助GIS 进行可视化的地理叙事方法，为开展生活活动空间的郊区化研究提供有效途径；这不仅对于郊区化理论创新具有重要意义，同时也丰富了基于个体行为的城市空间研究框架。
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Common mental disorders and the built environment in Santiago, Chile [J].https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.024596 URL PMID: 17470953 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract BACKGROUND: There is growing research interest in the influence of the built environment on mental disorders. AIMS: To estimate the variation in the prevalence of common mental disorders attributable to individuals and the built environment of geographical sectors where they live. METHOD: A sample of 3870 adults (response rate 90%) clustered in 248 geographical sectors participated in a household cross-sectional survey in Santiago, Chile. Independently rated contextual measures of the built environment were obtained. The Clinical Interview Schedule was used to estimate the prevalence of common mental disorders. RESULTS: There was a significant association between the quality of the built environment of small geographical sectors and the presence of common mental disorders among its residents. The better the quality of the built environment, the lower the scores for psychiatric symptoms; however, only a small proportion of the variation in common mental disorder existed at sector level, after adjusting for individual factors. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from our study, using a contextual assessment of the quality of the built environment and multilevel modelling in the analysis, suggest these associations may be more marked in non-Western settings with more homogeneous geographical sectors.
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| [11] |
Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: A review of reviews [J].https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090185 URL PMID: 21807669 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
To synthesise reviews investigating physical activity and depression, anxiety, self-esteem and cognitive functioning in children and adolescents and to assess the association between sedentary behaviour and mental health by performing a brief review.Searches were performed in 2010. Inclusion criteria specified review articles reporting chronic physical activity and at least one mental health outcome that included depression, anxiety/stress, self-esteem and cognitive functioning in children or adolescents.Four review articles reported evidence concerning depression, four for anxiety, three for self-esteem and seven for cognitive functioning. Nine primary studies assessed associations between sedentary behaviour and mental health. Physical activity has potentially beneficial effects for reduced depression, but the evidence base is limited. Intervention designs are low in quality, and many reviews include cross-sectional studies. Physical activity interventions have been shown to have a small beneficial effect for reduced anxiety, but the evidence base is limited. Physical activity can lead to improvements in self-esteem, at least in the short term. However, there is a paucity of good quality research. Reviews on physical activity and cognitive functioning have provided evidence that routine physical activity can be associated with improved cognitive performance and academic achievement, but these associations are usually small and inconsistent. Primary studies showed consistent negative associations between mental health and sedentary behaviour.Association between physical activity and mental health in young people is evident, but research designs are often weak and effects are small to moderate. Evidence shows small but consistent associations between sedentary screen time and poorer mental health.
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| [12] |
Physical activity interventions and depression in children and adolescents [J].https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-012-0015-8 URL [本文引用: 2] |
| [13] |
America's suburban centers: The land-use-transportation link [M]. |
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Travel demand and the 3Ds: Density, diversity, and design [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/S1361-9209(97)00009-6 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The built environment is thought to influence travel demand along three principal dimensions —density, diversity, and design. This paper tests this proposition by examining how the ‘3Ds’ affect trip rates and mode choice of residents in the San Francisco Bay Area. Using 1990 travel diary data and land-use records obtained from the U.S. census, regional inventories, and field surveys, models are estimated that relate features of the built environment to variations in vehicle miles traveled per household and mode choice, mainly for non-work trips. Factor analysis is used to linearly combine variables into the density and design dimensions of the built environment. The research finds that density, land-use diversity, and pedestrian-oriented designs generally reduce trip rates and encourage non-auto travel in statistically significant ways, though their influences appear to be fairly marginal. Elasticities between variables and factors that capture the 3Ds and various measures of travel demand are generally in the 0.06 to 0.18 range, expressed in absolute terms. Compact development was found to exert the strongest influence on personal business trips. Within-neighborhood retail shops, on the other hand, were most strongly associated with mode choice for work trips. And while a factor capturing ‘walking quality’ was only moderately related to mode choice for non-work trips, those living in neighborhoods with grid-iron street designs and restricted commercial parking were nonetheless found to average significantly less vehicle miles of travel and rely less on single-occupant vehicles for non-work trips. Overall, this research shows that the elasticities between each dimension of the built environment and travel demand are modest to moderate, though certainly not inconsequential. Thus it supports the contention of new urbanists and others that creating more compact, diverse, and pedestrian-orientated neighborhoods, in combination, can meaningfully influence how Americans travel.
