地理学视角下的中国乡村贫困——源起、进展与展望

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.06.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

乡村贫困一直是困扰中国的现实难题之一,消除贫困是全面建成小康社会以及乡村振兴战略顺利实施的基础。一直以来,乡村贫困是经济学、社会学、政治学、心理学等不同学科高度重视的问题,相关研究成果日趋增多,但对乡村贫困空间表达较弱。地理学具有空间格局研究的优势,近年来其对乡村贫困的研究较为活跃,重点关注乡村贫困的源起、空间分布、地理特征等内容,与其他学科有极强的互补性。论文梳理了地理学乡村贫困的相关研究成果,对其内涵与标准、测度与空间格局、影响因素与发生机理、反贫困策略等研究进行归纳总结与综合评述,探讨已有研究存在的主要问题与未来研究方向的发展趋势,为深入开展本领域研究提供参考。

关键词: 乡村贫困, 贫困线, 地理学视角, 研究展望, 乡村振兴, 中国

Abstract:

Rural poverty has always been one of the practical challenges in China. The eradication of poverty is the basis for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and implementing the strategy of rural revitalization. Rural poverty has been a widely researched issue in different disciplines such as economics, sociology, political science, and psychology. From the perspective of each discipline, studies related to rural poverty have been increasing. Nevertheless, the results are short of spatial expression. The spatial characteristics of geography make it highly complementary to other disciplines in the study of rural poverty. In recent years, a large number of research results on rural poverty originated in the field of geography. Relevant research content mainly involves the origin, spatial distribution, and geographical characteristics of rural poverty. This study examined the relevant research results of geography on rural poverty, and summarized the research progress on its connotation and standards, measurement and spatial pattern, influencing factors and mechanism, and anti-poverty strategies, etc. The main problems in the progress of rural poverty research in recent years were identified. Issues and future research focus and directions have been proposed to provide a reference for further research in this field.

Key words: rural poverty, poverty line, geographical perspective, prospect, rural revitalization, China

谭雪兰, 蒋凌霄, 王振凯, 安悦, 陈敏, 任辉. 地理学视角下的中国乡村贫困——源起、进展与展望[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(6): 913-923.

TAN Xuelan, JIANG Lingxiao, WANG Zhenkai, AN Yue, CHEN Min, REN Hui. Rural poverty in China from the perspective of geography: Origin, progress, and prospect[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2020, 39(6): 913-923.

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相关概念	内涵界定	文献
贫困	一种特殊的经济现象,是指个人或家庭的收入无法满足其基本生活水平和需要的状态	刘彦随等^[15]
收入贫困	一般以收入(或消费支出)来测算贫困标准和贫困人口	鲜祖德等^[16]
绝对贫困	不能达到维持某一特定基本生活需求(包括食物和非食物)的状况,一般是用收入或消费支出来衡量	鲜祖德等^[16]
相对贫困	一部分人相对于另一部分人更加贫困,或者一部分人的收入远低于平均水平的现象	鲜祖德等^[16]
多维贫困	贫困不仅仅是收入或消费不足,更是健康、教育、居住质量、就业机会等被剥夺的现象	刘小鹏等^[17]
空间贫困	是空间经济学和新经济地理学视野上的多维贫困概念,它将一系列指标赋予地理属性,这些具有地理属性的指标合成地理资本,通过研究其空间聚集特征和规律,并以贫困地图或贫困绘图的形式表达,来判定是否存在空间贫困陷阱	陈全功等^[19]

文献	研究样区	研究年份/时段	贫困测度维度
周扬等^[29]	中国	2015	人类发展能力、自然资源禀赋、社会经济水平
杨振等^[28]	中国	2013	衣着、食品、居住、交通和通信、家庭设备及用品、医疗保健、文教娱乐服务及其他
陈烨烽等^[30]	中国	2013	地理环境、行政村特征、经济发展、生产生活条件、劳动力状况、医疗卫生和社会保障
刘艳华等^[23]	中国	2011	金融、自然、人力、物质和社会资本、环境背景脆弱性
刘新梅等^[27]	南疆四地州	2000—2016	经济、社会、自然
田宇等^[4]	武陵山片区	2015	经济收入、生活水平、健康状况、教育程度
孙林等^[24]	内蒙古自治区	2011	经济、健康、教育、生活水平
袁媛等^[20]	河北省	2010	经济、社会、自然
赵雪雁等^[2]	石羊河流域	2001—2016	经济、健康、教育、生活水平
王艳慧等^[26]	河南省4县	2011	经济福利、生活水平、健康、教育
马明义等^[31]	陕西省太白县	2017	收入、教育、健康、生活水平、社会关系
文琦等^[34]	宁夏彭阳县	2016	收入、教育、健康、住房安全、生活、资产状况
杨慧敏等^[32]	河南省淅川县3个村	2014	教育、健康、生活水平