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| [15] |
Neighborhood support network, perceived proximity to community facilities and depressive symptoms among low socioeconomic status Chinese elders [J].https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1018867 URL PMID: 25775108 摘要
Abstract OBJECTIVES: Depressive symptoms are common in older people; most previous research on elderly depression focused on individual-level characteristics or neighborhood socioeconomic status. Modifiable neighborhood characteristics of older people dwelling in low-income communities are under-studied. This study aims to identify potentially modifiable social and physical neighborhood characteristics that influence depressive symptoms independent of individual-level characteristics among older Chinese. METHOD: Data came from a cross-sectional survey conducted in four low-income public rental housing estates in Hong Kong in 2012. We interviewed a total of 400 elderly residents. The structured questionnaire covered demographics, activities of daily living, recent fall history, neighborhood support networks, and perceived proximity by walk to community facilities. Multiple regression was used to test whether inclusion of neighborhood factors in addition to individual characteristics increases model fit in explaining depressive symptoms in elders with low socioeconomic status. RESULTS: At individual level, activities of daily living and income significantly predicted depressive symptoms. Receiving support from friends or neighbors is associated with fewer depressive symptoms. However, participants who received organizational support had a 1.17 points of increase on the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). At-ease walkable proximity to medical facilities was positively associated with a better GDS score. CONCLUSION: Neighborhood support networks and perceived proximity by walk to community facilities contribute significantly to depressive symptoms among low-income elders. Programs and policies that facilitate neighborhood support and commuting or promote facility accessibility may help ameliorate depressive symptoms common among low-income elders.
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| [16] |
The role of well-being in transport policy [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.06.005 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
78 Governments and policy-makers are seeing the importance of supporting psychological well-being. 78 Few researchers have considered whether transport can influence well-being. 78 Early empirical research suggests that transport can influence well-being in some situations. 78 It is theorised that it does so through access to activities, physical mobility and externalities. 78 More research is needed to understand the impact transport policy can have on life satisfaction.
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| [17] |
Longitudinal examination of the exercise and self-esteem model in middle-aged women [J].https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.32.6.862 URL PMID: 21282842 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract This 2-year prospective study examined the exercise and self-esteem model in middle-aged women (N = 143) previously enrolled in a randomized controlled exercise trial. Across the 2-year period, increases in physical activity (PA) and self-efficacy and reductions in body mass index (BMI) were associated with improved subdomain self-perceptions relative to physical condition, and reductions in BMI were associated with improved subdomain self-perceptions relative to physical condition and body attractiveness. The effects of PA, self-efficacy, and BMI on changes in physical self-worth and global self-esteem were mediated by changes in self-perceptions relative to physical condition and body attractiveness. The results of this longitudinal analysis support the hierarchical and multidimensional structure of self-esteem and indicate that middle-aged women can enhance how they perceive their condition and body attractiveness by continued participation in physical activity, increasing their self-efficacy, and maintaining healthy BMI levels.
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| [18] |
Space-time accessibility under conditions of uncertain travel times: Theory and numerical simulations [J].https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.2007.00702.x URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Recently, several accessibility measures using the space–time prism concept have been suggested in the literature. These measures fail to take into account (i) the ability of individuals to adjust their activity–travel patterns in coping with constrained choice sets, (ii) uncertainty in the perception of travel times, (iii) temporal variability of travel times, and (iv) the influence of travel information on accessibility. The aim of the present article is to contribute to this literature by addressing these four shortcomings. Theory will be developed and illustrated using numerical simulations. The results suggest that the accessibility measure proposed in this article is a useful indicator of social inclusion in terms of the time individuals can spend to conduct their preferred activities. Moreover, accessibility is found to be affected by the presence of schedule delay penalties, restrictions in time allocation to activities, and the provision of travel time information in order to reduce uncertainty.
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| [19] |
The built environment and mental health [J].https://doi.org/10.1093/jurban/jtg063 URL [本文引用: 1] |
| [20] |
Travel and the built environment [J].https://doi.org/10.1080/01944361003766766 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Problem: Localities and states are turning to land planning and urban design for help in reducing automobile use and related social and environmental costs. The effects of such strategies on travel demand have not been generalized in recent years from the multitude of available studies. Purpose: We conducted a meta-analysis of the built environment-travel literature existing at the end of 2009 in order to draw generalizable conclusions for practice. We aimed to quantify effect sizes, update earlier work, include additional outcome measures, and address the methodological issue of self-selection. Methods: We computed elasticities for individual studies and pooled them to produce weighted averages. Results and conclusions: Travel variables are generally inelastic with respect to change in measures of the built environment. Of the environmental variables considered here, none has a weighted average travel elasticity of absolute magnitude greater than 0.39, and most are much less. Still, the combined effect of several such variables on travel could be quite large. Consistent with prior work, we find that vehicle miles traveled (VMT) is most strongly related to measures of accessibility to destinations and secondarily to street network design variables. Walking is most strongly related to measures of land use diversity, intersection density, and the number of destinations within walking distance. Bus and train use are equally related to proximity to transit and street network design variables, with land use diversity a secondary factor. Surprisingly, we find population and job densities to be only weakly associated with travel behavior once these other variables are controlled. Takeaway for practice: The elasticities we derived in this meta-analysis may be used to adjust outputs of travel or activity models that are otherwise insensitive to variation in the built environment, or be used in sketch planning applications ranging from climate action plans to health impact assessments. However, because sample sizes are small, and very few studies control for residential preferences and attitudes, we cannot say that planners should generalize broadly from our results. While these elasticities are as accurate as currently possible, they should be understood to contain unknown error and have unknown confidence intervals. They provide a base, and as more built-environment/travel studies appear in the planning literature, these elasticities should be updated and refined. Research support: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
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| [21] |
New trends of suburbanization in Beijing since 1990: From government-led to market-oriented [J].https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400701654160 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Feng J., Zhou Y. and Wu F. New trends of suburbanization in Beijing since 1990: from government-led to market-oriented, Regional Studies. Since the 1990s suburbanization has been continuing in China along with the deepening of market transition. The process of suburbanization has gone beyond purely government-initiated relocation of households and polluting industries. Based on the newest population census, this paper identifies some major new trends of suburbanization in Beijing. The new round of suburbanization has been driven by the construction of suburban villas and affordable housing, rising private car ownership, the decentralization of industry, and the development of large suburban shopping malls and retail parks. Passively relocated households are no longer the dominant source of suburbanization. Suburbanization in Beijing has evolved into a new stage of more market-oriented development in the suburbs. Feng J., Zhou Y. et Wu F. Nouvelles tendances de la suburbanisation à Beijing (Pékin) depuis 1990: du dirigisme gouvernemental à l'economie de marché, Regional Studies. Depuis les années 1990, la suburbanisation se poursuit en Chine parallèlement à l'intensification de la transition vers l'économie de marché. Le processus de suburbanisation a dépassé le simple déménagement des ménages et des industries polluantes à l'initiative unilatérale du gouvernement. Sur la base du tout dernier recensement de la population, cet article identifie plusieurs nouvelles tendances importantes de la suburbanisation à Beijing. Ce nouveau cycle de suburbanisation a pour moteur la construction de villas et de logements abordables en zones suburbaines, la possession en hausse de voitures particulières, la décentralisation de l'industrie, et le développement de galeries marchandes et de centres commerciaux suburbains de grande taille. Les ménages déplacés passivement ne constituent plus la source dominante de la suburbanisation. La suburbanisation à Beijing est passée à un nouveau stade de développement dans les banlieues, plus orienté vers l'économie de marché. Suburbanisation69Recensement de population69Beijing69Chine Feng J., Zhou Y. und Wu F. Neue Trends der Suburbanisierung in Peking seit den neunziger Jahren: von staatlich gelenkt zu marktorientiert, Regional Studies. Seit den neunziger Jahren hat sich die Suburbanisierung in China gemeinsam mit der Vertiefung des Marktübergangs fortgesetzt. Der Prozess der Suburbanisierung ist über eine rein staatlich initiierte Umsiedelung von Haushalten und verschmutzenden Industrien hinausgegangen. In diesem Aufsatz identifizieren wir anhand der neuesten Volksz01hlungsdaten einige wichtige neue Trends der Suburbanisierung in Peking. Die neue Runde der Suburbanisierung wurde durch den Bau von Vorstadtvillen und erschwinglichen Wohnungen, die zunehmende Zahl von Autos im Privatbesitz, die Dezentralisierung der Industrie sowie die Entwicklung gro08er Einkaufszentren und Einzelhandelsparks in Vorstadtgebieten vorangetrieben. Passiv umgesiedelte Haushalte sind nicht mehr die dominante Quelle der Suburbanisierung. Die Suburbanisierung in Peking ist in eine neue Phase einer st01rker am Markt orientierten Entwicklung in den Vorst01dten übergegangen. Suburbanisierung69Volksz01hlung69Peking69China Feng J., Zhou Y. y Wu F. Nuevas tendencias en la suburbanización en Pekín desde 1990: de dirección estatal a orientación mercantil, Regional Studies. Desde la década de los noventa, ha continuado la suburbanización en China junto con la intensificación de la transición del mercado. El proceso de suburbanización ha ido más allá de la reubicación meramente iniciada por el gobierno de las viviendas y las industrias contaminantes. Basándonos en el censo de población más reciente, en este artículo identificamos algunas de las principales nuevas tendencias de suburbanización en Pekín. El nuevo ciclo de suburbanización ha sido impulsado por la construcción de residencias suburbanas y viviendas asequibles, un mayor número de propietarios de automóviles privados, la descentralización de la industria y el desarrollo de grandes centros comerciales y parques minoristas suburbanos. La reubicación pasiva de las viviendas ya no es la fuente dominante de la suburbanización. La suburbanización en Pekín ha progresado en una nueva fase de desarrollo más orientado hacia el mercado en los suburbios. Suburbanización69Censo de población69Pekín69China
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| [22] |
Urban built environment and depression: A multilevel analysis [J].https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.033084 URL PMID: 16166352 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
To assess the relations between characteristics of the neighbourhood internal and external built environment and past six month and lifetime depression.Depression and sociodemographic information were assessed in a cross sectional survey of residents of New York City (NYC). All respondents were geocoded to neighbourhood of residence. Data on the quality of the built environment in 59 NYC neighbourhoods were collected from the United Status census, the New York City housing and vacancy survey, and the fiscal 2002 New York City mayor's management report.Among 1355 respondents, residence in neighbourhoods characterised by a poor quality built environment was associated with greater individual likelihood of past six month and lifetime depression in multilevel models adjusting for individual age, race/ethnicity, sex, and income and for neighbourhood level income. In adjusted models, persons living in neighbourhoods characterised by poorer features of the built environment were 29%-58% more likely to report past six month depression and 36%-64% more likely to report lifetime depression than respondents living in neighbourhoods characterised by better features of the built environment.Living in neighbourhoods characterised by a poor quality built environment is associated with a greater likelihood of depression. Future prospective work designed to assess potential mechanisms underlying these associations may guide public health and urban planning efforts aimed at improving population mental health.
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| [23] |
City planning and population health: A global challenge [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30066-6 URL PMID: 27671668 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Significant global health challenges are being confronted in the 21st century, prompting calls to rethink approaches to disease prevention. A key part of the solution is city planning that reduces non-communicable diseases and road trauma while also managing rapid urbanisation. This Series of papers considers the health impacts of city planning through transport mode choices. In this, the first paper, we identify eight integrated regional and local interventions that, when combined, encourage walking, cycling, and public transport use, while reducing private motor vehicle use. These interventions are destination accessibility, equitable distribution of employment across cities, managing demand by reducing the availability and increasing the cost of parking, designing pedestrian-friendly and cycling-friendly movement networks, achieving optimum levels of residential density, reducing distance to public transport, and enhancing the desirability of active travel modes (eg, creating safe attractive neighbourhoods and safe, affordable, and convenient public transport). Together, these interventions will create healthier and more sustainable compact cities that reduce the environmental, social, and behavioural risk factors that affect lifestyle choices, levels of traffic, environmental pollution, noise, and crime. The health sector, including health ministers, must lead in advocating for integrated multisector city planning that prioritises health, sustainability, and liveability outcomes, particularly in rapidly changing low-income and middle-income countries. We recommend establishing a set of indicators to benchmark and monitor progress towards achievement of more compact cities that promote health and reduce health inequities.
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| [24] |
Stress perception and commuting [J].https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.v18:5 URL [本文引用: 1] |
| [25] |
Work-life conflict and associations with work-and nonwork-related factors and with physical and mental health outcomes: A nationally representative cross-sectional study in Switzerland [J].https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-435 URL PMID: 2794864 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Background The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to examine work- and nonwork- related factors and physical and mental health outcomes associated with combined time- and strain-based work-life conflict (WLC) among adult employees living and working in Switzerland as well as possible gender differences in this regard. Methods The data used for the study were taken from wave 6 of the nationally representative Swiss Household Panel (SHP) collected in 2004. The analysis was restricted to 4'371 employees aged 20 to 64 years. Trivariate crosstabulations and multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses stratified by gender were performed in order to calculate gender-specific prevalence rates (%), beta coefficients (尾) and crude as well as multiple adjusted odds ratios (OR) as measures of association. Results Every eighth person (12.5%) within the study population has a high or very high WLC score. Prevalence rates are clearly above average in men and women with higher education, in executive positions or managerial functions, in full-time jobs, with variable work schedules, regular overtime, long commuting time to work and job insecurity. Working overtime regularly, having variable work schedules and being in a management position are most strongly associated with WLC in men, whereas in women the level of employment is the strongest explanatory variable by far, followed by variable work schedules and high job status (managerial position). In both men and women, WLC is associated with several physical and mental health problems. Employees with high or very high WLC show a comparatively high relative risk of self-reported poor health, anxiety and depression, lack of energy and optimism, serious backache, headaches, sleep disorders and fatigue. While overall prevalence rate of (very) high WLC is higher in men than in women, associations between degrees of WLC and most health outcomes are stronger in women than in men. Conclusion This important issue which up to now has been largely neglected in public health research needs to be addressed in future public health research and, if the findings are confirmed by subsequent (longitudinal) studies, to be considered in workplace health promotion and interventions in Switzerland as elsewhere.
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| [26] |
Relationship between commuting and health outcomes in a cross-sectional population survey in southern Sweden [J].https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-834 URL PMID: 22039952 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract BACKGROUND: The need for a mobile workforce inevitably means that the length of the total work day (working and traveling time) will increase, but the health effects of commuting have been surprisingly little studied apart from perceived stress and the benefits of physically active commuting. METHODS: We used data from two cross-sectional population-based public health surveys performed in 2004 and 2008 in Scania, Sweden (56% response rate). The final study population was 21, 088 persons aged 18-65, working > 30 h/week. Duration (one-way) and mode of commuting were reported. The outcomes studied were perceived poor sleep quality, everyday stress, low vitality, mental health, self-reported health, and absence from work due to sickness during the past 12 months. Covariates indicating socioeconomic status and family situation, overtime, job strain and urban/rural residency were included in multivariate analyses. Subjects walking or cycling to work 60 min odds ratios (ORs) ranged from 1.2 - 1.6 for the different outcomes. For car commuting, the relationships were concave downward or flat, with increasing subjective health complaints up to 30-60 min (ORs ranging from 1.2 - 1.4), and lower ORs in the > 60 min category. A similar concave downward relationship was observed for sickness absence, regardless of mode of transport. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study are concordant with the few earlier studies in the field, in that associations were found between commutation and negative health outcomes. This further demonstrates the need to consider the negative side-effects of commuting when discussing policies aimed at increasing the mobility of the workforce. Studies identifying population groups with increased susceptibility are warranted.
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| [27] |
Exercise for anxiety disorders: Systematic review [J].https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091287 URL PMID: 23299048 [本文引用: 2] 摘要
Anxiety disorders are commonly treated with antidepressants and psychological treatments. Some patients may prefer alternative approaches such as exercise.To investigate the treatment effects of exercise compared with other treatments for anxiety disorders.Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of exercise interventions for anxiety disorders were identified by searching six online databases (July 2011). A number of journals were also hand searched.Eight RCTs were included. For panic disorder: exercise appears to reduce anxiety symptoms but it is less effective than antidepressant medication (1 RCT); exercise combined with antidepressant medication improves the Clinical Global Impression outcomes (1 RCT, p0.1) with both seeming to reduce anxiety symptoms (1 RCT, p<0.001). It remains unclear as to which type of exercise; moderate to hard or very light to light, is more effective in anxiety reduction (2 RCTs).Exercise seems to be effective as an adjunctive treatment for anxiety disorders but it is less effective compared with antidepressant treatment. Both aerobic and non-aerobic exercise seems to reduce anxiety symptoms. Social phobics may benefit from exercise when combined with group CBT. Further well-conducted RCTs are needed.
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| [28] |
The uncertain geographic context problem [J].https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2012.687349 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Any study that examines the effects of area-based attributes on individual behaviors or outcomes faces another fundamental methodological problem besides the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). It is the problem that results about these effects can be affected by how contextual units or neighborhoods are geographically delineated and the extent to which these areal units deviate from the true geographic context. The problem arises because of the spatial uncertainty in the actual areas that exert the contextual influences under study and the temporal uncertainty in the timing and duration in which individuals experienced these contextual influences. Using neighborhood effects and environmental health research as a point of departure, this article clarifies the nature and sources of this problem, which is referred to as the uncertain geographic context problem (UGCoP). It highlights some of the inferential errors that the UGCoP might cause and discusses some means for mitigating the problem. It reviews recent studies to show that both contextual variables and research findings are sensitive to different delineations of contextual units. The article argues that the UGCoP is a problem as fundamental as the MAUP but is a different kind of problem. Future research needs to pay explicit attention to its potential confounding effects on research results and to methods for mitigating the problem.
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| [29] |
Green space, urbanity, and health: How strong is the relation [J]. |
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The effects of the urban built environment on mental health: A cohort study in a large northern Italian city [J].https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121114898 URL PMID: 4661687 [本文引用: 2] 摘要
Mental health (MH) has a relevant burden on the health of populations. Common MH disorders (anxiety and non-psychotic depression) are well associated to socioeconomic individual and neighborhood characteristics, but little is known about the influence of urban structure. We analyzed among a Turin (Northwest Italy) urban population the association at area level of different urban structure characteristics (density, accessibility by public transport, accessibility to services, green and public spaces) and consumption of antidepressants. Estimates were adjusted by individual socio-demographic variables (education, housing tenure, employment) and contextual social environment (SE) variables (social and physical disorder, crime rates). Data was extracted from the Turin Longitudinal Study (TLS)-a census-based cohort study following up prospectively the mortality and morbidity of the population. As expected, individual characteristics show the strongest association with antidepressant drug consumption, while among built environment (BE) indicators accessibility by public transport and urban density only are associated to MH, being slightly protective factors. Results from this study, in agreement with previous literature, suggest that BE has a stronger effect on MH for people who spend more time in the neighborhood. Therefore, this research suggests that good accessibility to public transport, as well as a dense urban structure (versus sprawl), could contribute to reduced risk of depression, especially for women and elderly, by increasing opportunities to move around and have an active social life.
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| [31] |
The WHO-5 Wellbeing Index performed the best in screening for depression in primary care [J].https://doi.org/10.1136/ebm.8.5.155 URL PMID: 12954040 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Comment on BMJ. 2003 Jan 25;326(7382):200-1.
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| [32] |
The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: A systematic review of the literature [J].https://doi.org/10.1159/000376585 URL PMID: 25831962 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract BACKGROUND: The 5-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5) is among the most widely used questionnaires assessing subjective psychological well-being. Since its first publication in 1998, the WHO-5 has been translated into more than 30 languages and has been used in research studies all over the world. We now provide a systematic review of the literature on the WHO-5. METHODS: We conducted a systematic search for literature on the WHO-5 in PubMed and PsycINFO in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. In our review of the identified articles, we focused particularly on the following aspects: (1) the clinimetric validity of the WHO-5; (2) the responsiveness/sensitivity of the WHO-5 in controlled clinical trials; (3) the potential of the WHO-5 as a screening tool for depression, and (4) the applicability of the WHO-5 across study fields. RESULTS: A total of 213 articles met the predefined criteria for inclusion in the review. The review demonstrated that the WHO-5 has high clinimetric validity, can be used as an outcome measure balancing the wanted and unwanted effects of treatments, is a sensitive and specific screening tool for depression and its applicability across study fields is very high. CONCLUSIONS: The WHO-5 is a short questionnaire consisting of 5 simple and non-invasive questions, which tap into the subjective well-being of the respondents. The scale has adequate validity both as a screening tool for depression and as an outcome measure in clinical trials and has been applied successfully across a wide range of study fields.
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| [33] |
Are workers with a long commute less productive? An empirical analysis of absenteeism [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2010.07.005 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
We hypothesise, and test for, a negative effect of the length of the worker's commute on worker's productivity, by examining whether the commute has a positive effect on worker's absenteeism. We identify this effect using employer-induced changes in commuting distance. Our estimates for Germany indicate that commuting distance induces absenteeism with an elasticity of about 0.07 to 0.09. On average, absenteeism would be about 15 to 20% less if all workers would have a negligible commute. These results are consistent with extended urban efficiency wage models.
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| [34] |
From “spatial bond” to “spatial mismatch": An assessment of changing job-shousing relationship in Beijing [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2010.11.008 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
For decades through the 1980s, housing units in major Chinese cities were “bonded” to jobs as they were located together with or very close to places of employment within large, walled danwei compounds. From the 1990s, accelerated suburbanization of population in major Chinese cities fueled by urban redevelopment, urban land reform and urban housing reform has fundamentally altered the jobs–housing spatial relation. The “spatial bond” that existed between urban jobs and urban housing for decades has dissolved and is being replaced by a prominent “spatial mismatch” when the jobs–housing relationship becomes increasingly imbalanced in space. This paper examines the new jobs–housing imbalance by assessing the extent of employment–residence spatial mismatch in Beijing. This analysis based on statistical data shows that the spatial imbalance between employment and population has become increasingly pronounced over time across urban districts. It is especially evident in the inner city where the loss of residents continues and the concentration of employment persists. The analysis of survey data, which focuses on people’s commuting patterns and travel behaviors, also provides strong evidence of spatial imbalance. Meanwhile, it reveals some of the impacts on job accessibility and other aspects of urban life. This study contributes to the understanding of how suburbanization has been unfolding in major Chinese cities and how it has been transforming urban development and urban life. It also adds to the understanding of the spatial dynamics of employment–housing relationship based on Beijing’s experience and sheds lights on the multifarious nature of the spatial mismatch problem.
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| [35] |
Mental health and the built environment: Cross-sectional survey of individual and contextual risk factors for depression [J].https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180.5.428 URL [本文引用: 1] |
| [36] |
Wellbeing measures in primary health care/the DEPCARE project: Report on a WHO meeting, Stockholm, Sweden [R]. |
| [37] |
Revisiting Hägerstrand’s time-geographic framework for individual activities in the age of instant access [M] |
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Social connections, immigration-related factors, and self-rated physical and mental health among Asian Americans [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.04.012 URL PMID: 19427087 [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract Focusing on Asian Americans, this study examines how self-rated physical and mental health depends on the layered social connections (including 4 types: family cohesion, relative support, friend support, and neighborhood cohesion), socioeconomic status, and immigration-related factors (including nativity, length of residence in the U.S., and proficiency of the English language). It draws on the 2002-2003 National Latino and Asian American Study, a nationally representative household survey of Latino and Asian Americans. Findings of this study include: (1) there are significant differences in self-rated physical health among Asian Americans of different national origin, but their self-rated physical health differences diminish after indicators of socioeconomic status and immigration-related factors are considered; (2) four types of social connections are all related to the self-rated physical and mental health of Asian Americans, but the patterns of the associations as well as the mechanisms linking the associations vary; and (3) family cohesion has independent and direct effects on both self-rated physical and mental health over and above controls and mediators, whereas the effects of other social connection measures are partially mediated by socioeconomic status and immigration-related factors. In sum, this study indicates the significant effects of social connections, socioeconomic status, and immigration-related factors on the self-rated physical and mental health of Asian Americans.
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| [39] |
Economic restructuring and suburbanization in China [J].https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.21.3.205 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
As in other countries, suburbanization in China occurred after the cities had experienced a period of sustained industrial and population growth. This study examines suburbanization in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenyang, and Dalian. As a result of economic restructuring, the urban core registered net population loss from 1982 to 1990 because of decentralization while the inner suburbs gained population. Among the forces driving suburbanization were marketization of urban land, the shift of industrial land to tertiary use, transportation improvement, the availability of foreign and domestic capital, housing rehabilitation in the city, and new housing construction in the suburbs. There were certain similarities but major differences between American and Chinese suburbanization. Unlike the current metropolitan landscape in the United States where suburban growth has given rise to a polycentric spatial structure, suburbanization in China is still at the incipient stage of development with suburbs dominated by central cities. The role of the state in China has been more direct and powerful in setting the suburbanization process in motion. [Key words: economic restructuring, decentralization, suburbanization, China.]
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